动物营养学报    2022, Vol. 34 Issue (4): 2413-2424    PDF    
酵母多糖对产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能、免疫功能、血清生化指标和抗氧化能力的影响
李振慧 , 吴桂萍 , 刘龙 , 赵敏孟 , 范翔 , 耿拓宇 , 龚道清     
扬州大学动物科学与技术学院, 扬州 225600
摘要: 本试验旨在研究饲粮添加不同剂量酵母多糖对产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能、免疫功能、血清生化指标和抗氧化能力的影响。选取健康、体重及产蛋率相近的52周龄海兰褐蛋鸡720只, 随机分为4个组, 每组6个重复, 每个重复30只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮, 试验组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加500、1 000和1 500 mg/kg酵母多糖的饲粮。试验预试期7 d, 正试期36 d。结果表明: 1)与对照组相比, 500和1 000 mg/kg酵母多糖组产蛋后期蛋鸡产蛋率有提高的趋势(P=0.063), 分别提高了0.73%和4.29%。2)与对照组相比, 500、1 000和1 500 mg/kg酵母多糖组蛋鸡脾脏指数有提高的趋势(P=0.076), 分别提高了20.48%、32.53%和18.07%;1 000 mg/kg酵母多糖组肝脏指数较对照组以及500和1 500 mg/kg酵母多糖组显著提高(P < 0.05)。3)1 500 mg/kg酵母多糖组蛋鸡血清免疫球蛋白M含量显著高于其他组(P < 0.05)。4)与对照组相比, 500和1 000 mg/kg酵母多糖组蛋鸡血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性和500 mg/kg酵母多糖组血清谷草转氨酶(AST)活性显著降低(P < 0.05), 试验组血清总胆固醇(TC)含量均显著降低(P < 0.05)。5)与对照组相比, 500和1 000 mg/kg酵母多糖组蛋鸡血清丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低(P < 0.05), 1 000 mg/kg酵母多糖组血清过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著提高(P < 0.05), 500和1 500 mg/kg酵母多糖组血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性显著提高(P < 0.05)。与对照组相比, 1 000和1 500 mg/kg酵母多糖组蛋鸡肝脏MDA含量显著降低(P < 0.05);试验组肝脏CAT活性显著提高(P < 0.05);1 000 mg/kg酵母多糖组肝脏谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量显著提高(P < 0.05)。综上所述, 产蛋后期饲粮中添加酵母多糖可一定程度上改善蛋鸡生产性能, 增强免疫功能, 调节脂质代谢, 提高机体抗氧化能力, 且以添加1 000 mg/kg酵母多糖效果较佳。
关键词: 产蛋后期    酵母多糖    生产性能    免疫    血清生化    抗氧化    
Effects of Yeast Polysaccharide on Performance, Immune Function, Serum Biochemical Indices and Antioxidant Capacity of Laying Hens During Late Laying Period
LI Zhenhui , WU Guiping , LIU Long , ZHAO Minmeng , FAN Xiang , GENG Tuoyu , GONG Daoqing     
College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225600, China
Abstract: This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different doses of dietary yeast polysaccharide on performance, immune function, serum biochemical indices and antioxidant capacity of laying hens during late laying period. A total of 720 healthy Hy-Line brown laying hens with similar body weight and laying rate at 52 weeks of age were randomly divided into 4 groups with 6 replicates per group and 30 hens per replicate. Hens in the control group were fed a basal diet, and those in the experimental groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 500, 1 000 and 1 500 mg/kg yeast polysaccharide, respectively. The pre-trial period lasted for 7 days, and the trial period lasted for 36 days. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, the laying rate of laying hens in 500 and 1 000 mg/kg yeast polysaccharide groups was increased by 0.73% and 4.29% in late laying period (P=0.063), respectively. 2) Compared with the control group, the spleen index of laying hens in 500, 1 000 and 1 500 mg/kg yeast polysaccharide groups was increased by 20.48%, 32.53% and 18.07%, respectively (P=0.076); and compared with the control group and 500 and 1 500 mg/kg yeast polysaccharide groups, the liver index in 1 000 mg/kg yeast polysaccharide group was significantly increased (P < 0.05). 3) The serum immunoglobulin M content of laying hens in 1 500 mg/kg yeast polysaccharide group was significantly higher than that in other groups (P < 0.05). 4) Compared with the control group, the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity of laying hens in 500 and 1 000 mg/kg yeast polysaccharide groups and the serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity in 500 mg/kg yeast polysaccharide group were significantly decreased (P < 0.05), and the serum total cholesterol (TC) content in experimental groups was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). 5) Compared with the control group, the serum malondialdehyde (MDA) content of laying hens in 500 and 1 000 mg/kg yeast polysaccharide groups was significantly decreased (P < 0.05), the serum catalase (CAT) activity in 1 000 mg/kg yeast polysaccharide group was significantly increased (P < 0.05), and the serum glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in 500 and 1 500 mg/kg yeast polysaccharide groups was significantly increased (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the MDA content in liver of laying hens in 1 000 and 1 500 mg/kg yeast polysaccharide groups was significantly decreased (P < 0.05); the CAT activity in liver in experimental groups was significantly increased (P < 0.05); and the glutathione (GSH) content in liver in 1 000 mg/kg yeast polysaccharide group was significantly increased (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary yeast polysaccharide can improve performance, enhance immune function, regulate lipid metabolism and improve antioxidant capacity of laying hens to a certain extent, and the supplementation of 1 000 mg/kg yeast polysaccharide has a better effect.
Key words: late laying period    yeast polysaccharide    performance    immunity    serum biochemistry    antioxidation    

蛋鸡产蛋后期的产蛋量和蛋品质通常会随蛋鸡日龄的增长而逐渐下降。蛋鸡一般在27周龄左右到达产蛋高峰,此时产蛋率达90%以上。蛋鸡的产蛋高峰期会维持3~4个月,在50周龄后开始进入产蛋后期,由于蛋鸡长期高负荷生产和产蛋日龄的增加,蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质会出现下降[1-3]。此外,蛋鸡产蛋后期易将多余的营养物质转变成脂肪囤积在体内,引起机体脂质氧化还原失衡,免疫机能降低,从而导致慢性炎症的出现[4-5]。如何提高蛋鸡产蛋后期的生产性能,以及如何增强蛋鸡产蛋后期的免疫能力及缓解机体氧化程度,是目前养殖行业值得探究的问题。

酵母多糖是由酵母细胞壁中提取的一种大分子复合多糖,其外层到内层共具3层结构,分别为甘露聚糖层、糖蛋白层及β-葡聚糖层[6-7],其中β-葡聚糖和甘露聚糖为其主要成分。研究表明,β-葡聚糖具有提高免疫能力及抑炎功效,还可改善机体脂质代谢[8];而甘露寡糖具有细菌结合性,可防止致病细菌对肠黏膜的黏附,消除肠道有害细菌,有助于家畜肠道健康[9]。酵母多糖则结合了β-葡聚糖和甘露聚糖两大成分的主要优点,能更好地发挥其促生长、生产、抗氧化和免疫调节等生物学功能。酵母多糖由于其独特的生物学功能,在动物生产中得到广泛关注[4]。吴宇梁等[10]研究表明,酵母多糖可提高断奶仔猪的生长性能,降低盲肠pH,改善肠道形态并通过调节肠道黏膜细胞因子影响断奶仔猪的肠道免疫功能。另有研究发现,在反刍动物饲粮中添加不同水平的酵母多糖可提高日增重,提升饲料转化效率和屠宰率,提高受到免疫应激时反刍动物的能量代谢水平,提高血清免疫球蛋白含量,以及增强机体抗氧化能力等[11-12]

目前,酵母多糖在猪、反刍动物及雏鸡中研究较多,但关于酵母多糖对蛋鸡产蛋后期的生产性能、免疫功能及抗氧化方面的研究鲜有报道。因此,本试验以产蛋后期蛋鸡为试验对象,研究酵母多糖对产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能、免疫功能、血清生化指标和抗氧化能力的影响,为酵母多糖在蛋鸡产蛋后期生产中的应用提供依据。

1 材料与方法 1.1 试验材料

试验所用酵母多糖由某公司提供,通过定向酶解技术,把酵母细胞壁网状结构分解,释放活力功能性多糖,其中β-葡聚糖含量大于8%,甘露寡糖含量大于6%。

1.2 试验设计和饲养管理

试验地点:本试验在句容市浩源生态农业科技有限公司进行。

试验选取健康、体重及产蛋率相近的52周龄海兰褐蛋鸡720只,随机分为4个组,每组6个重复,每个重复30只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加500、1 000和1 500 mg/kg酵母多糖的饲粮。试验预试期7 d,正试期36 d。试验鸡采用笼养,按照蛋鸡常规饲养方式进行管理,每天饲喂3次。基础饲粮组成及营养水平见表 1

表 1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础) Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis)  
1.3 测定指标及方法 1.3.1 生产性能

每天以重复为单位记录产蛋总数、蛋重和采食量,并计算产蛋率、平均蛋重、平均日采食量和料蛋比。

1.3.2 样品采集

试验结束后,每重复随机选2只体重相近的蛋鸡称重,参照魏帅等[13]的方法进行血液分离,取上清,于-20 ℃冻存。采血后屠宰,取出肝脏、脾脏,称重,免疫器官指数参照李燕平等[14]的方法计算。取左侧和右侧肝脏中间部位,剪碎分装于EP管,-80 ℃冻存。

1.3.3 血清生化指标和免疫指标

采用试剂盒测定血清免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)和免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量。试剂盒由上海易利生物科技有限公司生产,采用TECAN酶标分析仪测定。血清生化指标送扬州市医学检验中心检测。

1.3.4 血清和肝脏抗氧化指标

参照李贞明等[15]的方法进行血清和肝脏抗氧化指标测定,所用试剂盒购于南京建成生物工程研究所。

1.4 数据统计分析

试验数据采用SPSS 21.0软件进行方差分析,并用Duncan氏法进行多重比较,结果用“平均值±标准差”表示,P < 0.05为显著差异,0.05<P<0.10表示有变化趋势。

2 结果与分析 2.1 酵母多糖对产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能的影响

表 2可知,与对照组相比,500和1 000 mg/kg酵母多糖组产蛋后期蛋鸡产蛋率有提高的趋势(P=0.063),分别提高了0.73%和4.29%;试验组平均蛋重有提高的趋势(P=0.091),500、1 000和1 500 mg/kg酵母多糖组分别提高了1.83%、2.02%和0.75%;试验组料蛋比和平均日采食量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表 2 酵母多糖对产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能的影响 Table 2 Effects of yeast polysaccharide on performance of laying hens during late laying period
2.2 酵母多糖对产蛋后期蛋鸡免疫器官指数的影响

表 3可知,与对照组相比,500、1 000和1 500 mg/kg酵母多糖组产蛋后期蛋鸡脾脏指数有提高的趋势(P=0.076),分别提高了20.48%、32.53%和18.07%;1 000 mg/kg酵母多糖组肝脏指数较对照组以及500和1 500 mg/kg酵母多糖组显著提高(P < 0.05),但500和1 500 mg/kg酵母多糖组与对照组相比则无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表 3 酵母多糖对产蛋后期蛋鸡免疫器官指数的影响 Table 3 Effects of yeast polysaccharide on immune organ index of laying hens during late laying period  
2.3 酵母多糖对产蛋后期蛋鸡血清免疫指标的影响

表 4可知,与对照组相比,饲粮添加不同剂量酵母多糖对产蛋后期蛋鸡血清IgA含量无显著影响(P>0.05),但500和1 000 mg/kg酵母多糖组血清IgA含量有提高趋势(P=0.077);1 500 mg/kg酵母多糖组血清IgM含量显著提高(P < 0.05),且显著高于500和1 000 mg/kg酵母多糖组(P < 0.05);试验组血清IgG含量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表 4 酵母多糖对产蛋后期蛋鸡血清免疫指标的影响 Table 4 Effects of yeast polysaccharide on serum immune indices of laying hens during late laying period  
2.4 酵母多糖对产蛋后期蛋鸡血清生化指标的影响

表 5可知,与对照组相比,500和1 000 mg/kg酵母多糖组产蛋后期蛋鸡血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性和500 mg/kg酵母多糖组血清谷草转氨酶(AST)活性显著降低(P < 0.05),500、1 000和1 500 mg/kg酵母多糖组血清总胆固醇(TC)含量均显著降低(P < 0.05),且血清甘油三酯(TG,P=0.075)和低密度脂蛋白(LDL,P=0.057)含量有降低的趋势。

表 5 酵母多糖对产蛋后期蛋鸡血清生化指标的影响 Table 5 Effects of yeast polysaccharide on serum biochemical indices of laying hens during late laying period
2.5 酵母多糖对产蛋后期蛋鸡血清抗氧化指标的影响

表 6可知,各组产蛋后期蛋鸡血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量以及总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)和谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶(GST)活性之间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,500和1 000 mg/kg酵母多糖组血清丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低(P < 0.05),1 000 mg/kg酵母多糖组血清过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著提高(P < 0.05),500和1 500 mg/kg酵母多糖组血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性显著提高(P < 0.05)。

表 6 酵母多糖对产蛋后期蛋鸡血清抗氧化指标的影响 Table 6 Effects of yeast polysaccharide on serum antioxidant indices of laying hens during late laying period
2.6 酵母多糖对产蛋后期蛋鸡肝脏抗氧化指标的影响

表 7可知,与对照组相比,1 000和1 500 mg/kg酵母多糖组产蛋后期蛋鸡肝脏MDA含量显著降低(P < 0.05);试验组肝脏CAT活性显著提高(P < 0.05),分别提高了33.17%、31.06%、32.42%;1 000 mg/kg酵母多糖组肝脏GSH含量显著提高(P < 0.05);其他肝脏抗氧化指标各组之间差异均不显著(P>0.05)。

表 7 酵母多糖对产蛋后期蛋鸡肝脏抗氧化指标的影响 Table 7 Effects of yeast polysaccharide on liver antioxidant indices of laying hens during late laying period
3 讨论 3.1 酵母多糖对产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能的影响

产蛋量和蛋重是反映蛋鸡产蛋性能的重要指标,但是蛋鸡在产蛋后期机体开始逐渐步入衰老阶段,产蛋性能逐渐下降,导致经济效益降低[13, 16]。有研究表明,酵母多糖富含机体所需的多种氨基酸、维生素、矿物质及具有益生功能的多糖,且多以磷酸酯的形式存在,具有一定的营养和保健作用[17]。酵母多糖还可吸附病原菌,阻止病原菌在肠道内附植,降低肠道内有害菌的数量,增加肠道内挥发性脂肪酸含量,改善肠道形态结构,以促进肠道对营养物质更好地消化吸收,从而提高动物的生产性能[10, 18-19]。Peng等[20]研究发现,在肉牛增重期饲喂酵母多糖,可提高日增重和饲料转化率。Lucey等[21]研究表明,在刚出生的荷斯坦犊牛饲粮(牛奶)中添加甘露寡糖,与对照组相比,可显著提高犊牛的日增重。林伯全等[22]研究表明,在19周龄蛋鸡饲粮中添加酵母细胞壁和益生素,可以显著提高蛋鸡产蛋率和平均蛋重。Zhang等[23]研究发现,在67周龄蛋鸡饲粮里添加3.0 g/kg酵母培养物可以提高母鸡产蛋率和总蛋重,并降低料蛋比。刘佳等[24]研究证实,在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加酵母多糖可显著提高仔猪的平均日增重以及降低料重比。本试验中,各组产蛋率、平均蛋重、平均日采食量和料蛋比均无显著差异,但3个试验组的平均蛋重相比对照组均有提高趋势;饲粮中添加500和1 000 mg/kg酵母多糖后,产蛋率有提高趋势。本试验结果与前人研究不尽一致,可能与畜种、日龄、酵母多糖成分及酵母多糖提取工艺等因素不同有关。综合来看,酵母多糖还是具备提高产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能的潜力。

3.2 酵母多糖对产蛋后期蛋鸡免疫器官指数的影响

免疫器官是免疫细胞发育、增殖和分化的场所,一定范围内的免疫器官指数代表着免疫系统的强弱,因此常用免疫器官指数来评估畜禽的免疫机能[25-27]。免疫系统衰弱可能会增加感染疾病的风险,不利于畜体健康并降低生产性能,还会降低经济效益。管秀界等[28]研究发现,在1日龄科宝肉鸡饲粮中添加酵母细胞壁多糖,对肉鸡免疫器官发育起到一定刺激作用,并随着酵母细胞壁多糖添加剂量升高,免疫器官指数呈提高的趋势。Biswas等[29]研究证实,肉鸡饲粮中添加0.2%的甘露寡糖,与对照组相比胸腺和法氏囊重量显著增加,而肝脏重量则差异不显著。熊阿玲等[30]研究表明,饲粮中添加不同水平甘露寡糖可显著提高肉仔鸡21日龄法氏囊指数及42日龄胸腺指数。李燕平等[14]研究发现,在肉兔饲粮中添加β-葡聚糖可提高肉兔的胸腺指数,并显著提高圆小囊指数。本试验结果发现,与对照组相比,在产蛋后期蛋鸡饲粮中添加1 000 mg/kg酵母多糖能显著提高肝脏指数;在3个试验组饲粮中添加不同剂量的酵母多糖后,具有提高脾脏指数的趋势,分别提高了20.48%、32.53%和18.07%。本试验结果与上述研究结果相似,这可能由于机体脾脏组织中存在着大量的巨噬细胞和B淋巴细胞,而酵母多糖可刺激免疫器官产生大量的巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞,以此增强机体免疫防御机能。因此推测酵母多糖主要通过促进免疫器官内各淋巴细胞增殖及增强巨噬细胞吞噬能力,来提高免疫器官指数;且酵母多糖中包含的两大主要成分β-葡聚糖和甘露寡糖本身具备增强免疫的作用,但潜在的机制有待做更深入的研究。

3.3 酵母多糖对产蛋后期蛋鸡血清免疫指标的影响

免疫球蛋白主要存于机体的体液免疫中,禽类免疫球蛋白主要分为IgA、IgG和IgM 3种[31]。IgM是在初级免疫反应中产生的,能溶解细菌、中和病毒等;而IgG是次级免疫反应中的主要形式,在血清中含量较高,可清除病原微生物;IgA则是机体分泌物中抗体活力的主要形式,能够有效清除黏膜上的抗原,可作抵御病原体的防线[32]。邵亚群等[33]研究表明,饲粮添加一定比例酵母多糖可显著提高犊牛血清IgG和IgA含量,提高机体免疫力。贺琴[19]研究发现,饲粮中添加酵母多糖可提高断奶仔猪血清IgG和IgA含量。Ge等[34]研究表明,肉鸽饲粮中添加一定量甘露寡糖可以提高血清IgM和IgA含量,提升免疫功能。本试验结果表明,饲粮中添加1 500 mg/kg酵母多糖可显著提高产蛋后期蛋鸡血清IgM含量,与上述结果一致,这可能与酵母多糖中含有β-葡聚糖成分有关[7],而β-葡聚糖已被证实具有抗病毒的作用,它被认为是三结构域(TRIM)蛋白家族的诱导剂并有助于免疫应答对抗[35]。β-葡聚糖可能通过胞饮作用穿过上皮组织,进入淋巴或血液循环系统并与血液中特殊受体结合,刺激淋巴细胞后经分化变为浆细胞,浆细胞可分泌大量的免疫球蛋白[36],提高血清免疫球蛋白含量,并产生抑制细菌和病毒的抗体[37];然后通过刺激免疫器官产生大量的巨噬细胞,利用巨噬细胞特有的吞噬作用,清除体内受损的细胞和体内的细菌及病原体。免疫能力与机体抗病力息息相关,饲粮中添加酵母多糖后可显著提高产蛋后期蛋鸡血清IgM含量,说明在一定程度上酵母多糖能够提高机体非特异性免疫机能,增强蛋鸡后期抗病能力。

3.4 酵母多糖对产蛋后期蛋鸡血清生化指标的影响

血清生化指标可部分反映生物体的代谢和健康状况[38],是评定生理学、病理学的重要指标。ALT和AST常常可反映肝脏、心脏的健康状况,通常肝肌和心肌细胞中AST和ALT的活性最高,而血清中ALT和AST的活性非常低。只有当组织细胞功能受损时,血清ALT和AST活性才会升高[26]。本试验结果发现,饲粮中添加500和1 000 mg/kg酵母多糖可降低产蛋后期蛋鸡血清ALT活性,且添加500 mg/kg酵母多糖还可降低血清AST活性。刘孟健等[39]研究发现,在羔羊代乳料中添加0.3%~0.5%的布拉氏酵母壁多糖可显著降低断奶羔羊血清AST活性。何健等[40]研究表明,母猪妊娠后期及泌乳期饲粮中添加酵母细胞壁多糖能降低血清ALT和AST活性。上述结果与本试验结果相同,原因可能是酵母多糖中的活性成分物质对相关基因表达具有调控作用,曾有研究发现甘露寡糖可提高肝脏免疫蛋白——血清淀粉样蛋白A(SAA)和白细胞衍生趋化因子2(LECT2)基因表达水平[41]。本试验在产蛋后期蛋鸡饲粮中添加适当剂量的酵母多糖可降低血清ALT和AST活性,表明酵母多糖可减轻肝脏、心脏组织损伤,对蛋鸡肝脏、心脏组织具有保护作用。

血清TC、TG、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)和LDL含量可以反映动物机体的脂类代谢情况[42]。本试验结果发现,饲粮中添加500、1 000和1 500 mg/kg酵母多糖可显著降低产蛋后期蛋鸡血清TC含量,同时有降低血清TG和LDL含量的趋势。Ghasemian等[43]研究表明,饲粮中添加1~2 g/kg甘露寡糖显著降低蛋鸡血清TG和LDL含量。Malekkhahi等[44]研究发现,饲粮中添加酵母培养物可显著降低羊血液TG含量。Dev等[45]研究证实,肉鸡饲粮中添加0.2%甘露寡糖可产生降胆固醇和降血脂作用。上述结果与本试验结果基本一致,说明在产蛋后期蛋鸡饲粮中添加酵母多糖对脂质代谢的运转有一定的调节作用,可避免过量的脂质囤积于机体内。

3.5 酵母多糖对产蛋后期蛋鸡抗氧化能力的影响

家禽新陈代谢速度快,氧化呼吸供能都会产生自由基。产蛋后期蛋鸡处于逐渐衰老状态,机体更易产生大量自由基,导致脂质过氧化,继而抑制各种抗氧化酶活性,使机体产生氧化应激及细胞组织受损,致使机体老化加速,所以蛋鸡后期需要更强的抗氧化防御系统。有研究表明,摄入抗氧化物质能够提高机体清除自由基的能力,保持体内氧化还原平衡[13]。T-SOD、GSH-Px、GSH和CAT被认为是抗氧化防御系统的主要成员,形成了氧化损伤的保护系统[46]。Bozkurt等[46]研究证实,蛋鸡饲粮中添加甘露寡糖可提高肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,降低蛋黄中MDA含量。Wang等[47]研究证实,肉鸡饲粮中添加酵母细胞壁可以提高21和42日龄空肠SOD活性以及和42日龄空肠GSH-Px活性。梁金逢等[48]研究了在育成牛全混合日粮中添加甘露寡糖配合复合益生菌两者联合使用,发现可显著提高血清SOD和GSH-Px活性。Zhang等[49]研究表明,在母猪妊娠和哺乳期间补充酵母培养物可提高血清SOD活性,并提高母猪母乳中SOD和GSH-Px活性,显著降低母猪母乳中MDA含量。本试验结果表明,饲粮中添加一定剂量的酵母多糖可显著降低产蛋后期蛋鸡血清和肝脏MDA含量,显著提高血清和肝脏CAT活性,并可显著提高血清GSH-Px活性及肝脏GSH含量,这与上述前人报道所得结果基本相似。这可能是因为酵母多糖本身能直接作用于自由基,如羟基自由基可快速地将多糖碳氢链上的氢原子结合成水,而多糖的碳原子上则留下一个成单电子,成为碳自由基,可进一步氧化形成过氧自由基,最后分解成对机体无害的产物[50]。由此可见,酵母多糖可通过与自由基发生氧化反应而降低对机体的损伤进而提高动物体内抗氧化酶的活性。但本试验中,血清和肝脏抗氧化结果略有不同,推测是由于二者作用重点不同,肝脏是机体最大的防御和解毒器官,也是主要的生物转化器官;而血液则是将各种物质如酶、激素,通过血液循环运输到各个器官发挥作用的载体[51]。血清和肝脏抗氧化指标结果表明,产蛋后期饲粮中添加一定剂量的酵母多糖可缓解蛋鸡肝脏组织衰老,减少肝脏组织损伤,增强清除自由基能力,提高机体抗氧化能力。

4 结论

产蛋后期饲粮中添加酵母多糖可一定程度上改善蛋鸡生产性能,增强免疫功能,调节脂质代谢,提高机体抗氧化能力,且以添加1 000 mg/kg酵母多糖效果较佳。

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