动物营养学报    2022, Vol. 34 Issue (6): 3724-3731    PDF    
黄芩茎叶对西门塔尔杂交牛生长性能及血清生化、免疫和抗氧化指标的影响
高旭红 , 张俊丽 , 岳彩娟 , 梁小军     
宁夏农林科学院动物科学研究所, 银川 750002
摘要: 本试验旨在探究黄芩茎叶对西门塔尔杂交牛生长性能及血清生化、免疫和抗氧化指标的影响。选用体重(385.67±39.21) kg、体况良好的西门塔尔杂交公牛20头,随机分为4组,每组5头。各组分别饲喂添加0(对照)、3%、6%、9%的黄芩茎叶(干物质基础)的饲验饲粮。预试期15 d,正试期90 d。结果表明:1)各组之间终末体重差异不显著(P>0.05)。6%添加组的平均日增重和干物质采食量显著高于对照组和3%添加组(P < 0.05),料重比显著低于对照组和3%添加组(P < 0.05)。2)各组之间血清葡萄糖、尿素氮、免疫球蛋白A、免疫球蛋白G和免疫球蛋白M含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。3%添加组的血清胆碱酯酶活性显著低于其他各组(P < 0.05),血清丙二醛含量显著低于对照组和6%添加组(P < 0.05);6%添加组的血清总蛋白、白蛋白和白细胞介素-6含量显著高于3%和9%添加组(P < 0.05),血清肿瘤坏死因子-ɑ含量显著高于其他各组(P < 0.05);9%添加组的血清肌酐含量显著低于对照组和6%添加组(P < 0.05),血清白细胞介素-2含量显著低于其他各组(P < 0.05),血清总抗氧化能力显著高于对照组(P < 0.05),血清超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性显著高于6%添加组(P < 0.05);3%和9%添加组血清球蛋白含量显著低于对照组(P < 0.05)。综上所述,饲粮中添加黄芩茎叶对西门塔尔杂交牛肝脏和肾脏功能没有影响,且能促进机体蛋白质合成代谢,提高机体免疫和抗氧化性能,从而提高生长性能,建议黄芩茎叶添加水平在6%~9%。
关键词: 黄芩茎叶    西门塔尔杂交牛    生长性能    血清生化指标    抗氧化指标    免疫指标    
Effects of Scutellaria Baicalensis Stem and Leaf on Growth Performance and Serum Biochemical, Immune, Antioxidant Indexes of Simmental Crossbred Cattle
GAO Xuhong , ZHANG Junli , YUE Caijuan , LIANG Xiaojun     
Institute of Animal Science, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan 750002, China
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Scutellaria baicalensis stem and leaf on growth performance and serum biochemical, immune and antioxidant indexes of Simmental crossbred cattle. Twenty healthy Simmental crossbred bulls with body weight of (385.67±39.21) kg were randomly divided into 4 groups with 5 cattle in each group. Cattle in each group were fed experimental diets supplemented 0 (control), 3%, 6% and 9% Scutellaria baicalensis stem and leaf (DM basis), respectively. The pre-test period was 15 days and the formal test period was 90 days. The results showed as follows: 1) there was no significant difference in final body weight among all groups (P>0.05). The average daily gain and dry matter intake of 6% addition group were significantly higher than those of control group and 3% addition group (P < 0.05), and the feed to gain ratio was significantly lower than that of control group and 3% addition group (P < 0.05). 2) There were no significant differences in contents of glucose, urea nitrogen, immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M in serum among all groups (P>0.05). The serum cholinesterase activity of 3% addition group was significantly lower than that of other groups (P < 0.05), and the serum malondialdehyde content was significantly lower than that of control group and 6% addition group (P < 0.05); the contents of total protein, albumin and interleukin-6 in serum of 6% addition group were significantly higher than those of 3% and 9% addition groups (P < 0.05), and the serum tumor necrosis factor-ɑ content was significantly higher than that of other groups (P < 0.05); the serum creatinine content of 9% addition group was significantly lower than that of control group and 6% addition group (P < 0.05), the serum interleukin-2 content was significantly lower than that of other groups (P < 0.05), the serum total antioxidant capacity was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05), and the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in serum were significantly higher than those of 6% addition group (P < 0.05); the serum globulin content of 3% and 9% addition groups was significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the addition of Scutellaria baicalensis stem and leaf in diet has no effect on the liver and kidney function of Simmental crossbred cattle, and can promote the body protein synthesis and metabolism, improve the body immune and antioxidant performance, finally increase the growth performance, and the suggested supplemental level of Scutellaria baicalensis stem and leaf is 6% to 9%.
Key words: Scutellaria baicalensis stem and leaf    Simmental crossbred cattle    growth performance    serum biochemical indexes    antioxidant indexes    immune indexes    

近年来,随着中草药产业在宁夏的快速发展,其种植范围和规模不断扩大,在全区均有分布,2020年宁夏中草药种植规模已达到60万亩(1亩≈666.67 m2)左右。中草药作为畜禽饲料已有大量研究基础,其储存量大、生产成本低,且防治效果好、毒副作用小,已逐渐作为新型饲料应用于实际生产中[1]。黄芩(Scutellaria baicalensis)为多年生草本植物,具有清热燥湿、泻火解毒等功效[2],传统药用其根,而产量数倍于根部的茎叶部分通常被废弃,造成极大的资源浪费。研究证明,黄芩茎叶含有黄酮、皂苷、糖类、氨基酸和多种微量元素等营养成分,并具有抗炎[3]、抗肿瘤[4]、抗氧化[5]和调节免疫活性[6]等药理作用,是效益可观的潜力增值产品。

近年来,科学工作者对黄芩药渣和黄芩提取物在畜禽饲料上的应用开展了一些研究。Gheisar等[7]在母猪妊娠后期至哺乳期添加500 mg/kg的金银花与黄芩复合提取物,可显著提高仔猪断奶窝重和平均日增重(ADG)。安琦等[8]研究发现,发酵黄芩药渣可显著提高大三元杂交仔猪血清中免疫球蛋白G(IgG)和白细胞介素-2(IL-2)含量。Zhou等[9]在肉鸡饲粮中补充黄芩素后,可显著提高肝脏总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性,显著降低血清和肌肉丙二醛(MDA)含量。但黄芩茎叶作为粗饲料应用于养殖业中的研究报道甚少。因此,为充分利用黄芩茎叶资源,本试验研究了黄芩茎叶对西门塔尔杂交牛(西门塔尔×本地黄牛,以下简称西杂牛)生长性能及血清生化、免疫和抗氧化指标的影响,旨在丰富和高效利用饲草料资源的同时,提高西杂牛的生长性能和健康水平。

1 材料与方法 1.1 试验材料

试验用黄芩茎叶购自宁夏同心县天润生态农业种植专业合作社,为2021年10月下旬收割风干后所得,黄芩茎叶营养成分见表 1

表 1 黄芩茎叶营养成分(干物质基础) Table 1 Nutrient composition of Scutellaria baicalensis stem and leaf (DM basis)  
1.2 试验设计

选用体重(385.67±39.21) kg、体况良好的西杂牛公牛20头,随机分为4组,每组5头。饲粮参照《肉牛饲养标准》(NY/T 815—2004)配制,各组分别饲喂添加0(对照)、3%、6%、9%黄芩茎叶(干物质基础)的试验饲粮,其组成及营养水平见表 2。同时,每头牛每天补饲1 kg某商品肉牛精料补充颗粒料,其营养水平见表 3

表 2 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础) Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (DM basis) %
表 3 肉牛精料补充颗粒料营养水平(干物质基础) Table 3 Nutrient levels of beef concentrate supplementary pellet feed (DM basis)
1.3 饲养管理

试验期为105 d,包括15 d预试期和90 d正试期。每日08:00和18:00各投料1次,自由采食,自动饮水器饮水。

1.4 测定指标和方法 1.4.1 生长性能的测定

每日准确记录投料量,次日饲喂前清扫料槽并称量前1天剩料量,统计采食量; 正试期开始和结束当天早晨空腹称量试验牛体重,取平均值作为试验牛的初始体重(IBM)和终末体重(FBM),计算ADG、干物质采食量(DMI)和料重比(F/G)。

1.4.2 血清生化、免疫和抗氧化指标的测定

第60天早晨,对试验牛进行颈静脉采血10 mL,室温静置,待血样在采血管中凝固析出血清后,于3 000 r/min离心15 min,用移液枪分装上层透明血清,于-20 ℃冷冻保存。

血清生化、免疫和抗氧化指标使用全自动生化分析仪(BS-420,深圳迈瑞生物医疗电子股份有限公司)和酶标分析仪(DR-200BS,无锡华卫德朗仪器有限公司),由北京华英生物技术研究所协助测定。其中,血清葡萄糖(GLU)、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、球蛋白(GLB)、尿素氮(UN)和肌酐(CREA)含量使用北京中生北控生物科技股份有限公司生产的试剂盒测定; 血清胆碱酯酶(CHE)活性使用长春汇力生物技术有限公司生产的试剂盒测定; 血清免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、IgG、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、MDA、IL-2、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量和SOD、GSH-Px活性及T-AOC使用北京华英生物技术研究所生产的试剂盒测定。

1.5 数据分析

试验数据采用SPSS 20.0统计软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),采用Duncan氏法进行组间差异性比较,结果用“平均值±标准差”表示,P<0.05为差异显著,P>0.05为差异不显著。

2 结果 2.1 黄芩茎叶对西杂牛生长性能的影响

表 4可知,各组之间IBW和FBW差异不显著(P>0.05)。6%添加组的ADG和DMI显著高于对照组和3%添加组(P < 0.05),与9%添加组差异不显著(P>0.05);6%添加组的F/G显著低于对照组和3%添加组(P < 0.05),与9%添加组差异不显著(P>0.05)。

表 4 黄芩茎叶对西杂牛生长性能的影响 Table 4 Effects of Scutellaria baicalensis stem and leaf on growth performance in Simmental crossbred cattle
2.2 黄芩茎叶对西杂牛血清生化指标的影响

表 5可知,各组之间血清GLU和UN含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。9%添加组的血清CREA含量显著低于对照组和6%添加组(P < 0.05),与3%添加组差异不显著(P>0.05);3%添加组的血清CHE活性显著低于其他各组(P < 0.05),其他各组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。

表 5 黄芩茎叶对西杂牛血清生化指标的影响 Table 5 Effects of Scutellaria baicalensis stem and leaf on serum biochemical indexes of Simmental crossbred cattle
2.3 黄芩茎叶对西杂牛血清免疫指标的影响

表 6可知,各组之间血清IgA、IgG和IgM含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。6%添加组的血清TP、ALB和IL-6含量显著高于3%和9%添加组(P < 0.05),与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05);3%和9%添加组的血清GLB含量显著低于对照组(P < 0.05),与6%添加组差异不显著(P>0.05);9%添加组的血清IL-2含量显著低于其他各组(P < 0.05),其他各组之间差异不显著(P>0.05);6%添加组的血清TNF-ɑ含量显著高于其他各组(P < 0.05),其他各组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。

表 6 黄芩茎叶对西杂牛血清免疫指标的影响 Table 6 Effects of Scutellaria baicalensis stem and leaf on serum immune indexes of Simmental crossbred cattle
2.4 黄芩茎叶对西杂牛血清抗氧化指标的影响

表 7可知,9%添加组的血清T-AOC显著高于对照组(P < 0.05),其他各组之间差异不显著(P>0.05);9%添加组的血清SOD和GSH-Px活性显著高于6%添加组(P < 0.05), 与对照组和3%添加组差异不显著(P>0.05);3%添加组的血清MDA含量显著低于对照组和6%添加组(P < 0.05),与9%添加组差异不显著(P>0.05)。

表 7 黄芩茎叶对西杂牛血清抗氧化指标的影响 Table 7 Effects of Scutellaria baicalensis stem and leaf on serum antioxidant indexes of Simmental crossbred cattle
3 讨论 3.1 黄芩茎叶对西杂牛生长性能的影响

有关黄芩在家畜的应用效果已有一些研究。Liu等[10]在母猪泌乳期饲粮中同时添加5 g/d金银花和10 g/d黄芩提取物可显著提高母猪的采食量。赖雨宏等[11]在奶牛饲粮中添加20~40 g/d山花黄芩提取物散可以有效提高奶牛的采食量。何雯娟[12]在肉仔鸡饲粮中添加200和400 mg/kg黄芩多糖能显著提高肉仔鸡的体重和日增重。这些研究表明在家畜饲粮中添加一定比例的黄芩提取物能提高家畜采食量和日增重,降低F/G,达到提高饲料利用率的效果。本试验中,饲粮添加黄芩茎叶组西杂牛的FBW、ADG和DMI均高于对照组,F/G低于对照组,且以6%~9%添加组的效果较好。这表明黄芩茎叶可能会影响饲粮适口性从而影响采食量,但由于黄芩中的黄芩多糖可通过增强机体的免疫力、提高肠道内有益菌群的数量、改变肠壁的通透性,使营养物质容易被吸收利用,从而改善动物的生长性能[13]

3.2 黄芩茎叶对西杂牛血清生化指标的影响

GLU是动物机体重要的能量来源,为机体各种组织、脏器的正常运作提供动力,经常作为衡量动物能量状态的指标[14]。CREA和UN是衡量肾脏功能的重要指标,其中CREA含量可以反映肾小球的滤过功能,UN含量可反映动物体内氮沉积、蛋白质和氨基酸利用率的情况[15]。CHE是肝细胞合成的酶类之一,肝脏功能出现异常时,CHE活性下降,是肝脏内损害时一种极为敏感的指标,可反映肝细胞的合成功能。本试验中,饲粮中添加黄芩茎叶对西杂牛的血清GLU和UN含量没有显著影响,但血清GLU、UN、CREA含量和CHE活性均有降低的趋势。这说明饲喂黄芩茎叶对西杂牛的肝脏、肾脏功能影响不大,并具有降低血糖、增加西杂牛体内氮沉积的作用,但大量饲喂可能有损伤西杂牛肾脏和肝脏的风险。

3.3 黄芩茎叶对西杂牛血清免疫指标的影响

血清TP含量反映了机体对蛋白质的吸收状况,IgA、IgG和IgM是体液免疫应答中主要的参与者,ALB和GLB分别与肝脏中的蛋白质代谢和机体免疫力关系密切[16]。TNF-α由活化的巨噬细胞产生,是参与应对急性病毒感染的关键细胞因子; IL-6、IL-2由活化的T细胞产生,通过调节免疫和炎症在宿主防御中发挥重要作用,当机体发生炎症反应时其含量会增加[17]。刘燕等[18]研究表明,母猪妊娠后期饲粮中添加山银花和黄芩复合提取物可以提高母猪血清IgM、IgG含量及仔猪血清IgA、IgM、IgG含量,降低母猪血清TNF-α、IL-6和IL-2含量。本试验中,饲粮添加黄芩茎叶组血清TP、ALB和GLB含量变化不大,血清IgA、IgG和IgM含量有升高的趋势,血清IL-2、IL-6和TNF-α含量有降低的趋势,说明黄芩茎叶可以降低西杂牛的炎症反应,提高机体免疫力。原因可能是黄芩茎叶中的黄芩多糖和总黄酮作为一种生物活性免疫增强剂,能够提高机体的体液免疫水平和血清免疫球蛋白含量[19-20]; 同时,黄芩苷能降低机体内炎症因子的释放[21]

3.4 黄芩茎叶对西杂牛血清抗氧化指标的影响

血清T-AOC、SOD、GSH-Px活性和MDA含量是衡量机体抗氧化能力最直观的指标。T-AOC可反映机体抗氧化酶系统及各种抗氧化分子对机体自由基代谢的整体状况[22]。血清SOD、GSH-Px能消除生物体在新陈代谢过程中产生的氧自由基,它们可以清除超氧化物和脂质过氧化氢,减少有机过氧化氢对机体的损害[23],MDA是脂质过氧化的终产物之一,其含量表明氧自由基对细胞的损伤程度,血清MDA含量减少意味着机体抗脂质过氧化能力提高。本试验中,饲粮添加黄芩茎叶组的血清T-AOC、SOD和GSH-Px活性整体高于对照组,血清MDA含量低于对照组,且以9%添加组的抗氧化效果最好。吕慧源等[24]和Peng等[25]的研究也表明黄芩提取物可提高畜禽机体抗氧化能力。这可能是由于黄芩茎叶中的黄芩苷具有抗氧化的药理作用,包括清除自由基,抑制过氧化脂质及前氧化物酶的生成,形成金属离子配合物,激活抗氧化剂及通路和解毒酶,消除活性氧和活性氮等抗氧化机制[26],使饲喂黄芩茎叶的西杂牛机体获得一定效果的抗氧化作用。

4 结论

饲粮中添加黄芩茎叶对西门塔尔杂交牛肝脏和肾脏功能没有显著影响,且能促进机体蛋白质合成代谢,提高机体免疫和抗氧化性能,从而提高生长性能,建议黄芩茎叶添加水平在6%~9%。

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