引用本文
周传凤, 薛梅, 张廷荣, 史雪萍, 王述柏. 肉鸡小麦-豆粕型饲粮添加复合酶制剂对内源消化酶活性和养分利用率的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2020, 32(10): 4881-4894.
ZHOU Chuanfeng, XUE Mei, ZHANG Tingrong, SHI Xueping, WANG Shubai. Effects of Compound Enzyme Preparation on Endogenous Digestive Enzyme Activity and Nutrient Utilization in Wheat-Soybean Meal Type Diet for Broilers[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2020, 32(10): 4881-4894.
肉鸡小麦-豆粕型饲粮添加复合酶制剂对内源消化酶活性和养分利用率的影响
周传凤1
,
薛梅2
,
张廷荣2
,
史雪萍2
,
王述柏2
1. 青岛农业大学生命科学学院, 青岛 266109;
2. 青岛农业大学动物科技学院, 青岛 266109
收稿日期: 2020-04-05
基金项目: 山东省家禽产业创新团队建设项目(SDAIT-11-14);山东省重点研发计划项目"新型复合饲料酶制剂的开发与应用"(2015GNC111020)
摘要: 本试验旨在研究肉鸡小麦-豆粕型饲粮中添加不同水平复合酶制剂(含木聚糖酶850 U/g、纤维素酶750 U/g、β-葡聚糖酶50 U/g、植酸酶2 000 U/kg)对肉鸡消化器官内源消化酶活性和养分利用率的影响。试验选用336只1日龄爱拔益加肉鸡公雏,随机分为7个组,每组6个重复,每个重复8只鸡。对照组Ⅰ饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮,对照组Ⅱ饲喂小麦-豆粕型基础饲粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组在小麦-豆粕型基础饲粮中分别添加1 000、1 500、2 000、2 500、3 000 mg/kg复合酶制剂。试验期42 d。结果表明:1)21和42日龄时,试验Ⅲ组肉鸡腺胃和肌胃胃蛋白酶活性略低于对照组Ⅰ(P>0.05),其他试验组极显著低于对照组Ⅰ(P < 0.01)。2)42日龄时试验Ⅲ组肉鸡胰腺淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶活性与对照组Ⅰ相比差异不显著(P>0.05),21和42日龄时其他试验组显著或极显著低于对照组Ⅰ(P < 0.05或P < 0.01);21日龄时试验Ⅰ~Ⅴ组和42日龄时试验Ⅲ组肉鸡胰腺脂肪酶活性与对照组Ⅰ相比差异不显著(P>0.05)。3)42日龄时试验Ⅲ组肉鸡十二指肠淀粉酶、脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶活性以及试验Ⅳ组肉鸡十二指肠脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶活性与对照组Ⅰ相比差异不显著(P>0.05),21日龄时试验Ⅱ~Ⅴ组和42日龄时试验Ⅲ~Ⅳ组肉鸡十二指肠糜蛋白酶活性与对照组Ⅰ相比差异不显著(P>0.05),其他试验组上述指标显著或极显著低于对照组Ⅰ(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。4)21日龄时试验Ⅲ组肉鸡空肠淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶活性、试验Ⅲ组和试验Ⅳ组肉鸡空肠脂肪酶和糜蛋白酶活性略低于对照组Ⅰ(P>0.05),42日龄时试验Ⅲ~Ⅳ组肉鸡空肠淀粉酶活性、试验Ⅱ~Ⅲ组肉鸡空肠脂肪酶活性以及试验Ⅲ组肉鸡空肠糜蛋白酶活性与对照组Ⅰ相比差异不显著(P>0.05),其他试验组上述指标显著或极显著低于对照组Ⅰ(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。5)21日龄时试验Ⅲ组和试验Ⅳ组以及42日龄时试验Ⅲ组肉鸡回肠淀粉酶、脂肪酶、胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶活性均略低于对照组Ⅰ(P>0.05),其他各试验组(21日龄时试验Ⅳ组除外)均极显著低于对照组Ⅰ(P < 0.01)。6)与对照组Ⅱ比较,试验Ⅱ~Ⅴ组肉鸡腺胃、肌胃、胰腺和小肠各段内源消化酶活性显著或极显著提高(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。7)21日龄时试验Ⅲ~Ⅴ组和42日龄时试验Ⅳ~Ⅴ组肉鸡饲粮总能、粗脂肪、粗蛋白质表观利用率和真利用率与对照组Ⅰ相比差异不显著(P>0.05),其他试验组显著或极显著低于对照组Ⅰ(P < 0.05或P < 0.01),21和42日龄时试验Ⅲ~Ⅴ组显著或极显著高于对照组Ⅱ(P < 0.05或P < 0.01);21日龄时试验Ⅳ~Ⅴ组肉鸡钙表观利用率和试验Ⅴ组肉鸡钙真利用率显著或极显著高于对照组Ⅰ和对照组Ⅱ(P < 0.05或P < 0.01),42日龄时试验Ⅳ~Ⅴ组肉鸡钙表观利用率和真利用率极显著高于对照组Ⅱ(P < 0.01);42日龄时试验Ⅲ~Ⅴ组肉鸡磷表观利用率和真利用率极显著高于对照组Ⅰ(P < 0.01),21和42日龄时试验Ⅱ~Ⅴ组肉鸡磷表观利用率和真利用率显著或极显著高于对照组Ⅱ(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。综上所述,肉鸡小麦-豆粕型饲粮中添加2 000~2 500 mg/kg外源复合酶制剂可使消化器官内源消化酶活性提高至与玉米-豆粕型饲粮接近,添加2 000~3 000 mg/kg外源复合酶制剂可使肉鸡对小麦-豆粕型饲粮养分利用率提高至接近或优于玉米-豆粕型饲粮。
关键词:
小麦-豆粕型饲粮 肉鸡 复合酶制剂 消化酶活性 养分利用率
Effects of Compound Enzyme Preparation on Endogenous Digestive Enzyme Activity and Nutrient Utilization in Wheat-Soybean Meal Type Diet for Broilers
ZHOU Chuanfeng1
,
XUE Mei2
,
ZHANG Tingrong2
,
SHI Xueping2
,
WANG Shubai2
1. College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China;
2. College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different dietary levels of compound enzyme preparation (containing 850 U/g xylanase, 750 U/g cellulase, 50 U/g β-glucanase and 2 000 U/kg phytase) on endogenous digestive enzyme activity and nutrient utilization in wheat-soybean meal type diet for broilers. A total of 336 one-day-old Arbor Acres male broiler chickens were randomly divided into 7 groups with 6 replicates in each group and 8 chickens in each replicate. The control group Ⅰ was fed a corn-soybean meal type diet, the control group Ⅱ was fed a wheat-soybean meal type diet, and the experimental groups Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ and Ⅴ were fed the wheat-soybean meal type diets supplemented with 1 000, 1 500, 2 000, 2 500 and 3 000 mg/kg compound enzyme preparation, respectively. The experiment lasted for 42 days. The results showed as follows: 1) at the age of 21 and 42 days, the pepsin activity in glandular stomach and muscle stomach of broilers in experimental group Ⅲ was slightly lower than that in the control group Ⅰ (P>0.05), which in the other experimental groups was extremely significantly lower than that in the control group Ⅰ (P < 0.01). 2) The activities of amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin in pancreas of broilers at the age of 42 days in experimental group Ⅲ were not significantly different compared with the control group Ⅰ (P>0.05), while those of broilers at the age of 21 and 42 days in the other experimental groups were significantly or extremely significantly lower than those in the control group Ⅰ (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The lipase activity in pancreas of broilers at the age of 21 days in experimental groups Ⅰ to Ⅴ and broilers at the age of 42 days in experimental group Ⅲ was not significantly different compared with the control group Ⅰ (P>0.05). 3) At the age of 42 days, the activities of amylase, lipase and trypsin in duodenum of broilers in experimental group Ⅲ and the activities of lipase and trypsin in duodenum of broilers in experimental group Ⅳ were not significantly different compared with the control group Ⅰ (P>0.05). The chymotrypsin activity in duodenum of broilers at the age of 21 days in experimental groups Ⅱ to Ⅴ and broilers at the age of 42 days in experimental groups Ⅲ to Ⅳ was not significantly different compared with the control group Ⅰ (P>0.05). The above indices in the other experimental groups were significantly or extremely significantly lower than those in the control group Ⅰ (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). 4) At the age of 21 days, the activities of amylase and trypsin in jejunum of broilers in experimental group Ⅲ and the activities of lipase and chymotrypsin of broilers in experimental groups Ⅲ and Ⅳ were slightly lower than those in the control group Ⅰ (P>0.05). At the age of 42 days, the amylase activity in jejunum of broilers in experimental groups Ⅲ to Ⅳ, the lipase activity in jejunum of broilers in experimental groups Ⅱ to Ⅲ, and the chymotrypsin activity of broilers in experimental group Ⅲ were not significantly different compared with the control group Ⅰ (P>0.05). The above indices in the other experimental groups were significantly or extremely significantly lower than those in the control group Ⅰ (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). 5) The activities of amylase, lipase, trypsin and chymotrypsin in ileum of broilers at the age of 21 days in experimental groups Ⅲ and Ⅳ and broilers at the age 42 days in experimental group Ⅲ were slightly lower than those in the control group Ⅰ (P>0.05), but those in the other experimental groups (except for experimental group Ⅳ at the age of 21 days) were extremely significantly lower than those in the control group Ⅰ (P < 0.01). 6) Compared with the control group Ⅱ, the endogenous digestive enzyme activities in glandular stomach, muscle stomach, pancreas and all small intestine paragraphs of broilers in experimental groups Ⅱ to Ⅴ were significantly or extremely significantly increased (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). 7) The apparent utilization and true utilization of dietary gross energy, ether extract and crude protein of broilers at the age of 21 days in experimental groups Ⅲ to Ⅴ and broilers at the age of 42 days in experimental groups Ⅳ to Ⅴ were not significantly different compared with the control group Ⅰ (P>0.05), which in the other experimental groups were significantly or extremely significantly lower than those in the control group Ⅰ (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), and those in the experimental groups Ⅲ to Ⅴ at the age of 21 and 42 days were significantly higher than those in the control group Ⅱ (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). At the age of 21 days, the calcium apparent utilization of broilers in experimental groups Ⅳ to Ⅴ and the calcium true utilization of broilers in experimental group Ⅴ were significantly or extremely significantly higher than those in the control groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). At the age of 42 days, the apparent utilization and true utilization of calcium of broilers in experimental groups Ⅳ to Ⅴ were extremely significantly higher than those in the control group Ⅱ (P < 0.01). The apparent utilization and true utilization of phosphorus of broilers at the age of 42 days in experimental groups Ⅲ to Ⅴ were extremely significantly higher than those in the control group Ⅰ (P < 0.01), and the apparent utilization and true utilization of phosphorus of broilers at the age of 21 and 42 days in experimental groups Ⅱ to Ⅴ were significantly or extremely higher than those in the control group Ⅱ (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). In conclusion, dietary 2 000 to 2 500 mg/kg exogenous compound enzyme preparation in wheat-soybean meal type diet for broilers can increase the endogenous digestive enzyme activities in digestive organs to be basically consistent with the corn-soybean meal type diet, and dietary 2 000 to 3 000 mg/kg exogenous compound enzyme preparation can increase the nutrient utilization of broilers to be close or better than the corn-soybean meal type diet.
Key words:
wheat-soybean meal type diet broilers compound enzyme preparation digestive enzyme activity nutrient utilization
畜禽饲用酶制剂是一种高效安全的饲料添加剂,多年来被越来越多的应用于畜禽养殖生产中,目前被认为可作为促生长类抗生素添加剂的替代品[1-2]。但酶制剂对底物具有高度的专一性,1种酶制剂只能对1种底物起作用,而配合饲料成分复杂,多种抗营养因子共同存在,因此,多种酶混合使用具有重要意义。但多种酶制剂的适宜复配酶谱及作用效果,报道结果不尽一致,配比不合适有可能产生负面影响[3]。针对国内外不同企业不断推出的酶制剂新产品和生产中应用的不同饲料原料与饲粮类型,需要通过研究确定复合酶制剂使用的最适方案[4]。在4种酶(木聚糖酶、纤维素酶、β-葡聚糖酶、植酸酶)适宜复合酶谱的体外消化试验研究基础上[5],本研究团队进一步采用饲养试验研究了肉鸡小麦-豆粕型饲粮中添加不同水平复合酶制剂对其生长性能等的影响,发现添加适量上述复合酶制剂可显著提高肉鸡平均日增重、降低料重比,并能优化肠道菌群[6-7]。为探究其促生长作用机制,本试验进一步研究了上述复合酶制剂对肉鸡消化器官的内源消化酶活性和养分利用率的影响,旨在为复合酶制剂在肉鸡生产中的推广应用提供科学依据。
1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
本试验所用复合酶制剂由木聚糖酶(酶活性8.5×105 U/g)、β-葡聚糖酶(酶活性3.0×104 U/g)、纤维素酶(酶活性7.5×105 U/g)和植酸酶(酶活性5.0×104 U/g)组成,4种单酶购自某生物工程有限公司。
1.2 试验设计
试验选用336只1日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡公雏,随机分为7个组,每组设6个重复,每个重复8只鸡。对照组Ⅰ饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮,对照组Ⅱ饲喂小麦-豆粕型基础饲粮,5个试验组试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组分别在小麦-豆粕型基础饲粮中添加1 000、1 500、2 000、2 500和3 000 mg/kg复合酶制剂。2种基础饲粮组成及营养水平见表 1。试验鸡按照白羽肉鸡常规饲养管理程序饲养于同栋鸡舍,自由采食和饮水。试验分为1~21日龄和22~42日龄2个阶段,共42 d。
表 1(Table 1)
表 1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)
Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (air-dry basis)
% |
项目 Items |
玉米-豆粕型 Corn-soybean meal type |
|
小麦-豆粕型 Wheat-soybean meal type |
1~21日龄 1 to 21 days of age |
22~42日龄 22 to 42 days of age |
1~21日龄 1 to 21 days of age |
22~42日龄 22 to 42 days of age |
原料 Ingredients |
|
小麦 Wheat |
|
|
|
64.66 |
65.68 |
玉米 Corn |
61.92 |
63.14 |
|
次粉 Wheat-middlings |
|
|
6.19 |
7.76 |
豆油 Soybean oil |
1.15 |
2.72 |
2.40 |
3.91 |
豆粕 Soybean meal |
25.50 |
24.54 |
16.33 |
13.70 |
鱼粉 Fish meal |
2.38 |
|
玉米蛋白粉 Corn gluten meal |
4.96 |
5.58 |
|
5.90 |
4.91 |
石粉 Limestone |
1.37 |
1.30 |
1.45 |
1.22 |
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 |
1.36 |
1.46 |
1.41 |
1.30 |
食盐 NaCl |
0.15 |
0.13 |
0.15 |
0.10 |
DL-蛋氨酸 DL-Met |
0.13 |
0.06 |
0.13 |
0.06 |
L-赖氨酸 L-Lys |
0.08 |
0.07 |
0.38 |
0.36 |
预混料 Premix1) |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
合计 Total |
100.00 |
100.00 |
100.00 |
100.00 |
营养水平 Nutrient levels2) |
|
代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) |
12.54 |
12.96 |
|
12.54 |
12.96 |
粗蛋白质 CP |
21.50 |
20.00 |
21.50 |
20.00 |
钙 Ca |
1.00 |
0.90 |
1.00 |
0.90 |
总磷 TP |
0.68 |
0.65 |
0.68 |
0.65 |
蛋氨酸 Met |
0.50 |
0.40 |
0.50 |
0.40 |
赖氨酸 Lys |
1.15 |
1.00 |
1.15 |
1.00 |
1)预混料为1~21日龄每千克饲粮提供The premix provided the following for per kg of diets in 1 to 21 days of age:VA 16 000 IU,VD 8 000 IU,VK3 2.67 mg,VE 44 mg,VB2 12.80 mg,VB12 20.48 mg,VB1 3.25 mg,叶酸folic acid 1.01 mg,泛酸pantothenate 33.60 mg,生物素biotin 0.32 mg,烟酸nicotinic acid 103.63 mg,Fe 100 mg,Cu 8 mg,Mn 83 mg,Zn 75 mg,Se 0.86 mg,I 2.5 mg。 预混料为22~42日龄每千克饲粮提供The premix provided the following for per kg of diets in 22 to 42 days of age:VA 14 400 IU,VD 8 000 IU,VK3 2.67 mg,VE 48 mg,VB2 12.80 mg,VB12 20.48 mg,VB1 2.92 mg,叶酸folic acid 1.27 mg,泛酸pantothenate 33.60 mg,生物素biotin 0.64 mg,烟酸nicotinic acid 103.63 mg,Fe 100 mg,Cu 8 mg,Mn 83 mg,Zn 75 mg,Se 0.86 mg,I 2.5 mg。 2)营养水平均为计算值。Nutrient levels were all calculated values.
|
|
表 1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)
Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (air-dry basis)
|
1.3 指标测定与方法
1.3.1 消化器官内源消化酶活性
于试验第21和42天,喂料2 h后清空料槽,饥饿2 h后从每组每个重复中选择体重接近平均体重的肉鸡各1只,颈部放血屠宰,立即剖开腹腔取腺胃和肌胃内容物、小肠各段(十二指肠、空肠、回肠)食糜和完整胰腺,置于灭菌冻存管中,迅速浸入液氮速冻后-80 ℃保存待测。样品于4 ℃下解冻,按重量(g) :体积(mL)=1 : 9比例加入生理盐水(脂肪酶活性按1 : 4比例加入生理盐水),冰水浴中匀浆,匀浆液采用超速冷冻离心机(Eppendorf AG)于4 ℃下2 500 r/min离心10 min,取上清液检测消化酶活性[8]。腺胃和肌胃内容物中胃蛋白酶活性,小肠(十二指肠、空肠、回肠)食糜中淀粉酶、脂肪酶、胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶活性,胰腺中淀粉酶、脂肪酶、胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶活性,均采用试剂盒(购自南京建成生物工程研究所)、Thermo MK3型酶标仪测定。
1.3.2 养分利用率
采用全收粪法代谢试验检测饲粮养分表观利用率和真利用率。分别于试验第15和36天从每组每个重复中选取体重接近平均体重的肉鸡各1只,开始前期和后期的代谢试验[8]。饲粮和粪便样品中的粗脂肪、粗蛋白质、总磷及钙含量参照AOAC(2000)[9]方法检测,采用Parr6200型全自动氧弹量热仪测定总能,每个样品每个指标均检测3个重复样,结果取平均值。养分表观利用率和养分真利用率计算公式:
1.4 数据统计与分析
试验数据采用Excel 2013初步整理,通过SPSS 17.0软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),采用Duncan氏法进行多重比较,P < 0.05表示差异显著,P < 0.01表示差异极显著,结果以“平均值±标准差”表示。
2 结果与分析
2.1 复合酶制剂对肉鸡腺胃和肌胃内容物胃蛋白酶活性的影响
复合酶制剂对肉鸡腺胃和肌胃内容物胃蛋白酶活性的影响见表 2。21日龄时,试验Ⅲ组肉鸡腺胃和肌胃胃蛋白酶活性略低于对照组Ⅰ,但差异不显著(P>0.05);42日龄时,试验Ⅲ组和试验Ⅳ组肉鸡腺胃胃蛋白酶活性和试验Ⅲ组肉鸡肌胃胃蛋白酶活性均略低于对照组Ⅰ,但差异不显著(P>0.05);其他试验组肉鸡腺胃和肌胃胃蛋白酶活性均极显著低于对照组Ⅰ(P < 0.01)。21和42日龄时,试验Ⅰ~Ⅴ组肉鸡腺胃和肌胃胃蛋白酶活性均极显著高于对照组Ⅱ(P < 0.01)。21日龄时,复合酶制剂添加量与肉鸡腺胃和肌胃胃蛋白酶活性均呈显著二次效应关系(P < 0.05)。
表 2(Table 2)
表 2 复合酶制剂对肉鸡腺胃和肌胃内容物胃蛋白酶活性的影响
Table 2 Effects of compound enzyme preparation on pepsin activity in glandular stomach and muscle stomach content of broilers
U/mg prot |
项目 Items |
腺胃 Glandular stomach |
|
肌胃 Muscle stomach |
21日龄 21 days of age |
42日龄 42 days of age |
21日龄 21 days of age |
42日龄 42 days of age |
对照组Ⅰ Control group Ⅰ |
9.45±0.12Aa |
7.55±0.28Aa |
|
10.90±0.26Aa |
8.65±0.23Aa |
对照组Ⅱ Control group Ⅱ |
7.74±0.14Dd |
5.53±0.33Dd |
8.60±0.26Dd |
6.47±0.20Dd |
试验Ⅰ组 Experimental group Ⅰ |
8.47±0.16Cc |
6.30±0.14Cc |
9.28±0.23Cc |
7.32±0.12Cc |
试验Ⅱ组 Experimental group Ⅱ |
8.94±0.12Bb |
6.76±0.13Bb |
9.92±0.29Bb |
8.22±0.13Bb |
试验Ⅲ组 Experimental group Ⅲ |
9.33±0.12Aa |
7.41±0.22Aa |
10.62±0.26Aa |
8.58±0.15Aa |
试验Ⅳ组 Experimental group Ⅳ |
9.03±0.13Bb |
7.31±0.12Aa |
10.00±0.34Bb |
8.32±0.12Bb |
试验Ⅴ组 Experimental group Ⅴ |
8.58±0.13Cc |
6.40±0.16Cc |
9.44±0.19Cc |
7.35±0.19Cc |
P值 P-value |
|
|
处理 Treatment |
< 0.001 |
< 0.001 |
< 0.001 |
< 0.001 |
线性 Linear |
0.006 |
0.011 |
0.669 |
0.007 |
二次 Quadratic |
0.047 |
0.055 |
0.026 |
0.360 |
同列数据肩标无字母或相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P < 0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P < 0.01)。下表同。 In the same column, values with no letter or the same small letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P < 0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean extremely significant difference (P < 0.01). The same as below.
|
|
表 2 复合酶制剂对肉鸡腺胃和肌胃内容物胃蛋白酶活性的影响
Table 2 Effects of compound enzyme preparation on pepsin activity in glandular stomach and muscle stomach content of broilers
|
2.2 复合酶制剂对肉鸡胰腺消化酶活性的影响
复合酶制剂对肉鸡胰腺消化酶活性的影响见表 3。42日龄时,试验Ⅲ组肉鸡胰腺淀粉酶活性与对照组Ⅰ相比差异不显著(P>0.05);42日龄时其他试验组和21日龄时各试验组肉鸡胰腺淀粉酶活性均极显著低于对照组Ⅰ(P < 0.01);21和42日龄时,试验Ⅰ~Ⅴ组肉鸡胰腺淀粉酶活性均极显著高于对照组Ⅱ(P < 0.01)。21日龄时试验Ⅰ~Ⅴ组和42日龄时试验Ⅲ组肉鸡胰腺脂肪酶活性与对照组Ⅰ相比差异不显著(P>0.05),42日龄时其他试验组均极显著低于对照组Ⅰ(P < 0.01);42日龄时,试验Ⅰ~Ⅴ组肉鸡胰腺脂肪酶活性极显著高于对照组Ⅱ(P < 0.01)。42日龄时,试验Ⅲ组肉鸡胰腺胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶活性与对照组Ⅰ相比差异不显著(P>0.05),42日龄时其他各试验组和21日龄时各试验组肉鸡胰腺胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶活性显著或极显著低于对照组Ⅰ(P < 0.05或P < 0.01);21日龄时试验Ⅰ~Ⅴ组肉鸡胰腺胰蛋白酶活性极显著高于对照组Ⅱ(P < 0.01),42日龄时试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组肉鸡胰腺胰蛋白酶活性显著或极显著高于对照组Ⅱ(P < 0.05或P < 0.01);21日龄时试验Ⅲ组和42日龄时试验Ⅰ~Ⅴ组肉鸡胰腺糜蛋白酶活性显著或极显著高于对照组Ⅱ(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。复合酶制剂添加量与21日龄肉鸡胰腺淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶活性呈极显著的二次效应关系(P < 0.01)。
表 3(Table 3)
表 3 复合酶制剂对肉鸡胰腺消化酶活性的影响
Table 3 Effects of compound enzyme preparation on digestive enzyme activity in pancreas of broilers
U/mg prot |
项目 Items |
淀粉酶 Amylase |
|
脂肪酶 Lipase |
|
胰蛋白酶 Trypsin |
|
糜蛋白酶 Chymotrypsin |
21日龄 21 days of age |
42日龄 42 days of age |
21日龄 21 days of age |
42日龄 42 days of age |
21日龄 21 days of age |
42日龄 42 days of age |
21日龄 21 days of age |
42日龄 42 days of age |
对照组Ⅰ Control group Ⅰ |
63.70±3.73Aa |
47.71±2.32Aa |
|
542.95±23.57 |
629.24±4.30Aa |
|
626.57±13.11Aa |
570.30±15.96Aa |
|
0.61±0.03Aa |
0.43±0.02Aa |
对照组Ⅱ Control group Ⅱ |
23.74±2.58Dd |
23.82±1.51Dd |
497.20±20.36 |
543.49±8.41Dd |
509.72±33.16Cd |
516.68±8.01Cc |
0.53±0.02Bc |
0.33±0.02Dd |
试验Ⅰ组 Experimental group Ⅰ |
41.12±3.29Cc |
32.37±1.28Cc |
508.61±21.84 |
574.18±12.02Cc |
543.70±13.23Bc |
531.81±17.18Cbc |
0.54±0.03Bbc |
0.36±0.03Cc |
试验Ⅱ组 Experimental group Ⅱ |
51.74±3.12Bb |
43.27±1.66Bb |
521.56±31.32 |
594.90±8.24Bb |
559.93±21.07Bbc |
542.20±5.77BCb |
0.55±0.02Bbc |
0.38±0.01BCb |
试验Ⅲ组 Experimental group Ⅲ |
55.20±2.00Bb |
47.33±1.39Aa |
530.54±30.88 |
617.52±7.28Aa |
572.63±12.13Bb |
561.68±15.59ABa |
0.56±0.01Bb |
0.43±0.02Aa |
试验Ⅳ组 Experimental group Ⅳ |
54.61±1.42Bb |
44.43±1.92Bb |
524.77±22.90 |
596.16±16.69Bb |
564.67±17.83Bbc |
532.88±19.71Cbc |
0.55±0.03Bbc |
0.40±0.02ABb |
试验Ⅴ组 Experimental group Ⅴ |
52.02±3.09Bb |
34.05±2.02Cc |
523.04±25.92 |
585.58±9.33BCbc |
553.21±16.74Bbc |
522.43±18.10Cc |
0.54±0.02Bbc |
0.38±0.02BCbc |
P值 P-value |
|
处理 Treatment |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
|
0.147 |
<0.001 |
|
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
|
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
线性 Linear |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
0.774 |
0.424 |
0.061 |
0.018 |
0.008 |
0.248 |
二次 Quadratic |
<0.001 |
0.608 |
0.231 |
0.003 |
<0.001 |
0.801 |
0.004 |
0.055 |
|
表 3 复合酶制剂对肉鸡胰腺消化酶活性的影响
Table 3 Effects of compound enzyme preparation on digestive enzyme activity in pancreas of broilers
|
2.3 复合酶制剂对肉鸡十二指肠食糜消化酶活性的影响
复合酶制剂对肉鸡十二指肠食糜消化酶活性的影响见表 4。42日龄时,试验Ⅲ组肉鸡十二指肠食糜淀粉酶活性略低于对照组Ⅰ,但差异不显著(P>0.05),42日龄时其他试验组和21日龄时各试验组肉鸡十二指肠食糜淀粉酶活性显著或极显著低于对照组Ⅰ(P < 0.05或P < 0.01);21和42日龄时,试验Ⅱ~Ⅳ组肉鸡十二指肠食糜淀粉酶活性显著或极显著高于对照组Ⅱ(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。42日龄时,试验Ⅲ组和试验Ⅳ组肉鸡十二指肠食糜脂肪酶活性略低于对照组Ⅰ,但差异不显著(P>0.05),42日龄时其他试验组和21日龄时各试验组肉鸡十二指肠食糜脂肪酶活性极显著低于对照组Ⅰ(P < 0.01);21日龄时试验Ⅱ~Ⅲ组和42日龄时试验Ⅰ~Ⅴ组肉鸡十二指肠食糜脂肪酶活性显著或极显著高于对照组Ⅱ(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。42日龄时,试验Ⅲ~Ⅳ组肉鸡十二指肠食糜胰蛋白酶活性略低于对照组Ⅰ,但差异不显著(P>0.05),42日龄时其他试验组和21日龄时各试验组肉鸡十二指肠食糜胰蛋白酶活性显著或极显著低于对照组Ⅰ(P < 0.05或P < 0.01);21日龄时试验Ⅱ~Ⅴ组和42日龄时试验Ⅰ~Ⅴ组肉鸡十二指肠食糜胰蛋白酶活性显著或极显著高于对照组Ⅱ(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。21日龄时试验Ⅱ~Ⅴ组和42日龄时试验Ⅲ~Ⅳ组肉鸡十二指肠食糜糜蛋白酶活性与对照组Ⅰ差异不显著(P>0.05),其他试验组显著或极显著低于对照组Ⅰ(P < 0.05或P < 0.01);21日龄时试验Ⅱ~Ⅳ组和42日龄时试验Ⅰ~Ⅴ组肉鸡十二指肠食糜蛋白酶活性显著或极显著高于对照组Ⅱ(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。复合酶制剂添加量与21日龄肉鸡十二指肠食糜淀粉酶、脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶活性呈极显著二次效应关系(P < 0.01)。
表 4(Table 4)
表 4 复合酶制剂对肉鸡十二指肠食糜消化酶活性的影响
Table 4 Effects of compound enzyme preparation on digestive enzyme activity in duodenum chyme of broilers
U/mg prot |
项目 Items |
淀粉酶 Amylase |
|
脂肪酶 Lipase |
|
胰蛋白酶 Trypsin |
|
糜蛋白酶 Chymotrypsin |
21日龄 21 days of age |
42日龄 42 days of age |
21日龄 21 days of age |
42日龄 42 days of age |
21日龄 21 days of age |
42日龄 42 days of age |
21日龄 21 days of age |
42日龄 42 days of age |
对照组Ⅰ Control group Ⅰ |
62.66±1.89Aa |
130.45±5.77Aa |
|
327.68±12.54Aa |
325.31±4.61Aa |
|
1 443.04±23.99Aa |
1 962.77±18.91Aa |
|
0.62±0.02a |
0.86±0.03Aa |
对照组Ⅱ Control group Ⅱ |
53.75±1.45Cc |
100.64±2.95Dd |
272.24±6.59Cd |
292.86±4.84Dd |
1 290.93±34.39Dd |
1 819.05±29.10Cd |
0.56±0.02b |
0.65±0.03Dd |
试验Ⅰ组 Experimental group Ⅰ |
55.29±2.07BCbc |
112.68±6.60Cc |
282.44±12.17BCcd |
305.38±2.82Cc |
1 321.20±34.13CDd |
1 863.60±27.08BCc |
0.57±0.02b |
0.74±0.03Cc |
试验Ⅱ组 Experimental group Ⅱ |
56.30±1.64BCb |
120.98±7.27BCb |
288.35±11.49BCbc |
316.22±3.13Bb |
1 370.36±15.43Bbc |
1 924.40±35.34Ab |
0.60±0.02a |
0.81±0.04Bb |
试验Ⅲ组 Experimental group Ⅲ |
57.28±1.04Bb |
126.31±4.78ABab |
296.92±10.52Bb |
321.45±8.21ABab |
1 400.20±22.61ABb |
1 956.97±34.03Aab |
0.61±0.02a |
0.85±0.03ABa |
试验Ⅳ组 Experimental group Ⅳ |
56.97±1.88Bb |
122.65±4.38ABb |
284.09±5.34BCcd |
319.73±6.08ABab |
1 390.12±30.05Bbc |
1 949.85±18.33Aab |
0.60±0.02a |
0.84±0.03ABa |
试验Ⅴ组 Experimental group Ⅴ |
55.49±2.18BCbc |
113.18±3.59Cc |
278.97±8.81Ccd |
307.12±5.46Cc |
1 362.62±30.82BCc |
1 868.26±33.14Bc |
0.58±0.02ab |
0.75±0.03Cc |
P值 P-value |
|
处理 Treatment |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
|
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
|
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
|
0.020 |
<0.001 |
线性 Linear |
0.002 |
0.611 |
<0.001 |
0.192 |
0.556 |
0.257 |
0.968 |
0.019 |
二次 Quadratic |
<0.001 |
0.385 |
0.001 |
0.404 |
0.009 |
0.969 |
0.690 |
0.709 |
|
表 4 复合酶制剂对肉鸡十二指肠食糜消化酶活性的影响
Table 4 Effects of compound enzyme preparation on digestive enzyme activity in duodenum chyme of broilers
|
2.4 复合酶制剂对肉鸡空肠食糜消化酶活性的影响
复合酶制剂对肉鸡空肠食糜消化酶活性的影响见表 5。21日龄时试验Ⅲ组和42日龄时试验Ⅲ~Ⅳ组肉鸡空肠食糜淀粉酶活性略低于对照组Ⅰ,但差异不显著(P>0.05),其他各试验组显著或极显著低于对照组Ⅰ(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。21日龄时试验Ⅲ~Ⅳ组和42日龄时试验Ⅱ~Ⅲ组肉鸡空肠食糜脂肪酶活性略低于对照组Ⅰ,但差异不显著(P>0.05),其他各试验组均极显著低于对照组Ⅰ(P < 0.01)。21日龄时试验Ⅲ~Ⅳ组和42日龄时试验Ⅲ组肉鸡空肠食糜糜蛋白酶活性略低于对照组Ⅰ,但差异不显著(P>0.05),其他各试验组显著或极显著低于对照组Ⅰ(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。21和42日龄时,试验Ⅰ~Ⅴ组肉鸡空肠食糜淀粉酶、脂肪酶和糜蛋白酶活性显著或极显著高于对照组Ⅱ(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。21日龄时,试验Ⅲ组肉鸡空肠食糜胰蛋白酶活性略低于对照组Ⅰ,但差异不显著(P>0.05),21日龄时其他各试验组和42日龄时各试验组肉鸡空肠食糜胰蛋白酶活性显著或极显著低于对照组Ⅰ(P < 0.05或P < 0.01);21日龄时试验Ⅱ~Ⅴ组和42日龄时试验Ⅰ~Ⅳ组肉鸡空肠食糜胰蛋白酶活性极显著高于对照组Ⅱ(P < 0.01)。复合酶制剂添加量与肉鸡空肠食糜淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性呈显著或极显著的二次效应关系(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。
表 5(Table 5)
表 5 复合酶制剂对肉鸡空肠食糜消化酶活性的影响
Table 5 Effects of compound enzyme preparation on digestive enzyme activity in jejunum chyme of broilers
U/mg prot |
项目 Items |
淀粉酶 Amylase |
|
脂肪酶 Lipase |
|
胰蛋白酶 Trypsin |
|
糜蛋白酶 Chymotrypsin |
21日龄 21 days of age |
42日龄 42 days of age |
21日龄 21 days of age |
42日龄 42 days of age |
21日龄 21 days of age |
42日龄 42 days of age |
21日龄 21 days of age |
42日龄 42 days of age |
对照组Ⅰ Control group Ⅰ |
93.72±1.47Aa |
121.99±3.44Aa |
|
333.51±7.15Aa |
333.55±3.50Aa |
|
1 740.28±43.44Aa |
2 621.39±73.42Aa |
|
0.70±0.03Aa |
0.99±0.05Aa |
对照组Ⅱ Control group Ⅱ |
81.54±2.62Dd |
94.75±2.76Cd |
295.02±2.69Dd |
308.16±2.37Bd |
1 583.27±10.79Dd |
2 300.97±35.67Dd |
0.54±0.03Dd |
0.75±0.03Dd |
试验Ⅰ组 Experimental group Ⅰ |
85.87±1.32Cc |
106.88±1.89Bc |
307.21±10.35Cc |
323.12±3.82Bb |
1 620.77±39.70CDd |
2 394.78±32.14Cc |
0.60±0.03Cc |
0.82±0.06Cc |
试验Ⅱ组 Experimental group Ⅱ |
90.26±2.11ABb |
112.13±3.54Bb |
320.07±5.52Bb |
330.90±3.27Aa |
1 673.54±22.74BCbc |
2 518.54±72.20Bb |
0.65±0.03ABb |
0.89±0.03Bb |
试验Ⅲ组 Experimental group Ⅲ |
92.21±1.20ABab |
120.00±2.86Aa |
332.19±3.64Aa |
332.71±2.26Aa |
1 709.99±28.06ABab |
2 558.53±31.21ABb |
0.69±0.03Aa |
0.95±0.03Aa |
试验Ⅳ组 Experimental group Ⅳ |
91.02±1.73ABb |
117.88±4.87Aa |
329.32±1.66ABa |
324.89±4.41Bb |
1 690.42±33.07ABbc |
2 403.80±25.75Cc |
0.69±0.02Aa |
0.87±0.03BCbc |
试验Ⅴ组 Experimental group Ⅴ |
89.75±3.29Bb |
109.62±3.46Bbc |
321.31±4.29Bb |
316.24±2.69Bc |
1 665.60±42.30BCc |
2 324.17±60.95CDd |
0.63±0.01BCbc |
0.84±0.02BCc |
P值 P-value |
|
处理 Treatment |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
|
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
|
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
|
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
线性 Linear |
0.005 |
0.004 |
<0.001 |
0.217 |
0.277 |
<0.001 |
0.017 |
0.264 |
二次 Quadratic |
0.008 |
0.028 |
0.001 |
0.002 |
0.009 |
0.288 |
0.219 |
0.106 |
|
表 5 复合酶制剂对肉鸡空肠食糜消化酶活性的影响
Table 5 Effects of compound enzyme preparation on digestive enzyme activity in jejunum chyme of broilers
|
2.5 复合酶制剂对肉鸡回肠食糜消化酶活性的影响
复合酶制剂对肉鸡回肠食糜消化酶活性的影响见表 6。21日龄时试验Ⅲ~Ⅳ组和42日龄试验Ⅲ组肉鸡回肠食糜淀粉酶活性略低于对照组Ⅰ,但差异不显著(P>0.05),其他各试验组均极显著低于对照组Ⅰ(P < 0.01);21和42日龄时,试验Ⅲ~Ⅳ组肉鸡回肠食糜脂肪酶活性均略低于对照组Ⅰ,但差异不显著(P>0.05),其他各试验组均极显著低于对照组Ⅰ(P < 0.01);21日龄时试验Ⅲ~Ⅳ组和42日龄时试验Ⅲ组肉鸡回肠食糜胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶活性略低于对照组Ⅰ,但差异不显著(P>0.05),其他各试验组均极显著低于对照组Ⅰ(P < 0.01);21和42日龄时,试验Ⅰ~Ⅴ组肉鸡回肠食糜淀粉酶、脂肪酶、胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶活性显著或极显著高于对照组Ⅱ(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。
表 6(Table 6)
表 6 复合酶制剂对肉鸡回肠食糜消化酶活性的影响
Table 6 Effects of compound enzyme preparation on digestive enzyme activity in ileum chyme of broilers
U/mg prot |
项目 Items |
淀粉酶 Amylase |
|
脂肪酶 Lipase |
|
胰蛋白酶 Trypsin |
|
糜蛋白酶 Chymotrypsin |
21日龄 21 days of age |
42日龄 42 days of age |
21日龄 21 days of age |
42日龄 42 days of age |
21日龄 21 days of age |
42日龄 42 days of age |
21日龄 21 days of age |
42日龄 42 days of age |
对照组Ⅰ Control group Ⅰ |
94.36±3.95Aa |
159.12±5.09Aa |
|
262.52±3.13Aa |
282.31±3.45Aa |
|
2 215.67±33.56Aa |
2 790.69±53.23Aa |
|
0.66±0.03Aa |
0.71±0.02Aa |
对照组Ⅱ Control group Ⅱ |
76.24±2.27Dd |
121.09±3.45Dd |
236.43±2.36Dd |
254.81±3.44Dd |
2 061.04±11.54Cd |
2 200.98±46.92Dd |
0.53±0.01Dd |
0.46±0.03Dd |
试验Ⅰ组 Experimental group Ⅰ |
83.22±1.45Cc |
134.18±3.49Cc |
245.69±3.79Cc |
265.22±2.75Cc |
2 096.89±29.78BCc |
2 408.30±38.42Cc |
0.57±0.03Cc |
0.54±0.02Cc |
试验Ⅱ组 Experimental group Ⅱ |
89.50±3.67Bb |
146.29±2.80Bb |
255.89±2.96Bb |
271.57±2.74Bb |
2 130.54±12.48Bb |
2 629.39±36.47Bb |
0.60±0.03BCbc |
0.63±0.03Bb |
试验Ⅲ组 Experimental group Ⅲ |
93.83±1.43Aa |
156.02±3.29Aa |
261.47±2.57Aa |
280.08±3.78Aa |
2 195.91±26.23Aa |
2 758.48±26.98Aa |
0.65±0.01Aa |
0.70±0.06Aa |
试验Ⅳ组 Experimental group Ⅳ |
91.28±1.71ABab |
144.85±5.13Bb |
259.67±2.88ABa |
278.19±4.12Aa |
2 190.24±16.48Aa |
2 654.51±21.53Bb |
0.63±0.02ABab |
0.63±0.01Bb |
试验Ⅴ组 Experimental group Ⅴ |
84.15±2.03Cc |
129.73±3.00Cc |
249.06±2.94Cc |
266.13±3.32Cc |
2 114.44±44.01Bbc |
2 426.18±53.19Cc |
0.58±0.02Cc |
0.55±0.05Cc |
P值 P-value |
|
处理 Treatment |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
|
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
|
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
|
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
线性 Linear |
0.077 |
0.030 |
0.002 |
0.083 |
0.368 |
0.074 |
0.353 |
0.449 |
二次 Quadratic |
0.724 |
0.430 |
0.255 |
0.125 |
0.019 |
0.669 |
0.248 |
0.527 |
|
表 6 复合酶制剂对肉鸡回肠食糜消化酶活性的影响
Table 6 Effects of compound enzyme preparation on digestive enzyme activity in ileum chyme of broilers
|
2.6 复合酶制剂对肉鸡养分利用率的影响
2.6.1 复合酶制剂对肉鸡总能表观利用率和真利用率的影响
复合酶制剂对肉鸡总能表观利用率和真利用率的影响见表 7。21和42日龄时,试验Ⅲ~Ⅴ组肉鸡总能表观利用率和真利用率与对照组Ⅰ相比差异不显著(P>0.05),试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组肉鸡总能表观利用率和真利用率显著或极显著低于对照组Ⅰ(P < 0.05或P < 0.01);试验Ⅱ~Ⅴ组肉鸡总能表观利用率和真利用率显著或极显著高于对照组Ⅱ(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。复合酶制剂添加量与总能表观利用率和真利用率呈极显著二次效应(P < 0.01)。
表 7(Table 7)
表 7 复合酶制剂对肉鸡总能表观利用率和真利用率的影响
Table 7 Effects of compound enzyme preparation on apparent and true utilization of gross energy in broilers
% |
项目 Items |
表观利用率 Apparent utilization |
|
真利用率 True utilization |
21日龄 21 days of age |
42日龄 42 days of age |
21日龄 21 days of age |
42日龄 42 days of age |
对照组Ⅰ Control group Ⅰ |
53.52±0.29Aa |
56.22±0.26Aa |
|
58.28±0.26Aa |
60.85±0.47Aa |
对照组Ⅱ Control group Ⅱ |
50.69±0.60Cd |
53.54±0.17Dd |
55.44±0.62Cc |
58.23±0.35Bc |
试验Ⅰ组 Experimental group Ⅰ |
51.29±0.46Cc |
54.20±0.24Cc |
56.06±0.47Cc |
58.72±0.61Bc |
试验Ⅱ组 Experimental group Ⅱ |
52.03±0.38Bb |
55.26±0.21Bb |
56.78±0.44Bb |
59.62±0.43ABb |
试验Ⅲ组 Experimental group Ⅲ |
53.01±0.30Aa |
55.97±0.16Aa |
57.76±0.35Aa |
60.02±0.44Aab |
试验Ⅳ组 Experimental group Ⅳ |
53.45±0.38Aa |
56.11±0.18Aa |
58.21±0.40Aa |
60.84±0.60Aa |
试验Ⅴ组 Experimental group Ⅴ |
53.34±0.45Aa |
56.02±0.17Aa |
58.14±0.47Aa |
60.77±0.42Aa |
P值 P-value |
|
处理 Treatment |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
|
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
线性 Linear |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
二次 Quadratic |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
|
表 7 复合酶制剂对肉鸡总能表观利用率和真利用率的影响
Table 7 Effects of compound enzyme preparation on apparent and true utilization of gross energy in broilers
|
2.6.2 复合酶制剂对肉鸡粗脂肪表观利用率和真利用率的影响
复合酶制剂对肉鸡粗脂肪表观利用率和真利用率的影响见表 8。21日龄时试验Ⅲ~Ⅴ组和42日龄时试验Ⅳ~Ⅴ组肉鸡粗脂肪表观利用率和真利用率与对照组Ⅰ相比差异不显著(P>0.05),其他试验组显著或极显著低于对照组Ⅰ(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。21日龄时试验Ⅲ~Ⅴ组和42日龄时试验Ⅱ~Ⅴ组肉鸡粗脂肪表观利用率极显著高于对照组Ⅱ(P < 0.01),21日龄时试验Ⅳ~Ⅴ组和42日龄时试验Ⅱ~Ⅴ组肉鸡粗脂肪真利用率极显著高于对照组Ⅱ(P < 0.01)。复合酶制剂添加量与粗脂肪表观利用率和真利用率呈极显著二次效应关系(P < 0.01)。
表 8(Table 8)
表 8 复合酶制剂对肉鸡粗脂肪表观利用率和真利用率的影响
Table 8 Effects of compound enzyme preparation on apparent and true utilization of ether extract in broilers
% |
项目 Items |
表观利用率 Apparent utilization |
|
真利用率 True utilization |
21日龄21 days of age |
42日龄42 days of age |
21日龄21 days of age |
42日龄42 days of age |
对照组Ⅰ Control group Ⅰ |
45.42±1.16Aa |
44.23±1.11Aa |
|
51.71±1.48Aa |
50.27±1.10Aa |
对照组Ⅱ Control group Ⅱ |
39.06±1.22Cc |
37.37±0.83Dd |
46.08±0.77Bc |
43.79±0.88Dd |
试验Ⅰ组Experimental group Ⅰ |
41.04±1.79BCbc |
38.56±1.57CDd |
47.73±3.28ABbc |
44.74±1.41CDd |
试验Ⅱ组 Experimental group Ⅱ |
41.46±1.46BCbc |
40.50±1.46BCc |
48.32±1.22ABbc |
46.67±1.33BCc |
试验Ⅲ组 Experimental group Ⅲ |
42.94±3.64ABab |
42.30±2.43ABb |
49.08±4.00ABabc |
48.39±2.36ABb |
试验Ⅳ组 Experimental group Ⅳ |
44.30±2.54ABa |
44.16±1.44Aa |
50.89±2.49Aab |
50.17±1.42Aa |
试验Ⅴ组 Experimental group Ⅴ |
44.13±2.06ABa |
43.71±0.87Aab |
50.42±2.13Aab |
49.84±0.92Aab |
P值 P-value |
|
|
|
处理 Treatment |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
0.004 |
<0.001 |
线性 Linear |
0.074 |
<0.001 |
0.187 |
<0.001 |
二次 Quadratic |
0.001 |
<0.001 |
0.006 |
<0.001 |
|
表 8 复合酶制剂对肉鸡粗脂肪表观利用率和真利用率的影响
Table 8 Effects of compound enzyme preparation on apparent and true utilization of ether extract in broilers
|
2.6.3 复合酶制剂对肉鸡粗蛋白质表观利用率和真利用率的影响
复合酶制剂对肉鸡粗蛋白质表观利用率和真利用率的影响见表 9。21日龄时试验Ⅲ~Ⅴ组和42日龄时试验Ⅳ~Ⅴ组肉鸡粗蛋白质表观利用率和真利用率与对照组Ⅰ相比差异不显著(P> 0.05),其他试验组(21日龄时试验Ⅲ组除外)显著或极显著低于对照组Ⅰ(P < 0.05或P < 0.01);21和42日龄时试验Ⅱ~Ⅴ组肉鸡粗蛋白质表观利用率和真利用率显著或极显著高于对照组Ⅱ(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。复合酶制剂添加量与粗蛋白质表观利用率和真利用率呈极显著二次效应关系(P < 0.01)。
表 9(Table 9)
表 9 复合酶制剂对肉鸡粗蛋白质表观利用率和真利用率的影响
Table 9 Effects of compound enzyme preparation on apparent and true utilization of crude protein in broilers
% |
项目 Items |
表观利用率 Apparent utilization |
|
真利用率 True utilization |
21日龄 21 days of age |
42日龄 42 days of age |
21日龄 21 days of age |
42日龄 42 days of age |
对照组Ⅰ Control group Ⅰ |
57.46±0.40Aa |
54.57±0.44Aa |
|
74.74±0.68Aa |
67.79±0.88Aa |
对照组Ⅱ Control group Ⅱ |
54.29±1.10Bd |
51.64±0.32Cd |
71.66±0.57Bd |
64.13±0.91Cd |
试验Ⅰ组 Experimental group Ⅰ |
54.66±1.01Bcd |
52.23±0.54Cc |
72.52±0.91Bc |
65.23±0.68Bc |
试验Ⅱ组 Experimental group Ⅱ |
55.77±0.97ABbc |
53.45±0.65Bb |
73.79±0.73Ab |
65.90±0.45Bc |
试验Ⅲ组 Experimental group Ⅲ |
56.62±0.95Aab |
54.20±0.48ABa |
74.41±0.39Aab |
66.98±0.71Ab |
试验Ⅳ组 Experimental group Ⅳ |
57.14±1.50Aa |
54.55±0.54Aa |
74.61±0.19Aa |
67.38±0.12Aab |
试验Ⅴ组 Experimental group Ⅴ |
57.09±0.57Aa |
54.48±0.26Aa |
74.49±0.44Aab |
67.35±0.20Aab |
P值 P-value |
|
|
处理 Treatment |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
线性 Linear |
0.004 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
二次 Quadratic |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
|
表 9 复合酶制剂对肉鸡粗蛋白质表观利用率和真利用率的影响
Table 9 Effects of compound enzyme preparation on apparent and true utilization of crude protein in broilers
|
2.6.4 复合酶制剂对肉鸡钙磷表观利用率和真利用率的影响
复合酶制剂对肉鸡钙表观利用率和真利用率的影响见表 10。21日龄时,试验Ⅳ~Ⅴ组肉鸡钙表观利用率显著或极显著高于对照组Ⅰ和对照组Ⅱ(P < 0.05或P < 0.01),试验Ⅴ组肉鸡钙真利用率显著或极显著高于对照组Ⅰ和对照组Ⅱ(P < 0.05或P < 0.01);42日龄时,试验Ⅳ~Ⅴ组肉鸡钙表观利用率和真利用率与对照组Ⅰ相比差异不显著(P>0.05),极显著高于对照组Ⅱ(P < 0.01)。
表 10(Table 10)
表 10 复合酶制剂对肉鸡钙表观利用率和真利用率的影响
Table 10 Effects of compound enzyme preparation on apparent and true utilization of calcium in broilers
% |
项目 Items |
表观利用率 Apparent utilization |
|
真利用率 True utilization |
21日龄 21 days of age |
42日龄 42 days of age |
21日龄 21 days of age |
42日龄 42 days of age |
对照组Ⅰ Control group Ⅰ |
48.22±0.79Ac |
45.25±0.87Aab |
|
54.35±0.86ABbc |
48.58±0.89ABa |
对照组Ⅱ Control group Ⅱ |
46.37±1.90Bd |
42.22±1.56Cd |
52.62±1.86Bd |
46.04±1.45Cc |
试验Ⅰ组 Experimental group Ⅰ |
47.90±0.94ABc |
43.47±0.97BCc |
54.03±0.92ABc |
47.11±1.02BCbc |
试验Ⅱ组 Experimental group Ⅱ |
48.30±0.75Abc |
44.48±1.37ABbc |
54.41±0.79ABbc |
48.17±1.26ABab |
试验Ⅲ组 Experimental group Ⅲ |
48.79±1.04Aabc |
45.41±0.65Aab |
54.92±1.05Aabc |
48.78±0.75ABa |
试验Ⅳ组 Experimental group Ⅳ |
49.59±0.92Aab |
46.10±0.53Aa |
55.69±0.87Aab |
49.35±0.65Aa |
试验Ⅴ组 Experimental group Ⅴ |
49.69±0.54Aa |
46.09±1.10Aa |
55.83±0.54Aa |
49.48±1.14Aa |
P值 P-value |
|
|
处理 Treatment |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
线性 Linear |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
二次 Quadratic |
0.125 |
0.004 |
0.112 |
0.017 |
|
表 10 复合酶制剂对肉鸡钙表观利用率和真利用率的影响
Table 10 Effects of compound enzyme preparation on apparent and true utilization of calcium in broilers
|
复合酶制剂对肉鸡磷表观利用率和真利用率的影响见表 11。21日龄时,试验Ⅲ~Ⅴ组肉鸡磷表观利用率与对照组Ⅰ相比差异不显著(P>0.05),其他各试验组极显著低于对照组Ⅰ(P < 0.01);试验Ⅱ~Ⅴ组肉鸡磷真利用率与对照组Ⅰ相比差异不显著(P>0.05);42日龄时,试验Ⅲ~Ⅴ组肉鸡磷表观利用率和真利用率极显著高于对照组Ⅰ(P < 0.01)。21和42日龄时,试验Ⅱ~Ⅴ组肉鸡磷表观利用率和真利用率显著或极显著高于对照组Ⅱ(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。复合酶制剂添加量与21日龄磷表观利用率和真利用率呈极显著二次效应关系(P < 0.01)。
表 11(Table 11)
表 11 复合酶制剂对肉鸡磷表观利用率和真利用率的影响
Table 11 Effects of compound enzyme preparation on apparent and true utilization of phosphor in broilers
% |
项目 Items |
表观利用率 Apparent utilization |
|
真利用率 True utilization |
21日龄 21 days of age |
42日龄 42 days of age |
21日龄 21 days of age |
42日龄 42 days of age |
对照组Ⅰ Control group Ⅰ |
48.36±0.84Aab |
48.15±1.00Ccd |
|
61.48±0.84ABab |
64.43±1.59BCbc |
对照组Ⅱ Control group Ⅱ |
45.25±0.79Dd |
47.01±1.15Cd |
58.96±0.91Dc |
62.11±0.95Cd |
试验Ⅰ组 Experimental group Ⅰ |
45.97±1.03CDd |
48.01±1.69Ccd |
59.10±0.74CDc |
63.89±1.28BCc |
试验Ⅱ组 Experimental group Ⅱ |
46.95±0.62BCc |
49.07±1.13BCbc |
60.42±0.89BCb |
65.84±0.91ABab |
试验Ⅲ组 Experimental group Ⅲ |
47.53±0.77ABbc |
50.43±1.67ABab |
61.19±0.96ABab |
66.92±1.52Aa |
试验Ⅳ组 Experimental group Ⅳ |
48.61±0.77Aa |
51.26±0.60Aa |
62.02±0.92Aa |
67.33±1.47Aa |
试验Ⅴ组 Experimental group Ⅴ |
48.80±0.61Aa |
51.38±1.41Aa |
61.97±0.90Aa |
67.24±1.93Aa |
P值 P-value |
|
|
处理 Treatment |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
线性 Linear |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
二次 Quadratic |
<0.001 |
0.217 |
<0.001 |
0.630 |
|
表 11 复合酶制剂对肉鸡磷表观利用率和真利用率的影响
Table 11 Effects of compound enzyme preparation on apparent and true utilization of phosphor in broilers
|
3 讨论
3.1 复合酶制剂对肉鸡内源消化酶活性的影响
Engberg等[10]在大麦饲粮中添加木聚糖酶,发现肉鸡小肠糜蛋白酶和脂肪酶的活性显著提高。何万领等[11]研究报道,饲粮添加纤维素酶制剂可显著提高肉鸡小肠中淀粉酶和脂肪酶的活性。程志斌等[12]研究报道,饲粮中添加复合酶制剂(木聚糖酶3 109 U/g、纤维素酶17 455 U/g、葡聚糖酶88 U/g、果胶酶3 437 U/g),肉鸡空肠内容物的淀粉酶、蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性显著升高。本试验结果表明,肉鸡小麦-豆粕型饲粮中添加2 000~2 500 mg/kg复合酶制剂(木聚糖酶850 U/g、纤维素酶750 U/g、β-葡聚糖酶50 U/g、植酸酶2 000 U/kg)可显著提高胰腺、腺胃、肌胃、小肠(十二指肠、空肠、回肠)内容物中淀粉酶、脂肪酶、蛋白酶活性,对后期料作用效果与饲喂玉米-豆粕型饲粮相当。由此可见,上述4种单酶组合的外源酶制剂有利于提高肉鸡消化器官内源酶活性,适合于在小麦替代玉米的小麦-豆粕型饲粮中使用。
3.2 复合酶制剂对肉鸡养分表观利用率和真利用率的影响
宋凯等[13]的研究表明,阿拉伯木聚糖酶和β-葡聚糖酶配伍的复合酶制剂添加在小麦饲粮中,肉鸡的养分利用率显著提高,有些与玉米型饲粮组相近。王海英等[14]发现在小麦饲粮中添加木聚糖酶可提高粗蛋白质表观消化率达7.4%。王修启[15]研究表明,木聚糖酶使小麦型饲粮的粗脂肪消化率提高3.01%。丁斌鹰[16]研究报道,饲粮中随着小麦取代玉米量增多,肉鸡对粗蛋白质表观利用率有降低趋势,但与玉米对照组相比,添加100 g/t木聚糖酶,小麦完全取代玉米也有较好的生长性能和粗蛋白质表观利用率。段磊等[17]研究表明,小麦饲粮中添加复合酶制剂(纤维素酶、木聚糖酶、β-甘露聚糖酶、β-葡聚糖酶),粗蛋白质、钙、磷表观消化率与玉米对照组相当。本试验结果表明,小麦-豆粕型饲粮中添加复合酶制剂(木聚糖酶、纤维素酶、β-葡聚糖酶、植酸酶),5个试验组肉鸡对饲粮粗脂肪、粗蛋白质、钙、磷以及能量利用率显著高于小麦-豆粕型基础饲粮组;添加量为2 000~3 000 mg/kg组的总能、粗蛋白质和粗脂肪表观利用率与真利用率与玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮组相当;添加量为2 500~3 000 mg/kg组的钙表观利用率与真利用率显著高于玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮组,磷与之相当。由此可见,小麦-豆粕型饲粮中添加适量本试验4种单酶组合的复合酶制剂,肉鸡对饲粮养分的利用率与玉米-豆粕型饲粮基本一致,酶制剂的作用效果存在显著剂量效应关系。因此,肉鸡饲粮中添加适宜的复合酶制剂,用小麦完全取代玉米是可行的。关于肉鸡对饲粮粗脂肪的表观利用率,不同文献报道的结果差异较大,变异范围在50.20%~96.43%[18-19],究其原因,可能与所用油脂类型和质量、饲料原料和营养水平、肉鸡品种和饲养阶段等不同所致。本试验饲粮中使用的豆油为饲料级3级豆油,颜色发暗,质量较差,所测粗脂肪表观利用率偏低可能与所用豆油质量较差有关。本试验饲粮中外源复合酶制剂的添加可显著提高肉鸡消化器官内源消化酶活性,外源酶和内源酶的协同作用应是肉鸡对饲粮养分利用率显著提高的发生机理。Rebolé等[20]和Cowan等[21]对非淀粉多糖酶作用机制的研究表明,当非淀粉多糖酶添加量不足时,细胞壁降解不完全,难以释放出营养物质与消化酶接触,从而导致效果不显著,随着非淀粉多糖酶添加量的升高,作用效果越明显直至达到峰值,而当酶制剂含量过高时,低剂量已达到底物消化的饱和量,可能会产生负反馈抑制,影响营养物质的消化利用率。本试验结果与此报道一致。
4 结论
① 小麦-豆粕型饲粮中添加4种单酶组合的复合酶制剂,肉鸡消化器官内源消化酶活性和饲粮养分利用率均显著提高。
② 肉鸡腺胃、肌胃、胰腺、小肠内源消化酶活性最高的复合酶制剂添加量为2 000~2 500 mg/kg,肉鸡对饲粮养分利用率最高的复合酶制剂添加量为2 000~3 000 mg/kg。
③ 综合试验结果,1~42日龄肉鸡小麦-豆粕型饲粮中复合酶制剂(木聚糖酶850 U/g、纤维素酶750 U/g、β-葡聚糖酶50 U/g、植酸酶2 000 U/kg)添加量在2 000 mg/kg为宜。
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