动物营养学报    2022, Vol. 34 Issue (3): 1864-1874    PDF    
饲粮中添加维生素E和酵母硒对肉兔生长性能、屠宰性能、肌肉品质和抗氧化性能的影响
刘公言1 , 白莉雅1 , 孙海涛1 , 李明勇2 , 刘曼2 , 刘策1 , 姜文学1 , 杨丽萍1 , 王文志1 , 王鹏3 , 高淑霞1     
1. 山东省农业科学院畜牧兽医研究所, 山东省畜禽疫病防治与繁育重点实验室, 济南 250100;
2. 青岛康大兔业发展有限公司, 国家农业农村部兔遗传育种与繁殖重点实验室, 青岛 266000;
3. 山东正宇兔业有限公司, 临沂 273400
摘要: 本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加维生素E和酵母硒对肉兔生长性能、屠宰性能、肌肉品质和抗氧化性能的影响,为生产高档功能性兔肉提供理论参考。选用35日龄、体重相近的断奶闽西南黑兔160只,随机分为4组,每组10个重复,每个重复4只。Ⅰ组(对照组)饲喂基础饲粮,不额外添加维生素E和酵母硒;Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组分别在基础饲粮中添加100 mg/kg维生素E、0.15 mg/kg硒和100 mg/kg维生素E+0.15 mg/kg硒。预试期5 d,正试期70 d。结果表明:1)饲粮中添加维生素E和酵母硒对肉兔生长性能和屠宰性能均无显著影响(P>0.05)。2)Ⅳ组的肌肉肉色红度(a*)值显著高于对照组(P < 0.05),Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组的肌肉肉色黄度(b*)值显著高于对照组(P < 0.05)。3)Ⅱ组和Ⅳ组肌肉中α-生育酚含量显著高于对照组(P < 0.05),Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组肌肉中铜和锰含量显著低于对照组和Ⅱ组(P < 0.05),Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组肌肉中硒含量显著高于对照组(P < 0.05)。4)Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组血清中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性显著高于对照组(P < 0.05),Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组血清中丙二醛(MDA)含量显著低于对照组(P < 0.05),Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组血清中总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)显著高于对照组(P < 0.05)。5)Ⅳ组肌肉中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著高于对照组(P < 0.05),Ⅳ组肌肉中MDA含量显著低于对照组(P < 0.05),Ⅱ组和Ⅳ组肌肉中T-AOC显著高于对照组(P < 0.05)。综上所述,饲粮中添加维生素E和酵母硒能够改善肌肉物理性状,增加肌肉营养价值,提高机体抗氧化性能。
关键词: 维生素E    酵母硒    闽西南黑兔    生长性能    肌肉品质    抗氧化性能    
Effects of Dietary Vitamin E and Yeast Selenium on Growth Performance, Slaughter Performance, Muscle Quality and Antioxidant Capacity of Meat Rabbits
LIU Gongyan1 , BAI Liya1 , SUN Haitao1 , LI Mingyong2 , LIU Man2 , LIU Ce1 , JIANG Wenxue1 , YANG Liping1 , WANG Wenzhi1 , WANG Peng3 , GAO Shuxia1     
1. Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ji'nan 251000, China;
2. Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Qingdao Kangda Rabbit Industry Development Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266000;
3. Shandong Zhengyu Rabbit Industry Co., Ltd., Linyi 273400, China
Abstract: This experiment was conducted to study the effects of dietary vitamin E and yeast selenium on growth performance, slaughter performance, muscle quality and antioxidant capacity of meat rabbits, so as to provide theoretical reference for the production of high-grade functional rabbit meat. A total of 160 weaned Minxinan black rabbits at 35 days of age with similar body weight were randomly divided into 4 groups with 10 replicates in each group and 4 rabbits in each replicate. Rabbits in group Ⅰ (control group) were fed a basal diet without additional supplement of vitamin E and yeast selenium, and others in groups Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ were fed basal diets supplemented with 100 mg/kg vitamin E, 0.15 mg/kg selenium and 100 mg/kg vitamin E+0.15 mg/kg selenium. The pre-experimental period lasted for 5 days, and the experimental period lasted for 70 days. The results showed as follows: 1) dietary vitamin E and yeast selenium had no significant effects on growth performance and slaughter performance of meat rabbits (P>0.05). 2) The muscle color redness (a*) value of group Ⅳ was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05), and the muscle color yellowness (b*) value of group Ⅱ, group Ⅲ and group Ⅳ was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05). 3) The muscle α-tocopherol content of group Ⅱ and group Ⅳ was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05), the contents of copper and manganese in muscle of group Ⅲ and group Ⅳ were significantly lower than those of the control group and group Ⅱ (P < 0.05), and the muscle selenium content of group Ⅲ and group Ⅳ was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05). 4) The serum glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity of group Ⅲ and group Ⅳ was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05), the serum malondialdehyde (MDA) content of group Ⅱ, group Ⅲ and group Ⅳ was significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05), and the serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) of group Ⅱ, group Ⅲ and group Ⅳ was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05). 5) The muscle superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of group Ⅳ was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05), the muscle MDA content of group Ⅳ was significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05), and the muscle T-AOC of group Ⅱ and group Ⅳ was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation of vitamin E and yeast selenium can improve muscle physical properties, increase muscle nutritional value and improve body antioxidant capacity.
Key words: vitamin E    selenium yeast    Minxinan black rabbits    growth performance    muscle quality    antioxidant capacity    

高档功能性食品是指对人类身体某种或多种机能有益处、有足够营养效果且能改善健康状况或能减少患病的食品。基本特征包括:一是来自于天然成分;二是可以作为食物在日常饮食中食用;三是可被人体消化吸收且具有增强人体某些机能、改善身体和心理状况、延缓衰老甚至预防和治疗某些疾病等功能[1]。兔肉具有高消化率、高蛋白质、高赖氨酸、低脂肪、低能量、低胆固醇等特点,是高血压及心血管病患者的理想营养肉品,被认为是一种理想的功能性食品[2]。维生素E和硒是动物机体重要的抗氧化物质,二者相互协同,共同抵御氧化物质对机体的损伤。亚硒酸钠等传统无机硒源具有吸收率低、毒性高等缺点,且对环境产生污染;酵母硒属于优质的有机硒源,吸收率高,在满足动物对硒的生理需求后,还可以在动物体内储存。因此,在动物生产上使用有机硒取代无机硒具有重要生态意义。王旭等[3]研究报道,饲料中添加维生素E可显著提高香鱼仔稚鱼成活率及肝胰脏抗氧化酶活性。高海桐等[4]研究报道,饲粮中添加酵母硒能够显著提高猪肉的常规营养成分含量,改善猪肉的食用品质,提高贮藏品质。饲粮中联合添加酵母硒和维生素E可以提高肉鸡生长性能,改善肌肉品质,增强肌肉抗氧化能力[5]。张浩等[6]研究表明,饲粮中添加酵母硒有提高产蛋鸡生长性能和蛋品质的趋势,也有提高鸡蛋中硒富集效率的趋势。饲粮中添加0.3 mg/kg有机硒可提高湖羊的生长性能和肌肉品质,提高肌肉和器官中硒含量[7]。然而,近年来关于具有抗氧化功能的富硒兔肉等研究报道较少。因此,本试验以闽西南黑兔为研究对象,探讨饲粮中添加维生素E和酵母硒对肉兔生长性能、屠宰性能、肌肉品质和抗氧化性能的影响,为开发功能性兔肉产品提供理论参考。

1 材料与方法 1.1 试验设计

试验选用35日龄、体重相近、断奶的闽西南黑兔160只,随机分为4组,每组10个重复,每个重复4只(公母各占1/2)。Ⅰ组(对照组)饲喂基础饲粮,不额外添加维生素E和酵母硒;Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组分别在基础饲粮中添加100 mg/kg维生素E、0.15 mg/kg硒和100 mg/kg维生素E+0.15 mg/kg硒。维生素E添加形式为DL-α-生育酚乙酸酯(以α-生育酚计),硒添加形式为酵母硒(以硒计),添加量参考文献[8]。预试期5 d,正试期70 d。饲粮制成长度1.0~1.5 cm,直径约0.3 cm的全价配合颗粒饲料。基础饲粮配方参考De Blas等[9],基础饲粮组成及营养水平见表 1。饲粮中α-生育酚和硒含量实测值见表 2。试验兔在封闭兔舍内每笼2只饲养,试验期间,试验兔每天饲喂2次,全程自由采食和饮水。

表 1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础) Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis) 
表 2 饲粮中α-生育酚和硒含量实测值(风干基础) Table 2 Measured values of α-tocopherol and selenium contents in diets (air-dry basis) 
1.2 样品采集与制备

试验结束当天,每个重复选取1只与该组平均体重相近的试验兔,心脏采集血液,分离血清样品,-20 ℃保存,用于血清抗氧化指标测定。同时,采集背腰最长肌(第1和第7腰椎之间),测定肌肉物理性状、营养成分和抗氧化指标。

1.3 测定指标和方法 1.3.1 生长性能

在试验正式开始(40日龄)和结束当日(110日龄),称量每个重复肉兔重量。平均日增重(ADG)按每个重复肉兔重量除以试验天数和试验兔只数计算所得。平均日采食量(ADFI)按每个重复总采食量除以试验天数和试验兔只数计算所得。料重比(F/G)按总采食量除以总增重计算所得。

1.3.2 屠宰性能

试验结束前1天晚上禁食12 h,试验结束当天每个重复选取1只与该组平均体重相近的试验兔屠宰,称重并记录宰前活重。颈部放血处死后,立即剥皮,在腕关节处去除前肢及在跗关节处去后肢,移走肠道及内容物和泌尿生殖器官后(保留头、气管、食管、胸腔器官、肝脏和肾脏及肾周脂肪)称重即为胴体重[10];胴体重在第一颈椎处去头,同时去除气管、食管,并保留肝脏(摘去胆囊)、肾脏及肾周脂肪称重,即为半净膛胴重。半净膛胴胴体重去心脏、肝脏、肾脏及肾周脂肪后称重即为全净膛胴重,同时对心脏、肝脏(摘去胆囊)和肾脏进行称重,并分别除以宰前活重,计算屠宰率、半净膛屠宰率、全净膛屠宰率、心脏指数、肝脏指数和肾脏指数。

1.3.3 肌肉物理性状

采集背腰最长肌测定pH、肉色[亮度(L*)、红度(a*)和黄度(b*)值]、剪切力、滴水损失、失水率和熟肉率,具体测定方法参考文献[11]。

1.3.4 肌肉营养成分

肌肉中干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)和粗灰分(Ash)含量分别采用国家标准GB 5009.3—2016[12]、GB 5009.5—2016[13]、GB/T 14772—2008[14]和GB/T 9695.18—2008[15]测定。饲粮和肌肉中维生素E(α-生育酚、β-生育酚和γ-生育酚)含量采用国家标准GB/T 9695.30—2008[16]在液相色谱仪(Agilent,型号:1260)上测定。饲粮和肌肉中微量元素(铁、铜、锌、锰和硒)含量采用国家标准GB 5009.268—2016[17]在电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(Thermo,型号:iCAPQ)上测定。

1.3.5 血清和肌肉抗氧化指标

血清和肌肉谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性和丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量以及总抗氧化能力(total antioxidant capacity,T-AOC)分别使用南京建成生物工程研究所的试剂盒测定(货号分别为A005、A001-1、A003-1和A015-3-1)。

1.4 数据处理

采用SAS 9.1.3统计软件中的GLM程序进行数据的方差分析,采用Duncan氏法进行数据的多重比较,结果以平均值±标准差表示,P < 0.05为差异显著。

2 结果 2.1 饲粮中添加维生素E和酵母硒对肉兔生长性能的影响

饲粮中添加维生素E和酵母硒对肉兔生长性能的影响见表 3。由表可知,饲粮中添加维生素E和酵母硒对肉兔终末体重、平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比均无显著影响(P>0.05)。

表 3 饲粮中添加维生素E和酵母硒对肉兔生长性能的影响 Table 3 Effects of dietary vitamin E and yeast selenium on growth performance of meat rabbits (n=10)
2.2 饲粮中添加维生素E和酵母硒对肉兔屠宰性能的影响

饲粮中添加维生素E和酵母硒对肉兔屠宰性能的影响见表 4。由表可知,饲粮中添加维生素E和酵母硒对宰前活重、胴体重、半净膛胴重、全净膛胴重、心脏重、肝脏重和肾脏重以及屠宰率、半净膛屠宰率、全净膛屠宰率、心脏指数、肝脏指数和肾脏指数均无显著影响(P>0.05)。

表 4 饲粮中添加维生素E和酵母硒对肉兔屠宰性能的影响 Table 4 Effects of dietary vitamin E and yeast selenium on slaughter performance of meat rabbits (n=10)
2.3 饲粮中添加维生素E和酵母硒对肉兔肌肉物理性状的影响

饲粮中添加维生素E和酵母硒对肉兔肌肉物理性状的影响见表 5。由表可知,饲粮中添加维生素E和酵母硒对肌肉肉色a*和b*值有显著影响(P < 0.05);其中,Ⅳ组的肌肉肉色a*值显著高于对照组(P < 0.05),Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组的肌肉肉色b*值显著高于对照组(P < 0.05)。饲粮中添加维生素E和酵母硒对肌肉pH、肉色L*值、剪切力、滴水损失、失水率和熟肉率均无显著影响(P>0.05)。

表 5 饲粮中添加维生素E和酵母硒对肉兔肌肉物理性状的影响 Table 5 Effects of dietary vitamin E and yeast selenium on muscle physical properties of meat rabbits (n=10)
2.4 饲粮中添加维生素E和酵母硒对肉兔肌肉营养成分含量的影响

饲粮中添加维生素E和酵母硒对肉兔肌肉营养成分含量的影响见表 6。由表可知,饲粮中添加维生素E和酵母硒对肌肉中DM、CP、EE和Ash含量均无显著影响(P>0.05)。

表 6 饲粮中添加维生素E和酵母硒对肉兔肌肉营养成分含量的影响 Table 6 Effects of dietary vitamin E and yeast selenium on muscle nutrient contents of meat rabbits (n=10)

饲粮中添加维生素E和酵母硒对肌肉中α-生育酚含量有显著影响(P < 0.05);其中,Ⅱ组和Ⅳ组肌肉中α-生育酚含量显著高于对照组(P < 0.05)。饲粮中添加维生素E和酵母硒对肌肉中β-生育酚和γ-生育酚含量均无显著影响(P>0.05)。

饲粮中添加维生素E和酵母硒对肌肉中铜、锰和硒含量有显著影响(P < 0.05);其中,Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组肌肉中铜和锰含量显著低于对照组和Ⅱ组(P < 0.05),Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组肌肉中硒含量显著高于对照组(P < 0.05)。饲粮中添加维生素E和酵母硒对肌肉中铁和锌含量均无显著影响(P>0.05)。

2.5 饲粮中添加维生素E和酵母硒对肉兔抗氧化性能的影响

饲粮中添加维生素E和酵母硒对肉兔抗氧化性能的影响见表 7。由表可知,饲粮中添加维生素E和酵母硒对血清中GSH-Px活性、MDA含量和T-AOC有显著影响(P < 0.05);其中,Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组血清中GSH-Px活性显著高于对照组(P < 0.05),Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组血清中MDA含量显著低于对照组(P < 0.05),Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组血清中T-AOC显著高于对照组(P < 0.05)。饲粮中添加维生素E和酵母硒对血清中SOD活性无显著影响(P>0.05)。

表 7 饲粮中添加维生素E和酵母硒对肉兔抗氧化性能的影响 Table 7 Effects of dietary vitamin E and yeast selenium on antioxidant capacity of meat rabbits (n=10)

饲粮中添加维生素E和酵母硒对肌肉中SOD活性、MDA含量和T-AOC有显著影响(P < 0.05);其中,Ⅳ组肌肉中SOD活性显著高于对照组(P < 0.05),Ⅳ组肌肉中MDA含量显著低于对照组(P < 0.05),Ⅱ组和Ⅳ组肌肉中T-AOC显著高于对照组(P < 0.05)。饲粮中添加维生素E和酵母硒对肌肉中GSH-Px活性无显著影响(P>0.05)。

3 讨论 3.1 饲粮中添加维生素E和酵母硒对肉兔生长性能和屠宰性能的影响

维生素E是一类脂溶性维生素,包括了α-生育酚、β-生育酚、γ-生育酚、δ-生育酚及三烯酚等,主要参与动物前列腺素的合成、血液凝固、稳定细胞膜结构和调节免疫反应,是机体重要的抗氧化成分。维生素E缺乏主要导致肉兔肌肉发育不良和繁殖性能下降,妊娠母兔流产率和死胎率增加[18]。Oriani等[19]在61日龄肉兔饲粮中添加0、60、150或375 mg/kg α-生育酚醋酸酯,连喂4周,发现期对肉兔生长性能没有产生显著影响。同样,Eiben等[20]研究发现,在最后7周的育肥期内,饲粮中添加150 mg/kg维生素E和饲粮中添加60 mg/kg维生素E饲喂的育肥兔之间生长性能不存在显著差异。张伟等[21]研究表明,在生长肉兔饲粮中添加不同水平的维生素E不能改变其生长性能,然而富含维生素E的饲粮(200 mg/kg)能够减少种公兔自由基的产生并提高精液品质(精子成活率、精子膜的完整性和精子活力等),能够提高种兔繁殖性能[22]。本研究结果发现,饲粮中单独添加维生素E或联合添加酵母硒对育肥兔生长性能均无显著影响,与上述研究结果基本一致。

在大多数畜种中,微量元素硒与维生素E密切相关。硒是GSH-Px重要组成部分,该酶具有清除代谢过程中形成的过氧化物作用。Dokoupilová等[23]研究报道,在35日龄的肉兔饲粮中添加0.12和0.50 mg/kg硒(添加形式为酵母硒),饲喂4周,并不影响其生长性能、饲料转化率和出栏率等。Marounek等[24]研究表明,饲喂硒含量为0.08或0.40 mg/kg饲粮的肉兔生长性能之间不存在显著差异。同样,Mattioli等[25]研究报道,在生长兔饲粮中添加0.46 mg/kg硒饲喂7周,也不会影响肉兔生长性能。Zhang等[26]研究发现,饲粮中硒添加水平对断奶至2月龄肉兔生长性能无显著影响。本研究结果发现,饲粮中单独添加酵母硒或联合添加维生素E对肉兔生长性能均无显著影响,与上述研究结果基本一致。

肉兔屠宰性能与生长性能密切相关。Castellini等[27]报道,在整个育肥期(35~85日龄)单独和联合补充饲喂添加维生素E(50和200 mg/kg)饲粮和维生素C(500和1 000 mg/L)饮水的肉兔的屠宰性状没有显著差异。本研究有关屠宰性能的结果与Castellini等[27]报道基本一致。其他研究也表明,肉兔育肥期的屠宰性能并不受饲粮维生素E和硒水平的影响[20, 24-26]

3.2 饲粮中添加维生素E和酵母硒对肉兔肌肉品质的影响

兔肉富含不饱和脂肪酸,肉兔全价配合饲料中维生素、硒等抗氧化剂的使用可以提高肉兔肌肉品质。殷启润等[28]研究表明,饮用维生素C溶液可显著增加肉鸡胸肌的肉色a*值,可在一定程度上维持肌红蛋白的含量。刘公言等[29]研究报道,饲粮中添加维生素B6能够降低肉兔的肉色L*值,提高肉色a*和b*值,对改善肌肉颜色具有重要意义。Gao等[30]研究发现,饲粮中添加维生素E能够缓解氧化应激,改善肌肉品质。然而,Kim等[31]研究发现,饲粮中添加维生素E或硒对肌肉pH没有显著影响。Corino等[32]研究表明,饲粮中添加α-生育酚乙酸酯能够稳定生肉的颜色。这可是因为饲粮中添加α-生育酚乙酸酯后肌肉中α-生育酚等抗氧化成分含量增加,进而改善肌肉颜色。

近年来,人们对饲粮中添加维生素E和硒对α-生育酚及硒在组织中的沉积、肉质特性、抗氧化能力和兔肉货架期的影响进行了相关试验,结果表明,α-生育酚在兔肉中富集是非常有效的,并且与饲粮的添加水平有较强的相关性[33-34]。Tres等[35]研究报道,每千克饲粮中添加100 mg α-生育酚乙酸酯可以使兔肉中α-生育酚含量增加3倍。另外大量研究表明,育肥兔饲粮中添加硒可使肌肉中硒含量增加2~4倍[23, 25, 36]。本研究结果表明,饲粮中添加维生素E和酵母硒能够增加肌肉中的α-生育酚和微量元素硒含量,且二者联合添加效果比单独使用效果更佳。

3.3 饲粮中添加维生素E和酵母硒对肉兔抗氧化性能的影响

本研究发现,饲粮中添加维生素E和酵母硒等抗氧化剂可以提高肉兔机体抗氧化性能。Castellini等[37]研究报道,饲粮中额外补充0.5 mg/kg硒并不能提高肉兔血清维生素E含量。育肥兔饲粮中补充0.1 mg/kg有机硒能够使兔肉中硒含量显著增加,然而当饲粮硒水平高于0.1 mg/kg时,它既不影响兔肉的GSH-Px活性,也不影响兔肉的氧化稳定性[23]。对于家禽和反刍动物等其他物种,饲喂含硒的不饱和脂肪酸藻类来源的抗氧化物质,且与维生素E联合使用,可对机体内的氧化稳定性产生积极的协同效应[38-39]。然而,肉兔机体组织在清理过氧化物时,对硒的依赖性小于其他哺乳动物。Lee等[40]报道,肉兔存在的大部分GSH-Px并没有用硒作辅助因子。另外,Erdélyi等[41]在肉兔的肝脏、肾脏、生殖器官和肌肉等也没有观察到硒与GSH-Px之间的任何关系。因此,与其他动物比较,肉兔在降低组织的氧化负荷上可能更多地依赖维生素E,而较少地依赖硒,其具体作用机理有待于进一步研究。

4 结论

饲粮中添加维生素E和酵母硒对闽西南黑兔生长性能和屠宰性能无显著影响,但能够提高机体抗氧化性能,改善肌肉颜色,增加肌肉α-生育酚和硒含量,提高兔肉的营养价值。

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