引用本文
王爽, 张亚男, 黄雪冰, 夏伟光, 李凯潮, 王胜林, 陈伟, 郑春田. 饲粮椰子粕和复合酶添加水平对蛋鸭生产性能、蛋品质、血浆生化指标及卵巢发育指标的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2022, 34(5): 2980-2990.
WANG Shuang, ZHANG Yanan, HUANG Xuebing, XIA Weiguang, LI Kaichao, WANG Shenglin, CHEN Wei, ZHENG Chuntian. Effects of Dietary Copra Meal and Compound Enzyme Supplemental Levels on Performance, Egg Quality, Plasma Biochemical Indexes and Ovarian Development Indexes of Laying Ducks[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2022, 34(5): 2980-2990.
饲粮椰子粕和复合酶添加水平对蛋鸭生产性能、蛋品质、血浆生化指标及卵巢发育指标的影响
王爽
,
张亚男
,
黄雪冰
,
夏伟光
,
李凯潮
,
王胜林
,
陈伟
,
郑春田
广东省农业科学院动物科学研究所, 畜禽育种国家重点实验室, 农业部华南动物营养与饲料重点实验室, 农业部家禽遗传育种重点实验室, 广东省动物育种与营养公共实验室, 广东省畜禽育种与营养研究重点实验室, 广州 510640
收稿日期: 2021-11-04
基金项目: 财政部和农业农村部——国家现代农业产业技术体系资助(CARS-42-13);广东省自然科学基金(2018A030310198);广州市科技计划重点项目(201804020091);广东省农业科学院院长基金(201907);广东省水禽产业技术创新团队项目(2019KJ137);科技部外专局项目(QNL20200130001);广东省科技计划项目(2019A050505007, 2021A0505050003);广东省农业科学院科技计划项目(R2017PY-QY008, 202106TD)
摘要: 本试验旨在研究饲粮椰子粕和复合酶添加水平对蛋鸭生产性能、蛋品质、血浆生化指标及卵巢发育指标的影响, 为椰子粕在蛋鸭饲粮中的合理应用提供参考依据。试验1:选择24周龄、体重接近的健康的山麻鸭种公鸭24只, 随机分为2组, 每组4个重复, 每个重复3只鸭。禁饲36 h后, 强饲代谢饲粮(50%椰子粕+50%玉米淀粉)和无氮饲粮(玉米淀粉), 测定椰子粕表观代谢能、蛋白质表观利用率和氨基酸真利用率。试验2:选择健康、体重接近的福建龙岩麻鸭母鸭576只, 随机分为8组, 每组6个重复, 每个重复12只。采用2×4双因子完全随机试验设计, 利用试验1椰子粕氨基酸真利用率配制试验饲粮, 椰子粕添加水平分别为0、6%、12%、18%, 复合酶添加水平分别为0和400 mg/kg。试验期16周。结果表明: 1)椰子粕表观代谢能为9.29 MJ/kg, 蛋白质表观利用率为30.13%, 氨基酸真可利用率在45.58%~87.95%。2)饲粮椰子粕添加水平为6%和12%时蛋鸭产蛋率、日产蛋重显著高于饲粮椰子粕添加水平为0时(P < 0.05), 料蛋比显著低于饲粮椰子粕添加水平为0时(P < 0.05)。饲粮复合酶添加水平对蛋鸭生产性能无显著影响(P > 0.05)。3)饲粮椰子粕和复合酶添加水平对蛋鸭蛋品质无显著影响(P > 0.05)。4)饲粮椰子粕添加水平对蛋鸭血浆生化指标无显著影响(P > 0.05)。饲粮复合酶添加水平为400 mg/kg时蛋鸭血浆白蛋白含量显著高于饲粮复合酶添加水平为0时(P < 0.05)。5)饲粮椰子粕添加水平为12%和18%时蛋鸭优势卵泡数量显著高于饲粮椰子粕添加水平为0时(P < 0.05)。饲粮复合酶添加水平对蛋鸭卵巢发育指标无显著影响(P > 0.05)。由此可见, 饲粮添加12%椰子粕可提高蛋鸭的生产性能, 饲粮添加400 mg/kg复合酶对蛋鸭的生产性能和蛋品质无显著影响。
关键词:
椰子粕 复合酶 蛋鸭 生产性能 蛋品质
Effects of Dietary Copra Meal and Compound Enzyme Supplemental Levels on Performance, Egg Quality, Plasma Biochemical Indexes and Ovarian Development Indexes of Laying Ducks
WANG Shuang
,
ZHANG Yanan
,
HUANG Xuebing
,
XIA Weiguang
,
LI Kaichao
,
WANG Shenglin
,
CHEN Wei
,
ZHENG Chuntian
Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition Guangdong, Key Laboratory of poultry genetics and breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to study the effects of dietary copra meal and compound enzyme supplemental levels on performance, egg quality, plasma biochemical indexes and ovarian development indexes of laying ducks, and to provide reference basis for the scientific application of copra meal in duck diet. Experiment 1: twenty-four healthy 24-week-old Shanma breeding male ducks with similar body weights were randomly divided into 2 groups with 4 replicates per group and 3 ducks per replicate. After 36 h of non-feeding, the metabolic diet (50% copra meal+50% corn starch) and nitrogen-free diet (corn starch) were force-fed, to determine the apparent metabolizable energy, protein apparent availability and amino acid true availability of copra meal. Experiment 2: five hundred and seventy six healthy Fujian Longyan female ducks with similar body weight were randomly divided into 8 groups with 6 replicates per group and 12 ducks per replicate. A 2×4 two factor completely randomized experimental design was adopted, the experimental diets were prepared by using the amino acid true availability of coconut meal in experiment 1, the copra meal supplemental levels were 0, 6%, 12% and 18%, respectively, and the compound enzyme supplemental levels were 0 and 400 mg/kg, respectively. The experiment lasted for 16 weeks. The results showed as follows: 1) the apparent metabolizable energy of copra meal was 9.29 MJ/kg, the protein apparent availability was 30.13%, and the amino acid true availability was between 45.58% and 87.95%. 2) The laying rate and daily egg mass of laying ducks with dietary copra meal supplemental levels of 6% and 12% were significantly higher than those with dietary copra meal supplemental level of 0 (P < 0.05), and the feed to egg ratio was significantly lower than that with dietary copra meal supplemental level of 0 (P < 0.05). Dietary compound enzyme supplemental level had no significant effect on performance of laying ducks (P < 0.05). 3) Dietary copra meal and compound enzyme supplemental levels had no significant effect on egg quality of laying ducks (P < 0.05). 4) Dietary copra meal supplemental level had no significant effects on plasma biochemical indexes of laying ducks (P < 0.05). The plasma albumin content of laying ducks with dietary compound enzyme supplemental level of 400 mg/kg was significantly higher than that with dietary compound enzyme supplemental level of 0 (P < 0.05). 5) The dominant follicle number of laying ducks with dietary copra meal supplemental level of 12% and 18% was significantly higher than that with dietary copra meal supplemental level of 0 (P < 0.05). Dietary compound enzyme supplemental level had no significant effects on ovarian development indexes of laying ducks (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary adding 12% copra meal can improve the performance of laying ducks, and dietary adding 400 mg/kg complex enzyme had no significant effect on the performance and egg quality of laying ducks.
Key words:
copra meal complex enzyme laying ducks performance egg quality
我国是水禽生产大国，养鸭业对推动农民收入起到积极作用，而饲料成本约占鸭养殖总成本的70%，如何科学配制饲粮、节约饲料成本是养鸭业获得良好经济效益的关键。椰子粕是椰子胚乳提取油脂后的副产物[1]，富含15%~25%的蛋白质和丰富的碳水化合物[2]，蛋氨酸和赖氨酸含量较低，补充赖氨酸和蛋氨酸后椰子粕可以应用于肉鸡和蛋鸡饲粮中[3]。但椰子粕含有高浓度的膳食纤维，主要由甘露聚糖组成，这会增加食糜的黏度并降低营养物质的消化率[4-5]。椰子粕作为价格相对低廉的蛋白质原料，可部分替代豆粕用于肉鸭饲粮[6]。目前蛋鸭椰子粕应用方面的研究较少，导致其在蛋鸭生产中的使用安全剂量不明确，不能充分达到降本增效的目的。椰子粕是否可以作为饲料原料高水平的添加在蛋鸭饲粮中，并且健康优质的使用，有待进一步研究。本研究根据椰子粕的原料特点，测定椰子粕在蛋鸭中的表观代谢能、蛋白质表观利用率及氨基酸真利用率，利用氨基酸真利用率计算饲粮中可利用氨基酸含量配制蛋鸭试验饲粮，并添加不同水平椰子粕和复合酶，探讨椰子粕和复合酶在蛋鸭生产中的应用，为科学合理配制蛋鸭饲粮提供技术依据。
1 材料与方法
1.1 试验设计和饲粮
试验1：选择24周龄、体重接近的健康山麻鸭种公鸭24只，随机分为2组，每组4个重复，每个重复3只鸭，单笼饲养。禁饲36 h后，2组分别强饲代谢饲粮(50%椰子粕+50%玉米淀粉)和无氮饲粮(玉米淀粉)，装配排泄物收集装置，采用全收粪法测定蛋鸭椰子粕表观代谢能、蛋白质表观利用率及氨基酸真利用率。
试验2：采用2×4双因子完全随机试验设计，选择576只健康、采食正常、处于产蛋高峰期的福建龙岩麻鸭母鸭，随机分为8个组，每组6个重复，每个重复12只鸭，单笼饲养。采用玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮，椰子粕添加水平分别为0、6%、12%和18%，复合酶(甘露聚糖酶活性≥5 000 U/g，葡聚糖酶活性≥3 000 U/g，蛋白酶活性≥3 000 U/g，木聚糖酶活性≥2 000 U/g)添加水平分别为0和400 mg/kg，利用试验1中椰子粕的氨基酸真利用率计算饲粮中可利用氨基酸含量后配制蛋鸭试验饲粮，试验饲粮组成及营养水平见表 1。试验期16周。
表 1(Table 1)
表 1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)
Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis)
| % |
项目
Items |
组别Groups |
| 1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
| 原料Ingredients |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 玉米Corn |
49.152 |
47.504 |
46.050 |
44.200 |
49.152 |
47.504 |
46.050 |
44.200 |
| 小麦麸Wheat bran |
19.500 |
16.000 |
12.264 |
8.959 |
19.500 |
16.000 |
12.264 |
8.959 |
| 椰子粕Copra meal |
|
6.000 |
12.000 |
18.000 |
|
6.000 |
12.000 |
18.000 |
| 大豆粕Soybean meal |
20.200 |
19.340 |
18.543 |
17.700 |
20.200 |
19.340 |
18.543 |
17.700 |
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 |
1.220 |
1.205 |
1.184 |
1.159 |
1.220 |
1.205 |
1.184 |
1.159 |
| 石粉Limestone |
8.300 |
8.320 |
8.330 |
8.350 |
8.300 |
8.320 |
8.330 |
8.350 |
| 氯化钠NaCl |
0.300 |
0.300 |
0.300 |
0.300 |
0.300 |
0.300 |
0.300 |
0.300 |
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met |
0.141 |
0.145 |
0.148 |
0.151 |
0.141 |
0.145 |
0.148 |
0.151 |
| L-赖氨酸盐酸盐L-Lys·HCl |
0.061 |
0.089 |
0.116 |
0.142 |
0.061 |
0.089 |
0.116 |
0.142 |
| L-精氨酸盐酸盐L-Arg·HCl |
0.120 |
0.080 |
0.036 |
|
0.120 |
0.080 |
0.036 |
|
| L-色氨酸L-Trp |
0.006 |
0.006 |
0.007 |
0.007 |
0.006 |
0.006 |
0.007 |
0.007 |
| 苏氨酸Thr |
|
0.011 |
0.022 |
0.032 |
|
0.011 |
0.022 |
0.032 |
| 复合酶Compound enzyme |
|
|
|
|
0.040 |
0.040 |
0.040 |
0.040 |
| 预混料Premix1) |
1.000 |
1.000 |
1.000 |
1.000 |
0.960 |
0.960 |
0.960 |
0.960 |
| 合计Total |
100.000 |
100.000 |
100.000 |
100.000 |
100.000 |
100.000 |
100.000 |
100.000 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) |
10.46 |
10.46 |
10.46 |
10.46 |
10.46 |
10.46 |
10.46 |
10.46 |
| 粗蛋白质CP |
17.00 |
17.00 |
17.00 |
17.00 |
17.00 |
17.00 |
17.00 |
17.00 |
| 粗脂肪EE |
2.86 |
3.47 |
4.08 |
4.70 |
2.86 |
3.47 |
4.08 |
4.70 |
| 粗纤维CF |
3.58 |
4.14 |
4.69 |
5.27 |
3.58 |
4.14 |
4.69 |
5.27 |
| 粗灰分Ash |
2.92 |
2.95 |
2.98 |
3.03 |
2.92 |
2.95 |
2.98 |
3.03 |
| 钙Ca |
3.60 |
3.60 |
3.60 |
3.60 |
3.60 |
3.60 |
3.60 |
3.60 |
| 总磷TP |
0.63 |
0.62 |
0.61 |
0.60 |
0.63 |
0.62 |
0.61 |
0.60 |
| 可利用磷AP |
0.35 |
0.35 |
0.35 |
0.35 |
0.35 |
0.35 |
0.35 |
0.35 |
| 精氨酸Arg |
1.18 |
1.19 |
1.21 |
1.23 |
1.18 |
1.19 |
1.21 |
1.23 |
| 真可利用精氨酸T-Arg |
1.10 |
1.10 |
1.10 |
1.10 |
1.10 |
1.10 |
1.10 |
1.10 |
| 蛋氨酸Met |
0.40 |
0.41 |
0.41 |
0.41 |
0.40 |
0.41 |
0.41 |
0.41 |
| 真可利用蛋氨酸T-Met |
0.37 |
0.37 |
0.37 |
0.37 |
0.37 |
0.37 |
0.37 |
0.37 |
| 赖氨酸Lys |
0.85 |
0.86 |
0.87 |
0.89 |
0.85 |
0.86 |
0.87 |
0.89 |
| 真可利用赖氨酸T-Lys |
0.76 |
0.76 |
0.76 |
0.76 |
0.76 |
0.76 |
0.76 |
0.76 |
| 苏氨酸Thr |
0.60 |
0.61 |
0.62 |
0.62 |
0.60 |
0.61 |
0.62 |
0.62 |
| 真可利用苏氨酸T-Thr |
0.53 |
0.53 |
0.53 |
0.53 |
0.53 |
0.53 |
0.53 |
0.53 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供The premix provided the following per kg of diets: VA 12 000 IU，VD3 2 000 IU，VE 26 mg，VK3 1.0 mg，VB1 3.0 mg，VB2 9.6 mg，VB6 6.0 mg，VB12 0.03 mg，氯化胆碱choline chloride 500 mg，泛酸钙calcium pantothenate 28.5 mg，叶酸folic acid 0.6 mg，烟酸nicotinic acid 50 mg，生物素biotin 0.15 mg，Fe 50 mg，Cu 10 mg，Mn 90 mg，Zn 90 mg，I 0.50 mg，Se 0.40 mg。
2)计算值Calculated values。 |
|
表 1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)
Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis)
|
1.2 样品采集及指标测定
1.2.1 椰子粕常规成分及表观代谢能、蛋白质表观利用率及氨基酸真利用率
采集椰子粕样品，测定干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分、粗纤维、钙、磷等常规成分含量。种公鸭强饲代谢饲粮(50%椰子粕+50%玉米淀粉)和无氮饲粮(玉米淀粉)后装配排泄物收集装置，对应收集36 h的全部排泄物，收集的排泄物立即在65 ℃下烘干至恒重。室内回潮24 h，称重，粉碎，测定代谢饲粮及粪样中能量、粗蛋白质和氨基酸含量，同时计算椰子粕表观代谢能、蛋白质及氨基酸真利用率。椰子粕、饲粮样品及粪样干物质、总能、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维、粗灰分、钙、磷及氨基酸含量的测定方法参照张丽英[7]。表观代谢能、蛋白质表观利用率及氨基酸真利用率计算公式如下：
1.2.2 生产性能
试验期间，自由采食，准确记录各重复试验鸭每日蛋重、产蛋数量、投料量及余料量。计算产蛋率、平均蛋重、平均日采食量、日产蛋重及料蛋比，计算公式如下：
1.2.3 蛋品质
试验第16周，每个重复采集4枚蛋，用于测定蛋形指数、蛋壳强度、哈氏单位、蛋白高度、蛋黄色泽、蛋黄重及蛋壳重。蛋形指数用数显游标卡尺量出其纵径和横径测算蛋形指数(蛋形指数=纵径/横径)；蛋壳强度、哈氏单位、蛋白高度和蛋黄色泽由ORKA全自动蛋品分析仪(EA-01，ORKA Food Technology公司，以色列)和强度仪(EFR-01，ORKA Food Technology公司，以色列)测定，测定在48 h内完成。
1.2.4 血浆生化指标
试验进行16周后，每个重复中随机抽取2只试验鸭，翅静脉采血5 mL，4 ℃、3 500 r/min离心10 min制备血浆。采用试剂盒测定血浆总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、尿酸(UA)、葡萄糖(GLU)、总胆红素(TBIL)、肌酐(Cr)含量及碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性，试剂盒由南京建成生物工程研究所提供。
1.2.5 卵巢发育指标
试验鸭采血后放血致死。打开腹腔，剪断卵巢系膜，取出卵巢及输卵管，分别称重记录，分离优势卵泡(成熟卵泡，充满卵黄，直径大于10 mm)，记录优势卵泡数量及重量，测定输卵管长度。
1.3 数据分析
数据采用SAS 9.12统计软件进行双因素方差分析，差异显著时，用Duncan氏法进行多重比较。统计模型包括主效应(椰子粕和复合酶添加水平)及饲粮椰子粕和复合酶添加水平的交互作用，P < 0.05为显著差异。
2 结果
2.1 椰子粕的常规成分及表观代谢能、蛋白质表观利用率及氨基酸真利用率
如表 2所示，椰子粕粗蛋白质含量为18.72%，蛋氨酸含量为0.26%，赖氨酸含量为0.69%，粗纤维含量为15.4%。表观代谢能为9.29 MJ/kg，蛋白质表观利用率为30.13%，氨基酸真可利用率在45.58%~87.95%。
表 2(Table 2)
表 2 椰子粕的常规成分及表观代谢能、蛋白质表观利用率及氨基酸真利用率
Table 2 Conventional ingredients and apparent metabolizable energy, protein apparent availability and amino acid true availability of copra meal
| % |
项目
Items |
含量
Content |
|
项目
Items |
含量
Content |
氨基酸真可利用率
Amino acid true availability |
| 干物质DM |
96.56 |
|
蛋氨酸Met |
0.26 |
72.14 |
| 粗蛋白质CP |
18.72 |
|
半胱氨酸Cys |
0.29 |
45.58 |
| 粗脂肪CE |
13.60 |
|
赖氨酸Lys |
0.69 |
53.72 |
| 粗纤维CF |
15.40 |
|
苏氨酸Thr |
0.57 |
65.30 |
| 粗灰分Ash |
4.70 |
|
精氨酸Arg |
2.06 |
83.52 |
| 钙Ca |
0.12 |
|
异亮氨酸Ile |
0.58 |
74.61 |
| 磷P |
0.57 |
|
缬氨酸Val |
0.91 |
65.31 |
蛋白质表观利用率
Protein apparent availability |
30.13 |
|
组氨酸His |
0.38 |
87.95 |
| 表观代谢能AME/(MJ/kg) |
9.29 |
|
苯丙氨酸Phe |
0.73 |
73.65 |
|
|
|
甘氨酸Gly |
0.81 |
65.93 |
|
|
|
丝氨酸Ser |
0.74 |
73.17 |
|
|
|
脯氨酸Pro |
0.68 |
69.16 |
|
|
|
丙氨酸Ala |
0.81 |
57.65 |
|
|
|
天冬氨酸Asp |
1.44 |
67.22 |
|
|
|
谷氨酸Glu |
3.01 |
76.75 |
|
表 2 椰子粕的常规成分及表观代谢能、蛋白质表观利用率及氨基酸真利用率
Table 2 Conventional ingredients and apparent metabolizable energy, protein apparent availability and amino acid true availability of copra meal
|
2.2 饲粮椰子粕和复合酶添加水平对蛋鸭生产性能的影响
如表 3所示，饲粮椰子粕和复合酶添加水平对蛋鸭生产性能无显著的交互作用(P > 0.05)。饲粮椰子粕添加水平对蛋鸭产蛋率、平均日采食量、日产蛋重、料蛋比有显著影响(P < 0.05)，对平均蛋重无显著影响(P > 0.05)。饲粮椰子粕添加水平为6%和12%时蛋鸭产蛋率、日产蛋重显著高于饲粮椰子粕添加水平为0时(P < 0.05)，料蛋比显著低于饲粮椰子粕添加水平为0时(P < 0.05)；饲粮椰子粕添加水平为12%时蛋鸭产蛋率、平均日采食量和日产蛋重最高，料蛋比最低。饲粮复合酶添加水平对蛋鸭生产性能无显著影响(P > 0.05)。
表 3(Table 3)
表 3 饲粮椰子粕和复合酶添加水平对蛋鸭生产性能的影响
Table 3 Effects of dietary copra meal and compound enzyme supplemental levels on performance of laying ducks
项目
Items |
|
产蛋率
Laying rate/% |
平均蛋重
Average egg weight/g |
平均日采食量
Average daily feed intake/(g/d) |
日产蛋重
Daily egg mass/(g/d) |
料蛋比
Feed/egg |
复合酶添加水平
Compound enzyme supplemental level/(mg/kg) |
椰子粕添加水平
Copra meal supplemental level/% |
|
|
|
|
|
| 0 |
0 |
69.99 |
68.81 |
161.49 |
47.91 |
3.32 |
| 0 |
6 |
79.78 |
68.41 |
163.33 |
54.52 |
3.09 |
| 0 |
12 |
83.54 |
68.62 |
164.46 |
57.31 |
2.92 |
| 0 |
18 |
77.38 |
68.15 |
158.14 |
52.62 |
3.08 |
| 400 |
0 |
74.46 |
69.05 |
159.14 |
51.31 |
3.14 |
| 400 |
6 |
76.59 |
69.17 |
162.96 |
52.95 |
3.04 |
| 400 |
12 |
75.93 |
69.02 |
162.52 |
52.38 |
3.08 |
| 400 |
18 |
75.65 |
68.76 |
160.65 |
52.10 |
3.17 |
| 主效应Main effects |
|
|
|
|
|
|
复合酶添加水平
Compound enzyme supplemental level/(mg/kg) |
0 |
77.67 |
68.50 |
161.86 |
53.09 |
3.10 |
| 400 |
75.66 |
69.00 |
161.32 |
52.19 |
3.11 |
椰子粕添加水平
Copra meal supplemental level/% |
0 |
72.23b |
68.93 |
160.32ab |
49.61b |
3.23a |
| 6 |
77.62a |
68.97 |
162.95a |
53.50a |
3.05b |
| 12 |
79.73a |
68.82 |
163.49a |
54.85a |
3.00b |
| 18 |
76.52ab |
68.46 |
159.40b |
52.36ab |
3.13ab |
P值
P-value |
复合酶添加水平
Compound enzyme supplemental level |
0.29 |
0.24 |
0.62 |
0.47 |
0.89 |
椰子粕添加水平
Copra meal supplemental level |
0.04 |
0.87 |
0.02 |
0.03 |
0.01 |
交互作用
Interaction |
0.17 |
0.97 |
0.38 |
0.14 |
0.07 |
同列数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P ＜ 0.05)，相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P ＞ 0.05)。下表同。
In the same column, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P ＜ 0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P ＞ 0.05). The same as below. |
|
表 3 饲粮椰子粕和复合酶添加水平对蛋鸭生产性能的影响
Table 3 Effects of dietary copra meal and compound enzyme supplemental levels on performance of laying ducks
|
2.3 饲粮椰子粕和复合酶添加水平对蛋鸭蛋品质的影响
如表 4所示，饲粮椰子粕和复合酶添加水平对蛋鸭蛋品质无显著的交互作用(P > 0.05)。饲粮椰子粕和复合酶添加水平对蛋鸭蛋形指数、蛋壳强度、蛋白高度、蛋黄色泽、哈氏单位、蛋壳厚度均无显著影响(P > 0.05)。
表 4(Table 4)
表 4 饲粮椰子粕和复合酶添加水平对蛋鸭蛋品质的影响
Table 4 Effects of dietary copra meal and compound enzyme supplemental levels on egg quality of laying ducks
项目
Items |
|
蛋形指数
Eggshell Index |
蛋壳强度
Eggshell Strength/N |
蛋白高度
Albumen height/mm |
蛋黄色泽
Yolk color |
哈氏单位
Haugh unit |
蛋壳厚度
Eggshell thickness/mm |
复合酶添加水平
Compound enzyme supplementallevel/(mg/kg) |
椰子粕添加水平
Copra meal supplemental level/% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 0 |
0 |
1.32 |
40.01 |
7.75 |
4.55 |
84.96 |
0.33 |
| 0 |
6 |
1.33 |
36.65 |
7.62 |
4.55 |
83.65 |
0.31 |
| 0 |
12 |
1.36 |
43.44 |
7.13 |
4.40 |
80.59 |
0.36 |
| 0 |
18 |
1.32 |
37.32 |
7.07 |
4.35 |
74.20 |
0.33 |
| 400 |
0 |
1.33 |
33.82 |
7.27 |
4.53 |
81.52 |
0.32 |
| 400 |
6 |
1.35 |
57.62 |
7.77 |
4.78 |
84.26 |
0.31 |
| 400 |
12 |
1.30 |
38.10 |
7.15 |
4.32 |
81.42 |
0.33 |
| 400 |
18 |
1.31 |
37.78 |
7.21 |
4.30 |
80.45 |
0.31 |
| 主效应Main effect |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
复合酶添加水平
Compound enzyme supplemental level/(mg/kg) |
0 |
1.33 |
39.35 |
7.39 |
4.46 |
82.734 |
0.33 |
| 400 |
1.32 |
41.83 |
7.35 |
4.48 |
81.912 |
0.32 |
椰子粕添加水平
Copra meal supplemental level/% |
0 |
1.33 |
36.91 |
7.51 |
4.54 |
83.241 |
0.32 |
| 6 |
1.34 |
47.14 |
7.69 |
4.67 |
83.954 |
0.31 |
| 12 |
1.33 |
40.77 |
7.14 |
4.36 |
81.005 |
0.35 |
| 18 |
1.31 |
37.55 |
7.14 |
4.33 |
81.091 |
0.32 |
P值
P-value |
复合酶添加水平
Compound enzyme supplemental level |
0.46 |
0.64 |
0.84 |
0.84 |
0.53 |
0.09 |
椰子粕添加水平
Copra meal supplemental level |
0.45 |
0.52 |
0.14 |
0.08 |
0.28 |
0.12 |
交互作用
Interaction |
0.13 |
0.25 |
0.64 |
0.69 |
0.63 |
0.64 |
|
表 4 饲粮椰子粕和复合酶添加水平对蛋鸭蛋品质的影响
Table 4 Effects of dietary copra meal and compound enzyme supplemental levels on egg quality of laying ducks
|
2.4 饲粮椰子粕和复合酶添加水平对蛋鸭血浆生化指标的影响
如表 5所示，饲粮椰子粕和复合酶添加水平对蛋鸭血浆生化指标无显著的交互作用(P > 0.05)。饲粮椰子粕添加水平对蛋鸭血浆生化指标无显著影响(P > 0.05)。饲粮复合酶添加水平对蛋鸭血浆白蛋白含量有显著影响(P < 0.05)，对蛋鸭其他血浆生化指标无显著影响(P > 0.05)。饲粮复合酶添加水平为400 mg/kg时蛋鸭血浆白蛋白含量显著高于饲粮复合酶添加水平为0时(P < 0.05)。
表 5(Table 5)
表 5 饲粮椰子粕和复合酶添加水平对蛋鸭血浆生化指标的影响
Table 5 Effects of dietary copra meal and compound enzyme supplemental levels on plasma biochemical indexes of laying ducks
项目
Items |
|
总蛋白
TP/(g/L) |
白蛋白
ALB/(g/L) |
葡萄糖
GLU/(mmol/L) |
尿酸
UA/(μmol/L) |
总胆红素
TBIL/(μmol/L) |
肌酐
Cr/(μmol/L) |
碱性磷酸酶
AKP/(金氏单位/dL) |
谷草转氨酶
AST/(U/L) |
谷丙转氨酶
ALT/(U/L) |
复合酶添加水平
Compound enzyme supplemental level/(mg/kg) |
椰子粕添加水平
Copra meal supplemental level/% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 0 |
0 |
57.62 |
21.94 |
16.98 |
2 275.45 |
4.89 |
14.38 |
4.90 |
2.01 |
8.55 |
| 0 |
6 |
60.77 |
20.67 |
16.94 |
2 504.47 |
4.76 |
16.40 |
4.88 |
1.99 |
7.53 |
| 0 |
12 |
59.29 |
21.55 |
16.37 |
2 154.35 |
2.81 |
20.75 |
4.95 |
1.90 |
9.19 |
| 0 |
18 |
61.66 |
22.36 |
18.23 |
2 604.86 |
3.87 |
22.40 |
5.89 |
2.09 |
8.95 |
| 400 |
0 |
61.71 |
22.15 |
17.44 |
2 436.71 |
4.11 |
18.10 |
5.45 |
1.83 |
9.41 |
| 400 |
6 |
60.95 |
22.84 |
17.76 |
2 469.33 |
3.13 |
18.13 |
3.49 |
1.93 |
7.43 |
| 400 |
12 |
64.63 |
23.69 |
20.53 |
2 594.20 |
3.08 |
25.42 |
4.66 |
1.86 |
8.04 |
| 400 |
18 |
60.93 |
22.32 |
18.37 |
2 641.88 |
3.54 |
19.85 |
5.00 |
1.73 |
7.32 |
| 主效应Main effects |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
复合酶添加水平
Compound enzyme supplemental level/(mg/kg) |
0 |
59.83 |
21.63b |
17.13 |
2 384.78 |
4.08 |
18.48 |
5.15 |
2.00 |
8.56 |
| 400 |
62.05 |
22.75a |
18.52 |
2 535.53 |
3.46 |
20.38 |
4.65 |
1.84 |
8.05 |
椰子粕添加水平
Copra meal supplemental level/% |
0 |
59.66 |
22.05 |
17.21 |
2 356.08 |
4.50 |
16.24 |
5.17 |
1.92 |
8.98 |
| 6 |
60.86 |
21.76 |
17.35 |
2 486.90 |
3.94 |
17.27 |
4.19 |
1.96 |
7.48 |
| 12 |
61.96 |
22.62 |
18.45 |
2 374.27 |
2.95 |
23.09 |
4.81 |
1.88 |
8.62 |
| 18 |
61.29 |
22.34 |
18.30 |
2 623.37 |
3.70 |
21.12 |
5.44 |
1.91 |
8.13 |
P值
P-value |
复合酶添加水平
Compound enzyme supplemental level |
0.19 |
0.02 |
0.14 |
0.56 |
0.16 |
0.49 |
0.33 |
0.55 |
0.38 |
椰子粕添加水平
Copra meal supplemental level |
0.80 |
0.60 |
0.70 |
0.88 |
0.10 |
0.25 |
0.36 |
1.00 |
0.28 |
交互作用
Interaction |
0.50 |
0.19 |
0.39 |
0.92 |
0.48 |
0.79 |
0.59 |
0.97 |
0.42 |
|
表 5 饲粮椰子粕和复合酶添加水平对蛋鸭血浆生化指标的影响
Table 5 Effects of dietary copra meal and compound enzyme supplemental levels on plasma biochemical indexes of laying ducks
|
2.5 饲粮椰子粕和复合酶添加水平对蛋鸭卵巢发育指标的影响
如表 6所示，饲粮椰子粕和复合酶添加水平对蛋鸭卵巢发育指标无显著的交互作用(P > 0.05)。饲粮椰子粕添加水平对蛋鸭优势卵泡数量有显著影响(P < 0.05)，对蛋鸭其他卵巢发育指标无显著影响(P > 0.05)。饲粮椰子粕添加水平为12%和18%时蛋鸭优势卵泡数量显著高于饲粮椰子粕添加水平为0时(P < 0.05)。饲粮复合酶添加水平对蛋鸭卵巢发育指标无显著影响(P > 0.05)。
表 6(Table 6)
表 6 饲粮添加不同水平椰子粕和复合酶对蛋鸭卵巢发育指标的影响
Table 6 Effects of dietary copra meal and compound enzyme supplemental levels on ovarian development indexes of laying ducks
项目
Items |
|
卵巢重
Ovary weight/g |
输卵管重
Oviduct weight/g |
输卵管长度
Oviduct length/cm |
优势卵泡数量
Dominant follicle number/个 |
优势卵泡重
Dominant follicle weight/g |
优势卵泡/卵巢
Dominant follicle/ovary |
复合酶添加水平
Compound enzyme supplemental level/(mg/kg) |
椰子粕添加水平
Copra meal supplemental level/% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 0 |
0 |
50.25 |
37.80 |
36.21 |
2.80 |
27.57 |
48.12 |
| 0 |
6 |
49.56 |
41.72 |
38.60 |
3.80 |
31.89 |
57.23 |
| 0 |
12 |
49.13 |
38.40 |
40.58 |
3.80 |
38.69 |
62.85 |
| 0 |
18 |
46.58 |
35.17 |
37.53 |
4.43 |
35.35 |
61.41 |
| 400 |
0 |
46.00 |
40.10 |
39.22 |
3.43 |
31.14 |
57.83 |
| 400 |
6 |
47.79 |
38.76 |
37.09 |
3.44 |
33.22 |
58.54 |
| 400 |
12 |
57.89 |
42.67 |
41.36 |
5.10 |
46.56 |
80.08 |
| 400 |
18 |
46.54 |
38.68 |
42.15 |
3.83 |
37.01 |
62.45 |
| 主效应Main effects |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
复合酶添加水平
Compound enzyme supplemental level/(mg/kg) |
0 |
48.88 |
38.27 |
38.23 |
3.71 |
33.38 |
57.40 |
| 400 |
49.55 |
40.05 |
39.96 |
3.95 |
36.98 |
64.72 |
椰子粕添加水平
Copra meal supplemental level/% |
0 |
48.12 |
38.95 |
37.72 |
3.11b |
29.36 |
52.97 |
| 6 |
48.67 |
40.24 |
37.85 |
3.62ab |
32.56 |
57.89 |
| 12 |
53.51 |
40.53 |
40.97 |
4.45a |
42.63 |
71.47 |
| 18 |
46.56 |
36.92 |
39.84 |
4.13a |
36.18 |
61.93 |
P值
P-value |
复合酶添加水平
Compound enzyme supplemental level |
0.84 |
0.21 |
0.16 |
0.47 |
0.36 |
0.20 |
椰子粕添加水平
Copra meal supplemental level |
0.48 |
0.26 |
0.17 |
0.03 |
0.10 |
0.13 |
交互作用
Interaction |
0.53 |
0.27 |
0.31 |
0.17 |
0.93 |
0.70 |
|
表 6 饲粮添加不同水平椰子粕和复合酶对蛋鸭卵巢发育指标的影响
Table 6 Effects of dietary copra meal and compound enzyme supplemental levels on ovarian development indexes of laying ducks
|
3 讨论
本试验中，饲粮椰子粕添加水平为12%时，蛋鸭产蛋率、平均日采食量及日产蛋重最高，料蛋比最低。这表明饲粮中添加适宜水平椰子粕非但不会影响蛋鸭的生产性能，还有提高生产性能的效果。这与以往的试验结果不尽相同，椰子粕在蛋鸭上的研究较少，在蛋鸡和肉鸡的研究中添加高水平椰子粕有降低生产性能的结果，但在添加水平上有所不同。Moorthy等[8-9]在蛋鸡上的研究发现，添加椰子粕饲喂白来航蛋鸡，饲喂16周后添加15%~20%椰子粕产蛋率显著降低，且破损率升高，添加20%椰子粕日产蛋量显著降低，建议在蛋鸡饲粮中添加10%椰子粕可以获得较好的生产性能。陈倩婷[10]在蛋鸡上的研究表明，发酵椰子粕50%替代豆粕(添加量为8.65%)，产蛋率略有下降，但差异不显著。Sundu等[11]和Diarra等[12]在肉鸡上的研究均发现，椰子粕添加水平超过10%显著降低了肉鸡生长性能。而Ashika等[13]在肉鸡上的研究发现，椰子粕添加水平超过15%，采食量和增重才开始降低，料重比增加。因蛋禽与肉禽生理性能存在一定差异，且鸡、鸭消化系统也各有不同，本试验结果与以上研究结果存在一定差异。椰子粕中氨基酸不平衡，蛋氨酸和赖氨酸含量较少，以往的研究中，椰子粕的使用中虽有补充限制性氨基酸，但没有关注椰子粕的氨基酸消化率。本试验测定了椰子粕中氨基酸的含量，并测定了椰子粕氨基酸真利用率，以原料氨基酸真利用率配制试验饲粮，解决了椰子粕氨基酸不平衡的负面效果，并且发现添加椰子粕有提高采食量、增加产蛋率的效果。有研究表明，纤维作为肠道微生物发酵底物，被发酵成短链脂肪酸，短链脂肪酸能降低肠道内环境pH，降低酪胺、色胺等衍生物产量，减弱对下丘脑饱中枢的刺激，使采食量上升[14-15]。椰子粕中粗纤维含量较高，水禽的盲肠也较为发达，这可能是采食量上升的一个原因，有待于进一步验证。本试验中，饲粮椰子粕添加水平未对蛋鸭蛋品质和血浆生化指标产生显著影响，但提高了蛋鸭卵巢优势卵泡数量及优势卵泡重量，与生产性能结果相一致，表明椰子粕的添加对蛋鸭卵巢发育存在一定的影响，从而影响蛋鸭产蛋。更深一步的机制仍需研究证实。
椰子粕富含大量高浓度的膳食纤维，主要为甘露聚糖。本研究中，饲粮中添加富含甘露聚糖酶、葡聚糖酶、蛋白酶及纤维素酶的复合酶并未对蛋鸭生产性能及蛋品质产生显著影响，这与以往的研究结果存在一定差异。Sundu等[11]在肉鸡上的研究发现，椰子粕的添加显著降低了肉鸡生长性能，但复合酶的添加可以显著改善生长性能。Ashika等[13]研究发现，在肉鸡饲粮中添加复合酶可以降低高水平椰子粕对生长性能的负面影响，另外在添加了复合酶的椰子粕饲粮中补充甘露聚糖酶能提高樱桃谷肉鸭的生长性能[16]。酶制剂对禽类生长性能的改善作用与其可以改善椰子粕中养分和能量的利用率相关[17-18]。本研究中，饲粮复合酶添加水平对蛋鸭生产性能及蛋品质无显著影响，可能与本试验中添加水平相关，考虑生产中的实际应用，本试验中复合酶添加水平为400 mg/kg，另外本试验以原料氨基酸的真利用率配制试验饲粮，饲粮的可消化成分已经满足蛋鸭机体对养分的需要，而本试验中复合酶的添加提高了血浆白蛋白含量，表明复合酶剂的添加对蛋白质的利用有改善作用，但并影响到蛋鸭的生产性能。
4 结论
① 椰子粕在蛋鸭上的表观代谢能为9.29 MJ/kg，蛋白质表观利用率为30.13%，氨基酸真可利用率在45.58%~87.95%。
② 以椰子粕氨基酸真利用率配制饲粮时，饲粮添加椰子粕能提高蛋鸭的生产性能，且以12%添加水平为宜。饲粮添加复合酶对蛋鸭的生产性能和蛋品质无显著影响。
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