动物营养学报    2022, Vol. 34 Issue (7): 4416-4424    PDF    
不同带仔数对种鸽哺乳期采食偏好的影响
张薇1 , 朱慧妍1 , 张穗玲1 , 莫婉怡1 , 张妍璘1 , 杨梦林1 , 彭凯2 , 曹正华3 , 王梓颖3 , 陈伟波3 , 王玮1 , 黄燕华1,4 , 彭杰1     
1. 仲恺农业工程学院动物科技学院健康养殖创新研究院, 广州 510225;
2. 广东省农业科学院动物科学研究所, 广东省畜禽育种与营养研究重点实验室, 农业农村部华南动物营养与饲料重点实验室, 广州 510640;
3. 梅州市 金绿现代农业发展有限公司, 梅州 514500;
4. 岭南现代农业科学与技术广东省实验室, 广州 510642
摘要: 本试验旨在明确不同带仔数对种鸽哺乳期采食偏好的影响。选取14月龄性能相近的种鸽54对, 随机分成3组, 每组18对种鸽。3组乳鸽带仔模式分别为1对种鸽哺乳2(2+2组)、3(2+3组)和4只乳鸽(2+4组)。种鸽哺乳期采用"混合原粮+配合颗粒饲料"的方式投喂, 配合饲粮由44.70%的配合颗粒饲料、20.70%的玉米、15.70%的豌豆、10.50%的高粱和8.40%的小麦组成。每天记录剩余饲料的种类和重量, 试验期21 d。结果显示: 1)3组种鸽对4种原粮的实际采食比例均高于其在配合饲粮中的占比, 而对配合颗粒饲料的实际采食比例则低于其在配合饲粮中的占比。其中, 2+2组玉米的采食比例为26.52%, 极显著高于2+3组和2+4组(P < 0.01);2+4组豌豆的采食比例为20.12%, 极显著高于2+3组和2+2组(P < 0.01);2+4组小麦的采食比例为11.14%, 极显著高于2+3组和2+2组(P < 0.01);2+3组配合颗粒饲料的采食比例为35.35%, 显著高于2+2组和2+4组(P < 0.05)。2)3组种鸽对粗蛋白质(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)、钙(Ca)和总磷(TP)的实际摄入量均低于配合饲粮中对应营养素的含量, 而对代谢能的实际摄入量则高于配合饲粮中代谢能。其中, 2+2组CP摄入量为13.93%, 极显著低于2+3组和2+4组(P < 0.01);2+4组EE的摄入量极显著低于2+2和2+3组(P < 0.01);2+3组钙(Ca)、总磷(TP)的摄入量均显著高于2+2组(P < 0.05), 与2+4组无显著差异(P>0.05);各组之间代谢能的摄入量无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上所述, 相较于配合颗粒饲料, 种鸽哺乳期更喜食原粮; 随着带仔数的增多, 种鸽会减少能量饲料玉米的摄入, 增加富含蛋白质的豌豆的摄入。
关键词: 种鸽    哺乳期    带仔数    采食偏好    营养需求    
Effects of Different Numbers of Squabs on Feeding Preferences of Breeding Pigeons during Lactation Period
ZHANG Wei1 , ZHU Huiyan1 , ZHANG Suiling1 , MO Wanyi1 , ZHANG Yanlin1 , YANG Menglin1 , PENG Kai2 , CAO Zhenghua3 , WANG Ziying3 , CHEN Weibo3 , WANG Wei1 , HUANG Yanhua1,4 , PENG Jie1     
1. Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China;
2. Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China;
3. Meizhou Golden Green Modern Agriculture Development Company Limited, Meizhou 514500, China;
4. Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural, Guangzhou 510642, China
Abstract: The experiment was to clarify the effects of different numbers of squabs on feeding preferences of breeding pigeons during lactation. A total of 54 pairs 14-month-old similar performance breeding pigeons were randomly divided into 3 groups with 18 pairs per group. The breeding pigeons in the 3 groups nursed 2 (2+2 group), 3 (2+3 group) and 4 (2+4 group) squabs, respectively. During lactation period, breeding pigeons were fed a compound diet wtih the form of "mixed raw grains+compound pellet feed", and the compound diet contained 44.70% of compound pellet feed, 20.70% of corn, 15.70% of pea, 10.50% of sorghum and 8.40% of wheat. Record the type and weight of surplus feed daily and the feeding period was 21 days. The results showed as follows: 1) the actual feeding proportions of 4 raw grains of breeding pigeons in the 3 groups were higher than their proportions in the compound diet, while the actual feeding proportion of compound pellet feed was lower than its proportion in the compound diet. The feeding proportion of corn was 26.52% in the 2+2 group, which was extremely significantly higher than that in the 2+3 and 2+4 groups (P < 0.01); the feeding proportion of pea was 20.12% in the 2+4 group, which was extremely significantly higher than that in the 2+3 and 2+2 groups (P < 0.01); the feeding proportion of wheat was 11.14% in the 2+4 group, which was extremely significantly higher than that in the 2+3 and 2+2 groups (P < 0.01); the feeding proportion of compound pellet feed was 35.35% in the 2+3 group, which was significantly higher than that in the 2+2 and 2+4 groups (P < 0.05). 2) The actual intakes of crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), calcium (Ca) and total phosphorus (TP) of breeding pigeons in the 3 groups were lower than the corresponding nutrient content in compound diet, while the actual intake of metabolic energy (ME) was higher than the ME in compound diet. The intake of CP was 13.93% in the 2+2 group, which was extremely significantly lower than that in the 2+3 and 2+4 groups (P < 0.01); the intake of EE in the 2+4 group was extremely significantly lower than that in the 2+2 and 2+3 groups (P < 0.01); the intakes of Ca and TP in the 2+3 group were significantly higher than those in the 2+2 group (P < 0.05), and there was not significantly different from the 2+4 group (P>0.05); there was no significant difference in the intake of ME among the groups (P>0.05). In conclusion, compared with the compound pellet feed, breeding pigeons prefer raw grains during lactation period. As the numbers of squabs increasing, breeding pigeons will reduce the intake of energy feed corn and increase the intake of protein rich pea.
Key words: breeding pigeon    lactation period    number of squabs    feeding preferences    nutrient requirements    

随着生活水平的提高,人们对肉制品的消费也逐渐发生变化,鸽肉味道鲜美且具有低脂肪高蛋白质的特点,受到人们广泛欢迎,需求量也逐年升高[1-3]。传统的乳鸽养殖模式通常为1对种鸽哺乳2只乳鸽(2+2模式),但这种生产效率较低,无法满足市场需要。为提高种鸽的生产效率,生产上常采用1对种鸽哺育多只乳鸽的生产模式,以提高鸽肉产量[4]。实际生产中通常采用“原粮+配合颗粒饲料”的方式强化种鸽营养,从而尽可能的提高种鸽的带仔能力[5]。然而,由于种鸽对于不同饲料的喜好有很大差异,经常出现种鸽并未按照预定方案采食,进而出现营养失衡的现象[6]。为了明确种鸽哺乳期的采食偏好,本研究通过记录每日剩余饲料的种类和重量,明确种鸽哺乳期对不同原粮和配合颗粒饲料的喜爱程度,并在此基础上设计了“2+2”“2+3”“2+4”3种带仔梯度,探讨带仔数对采食偏好的影响,从而为种鸽科学饲养提供参考依据。

1 材料与方法 1.1 试验设计

试验种鸽及乳鸽由广东省梅州市兴宁市金绿现代农业发展有限公司提供,所用品种为欧洲米玛斯白鸽。选取14月龄、体重均一、产能性能相近且同一天带仔的种鸽54对,随机分成3组,分别为2+2组(1对种鸽哺乳2只乳鸽)、2+3组(1对种鸽哺乳3只乳鸽)和2+4组(1对种鸽哺乳4只乳鸽),每组18对种鸽,试验期21 d。种鸽自由饮水和采食保健砂,种鸽哺乳期采用“混合原粮+配合颗粒饲料”的方式投喂,3组种鸽的配合饲粮组成相同,均由44.70%的配合颗粒饲料、20.70%的玉米、15.70%的豌豆、10.50%的高粱和8.40%的小麦组成。原粮、配合颗粒饲料和配合饲粮的营养水平见表 1

表 1 原粮、配合颗粒饲料和配合饲粮的营养水平(风干基础) Table 1 Nutrient levels of raw grains, compound pellet feed and compound diet (air-dry basis)  
1.2 指标测定及方法

试验期间,所有种鸽均采用独立料槽单独饲喂。每天07:00和15:00各加料1次,每次加料量一致,每天19:00收集剩料。记录种鸽每天的喂料量和剩料量,统计剩料中不同原粮和配合颗粒饲料的种类和重量,并据此计算种鸽每日总采食量、每种饲料每日采食量、每种饲料每日采食比例、每种饲料每日平均采食比例、每种营养素摄入量,最后比较种鸽实际营养素摄入量和配合饲粮营养水平的差异。测定每种饲料中常规营养素含量,其中粗蛋白质含量参照GB/T 6432—2018检测,粗脂肪含量参照GB/T 6433—2006检测,钙含量参照GB/T 6436—2002检测,总磷含量参照GB/T 6437—2002检测,氨基酸含量参照GB/T 18246—2000检测。相关计算公式如下:

1.3 统计分析

用Excel 2019初步记录和处理原始数据后,使用统计软件GraphPad Prism 8.0.1软件中的单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)程序对试验数据进行统计学分析和作图,采用Turkey法进行多重比较。数据均以“平均值±标准误”表示。以P < 0.01为差异极显著,P < 0.05为差异显著。

2 结果与分析 2.1 不同带仔数种鸽的采食量

为研究不同带仔数对种鸽采食量的影响,本试验统计了种鸽整个哺乳期的采食量,结果显示,随着带仔数的增多,种鸽对不同饲料的每日采食量均线性升高(图 1);哺乳期第20天时,2+4组种鸽每日总采食量达到342.02 g,较2+2组种鸽提高了134.73 g(表 2)。

图A至图E分别为种鸽哺乳期玉米、豌豆、高粱、小麦和配合颗粒饲料的每日采食量。 Figures A to E were the daily feed intake of corn, pea, sorghum, wheat and compound pellet feed for breeding pigeons during lactation period. 图 1 种鸽哺乳期对不同原粮和配合颗粒饲料的每日采食量 Fig. 1 Daily feed intake of breeding pigeons during lactation period on different raw grains and compound pellet feed
表 2 种鸽第1天和第20天的采食量 Table 2 Feed intake of breeding pigeons at days 1 and 20  

为明确不同带仔数对种鸽采食比例的影响,本试验统计了种鸽对不同饲料的采食比例(表 3)。结果发现,随着带仔数的增多,种鸽对玉米的采食比例逐渐降低,其中2+2组玉米的采食比例为26.52%,极显著高于2+3组的24.76%和2+4组的23.38%(P < 0.01);种鸽对豌豆的采食比例逐渐升高,其中2+4组豌豆的采食比例为20.12%,极显著高于2+3组的18.63%和2+2组17.81%(P < 0.01);种鸽对小麦的采食比例先降低后升高,其中2+4组小麦的采食比例为11.14%,极显著高于2+3组的9.55%和2+2组10.28%(P < 0.01);2+3组配合颗粒饲料的采食比例为35.35%,显著高于2+2组的32.17%和2+4组的32.61%(P < 0.05);各组之间高粱的采食比例无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表 3 种鸽每种饲料采食比例与配合饲粮中该饲料占比的对比 Table 3 Comparison of feeding proportion of each feed for breeding pigeons and its proportion in compound diet  
2.2 不同带仔数种鸽的营养素摄入量

为研究不同带仔数对种鸽营养素摄入量的影响,本试验统计了种鸽每日的粗蛋白质(CP)、代谢能(ME)、粗脂肪(EE)、钙(Ca)、总磷(TP)以及各氨基酸摄入量。结果发现,随着带仔数的增多,种鸽平均每日CP摄入量逐渐增高,其中2+2组种鸽平均每日CP摄入量极显著低于2+3组和2+4组(P < 0.01)(图 2-A);3组种鸽平均每日ME摄入量无显著差异(P>0.05)(图 2-B);2+4组种鸽平均每日EE摄入量极显著低于2+2组和2+3组(P < 0.01)(图 2-C);2+3组种鸽平均每日Ca和TP摄入量显著高于2+2组(P < 0.05),与2+4组无显著差异(P>0.05)(图 3-A图 3-B)。分析种鸽氨基酸摄入量发现,2+2组种鸽天冬氨酸(Asp)、精氨酸(Arg)摄入量极显著低于2+4组(P < 0.01),与2+3组无显著差异(P>0.05);2+2组种鸽异亮氨酸(Ile)和赖氨酸(Lys)摄入量显著低于2+4组(P < 0.05),与2+3组无显著差异(P>0.05);2+2组种鸽谷氨酸(Glu)、丝氨酸(Ser)、甘氨酸(Gly)、缬氨酸(Val)、苯丙氨酸(Phe)摄入量极显著低于2+3组和2+4组(P < 0.01);2+2组种鸽组氨酸(His)、苏氨酸(Thr)、丙氨酸(Ala)摄入量显著低于2+3组和2+4组(P < 0.05);2+2组种鸽酪氨酸(Tyr)、蛋氨酸(Met)和亮氨酸(Leu)摄入量显著低于2+3组(P < 0.05),与2+4组无显著差异(P>0.05)(表 4)。

图A:左图为种鸽哺乳期每日粗蛋白质摄入量;右图为种鸽哺乳期平均每日粗蛋白质摄入量。图B:左图为种鸽哺乳期每日代谢能摄入量;右图为种鸽哺乳期平均每日代谢能摄入量。C图:左图为种鸽哺乳期每日粗脂肪摄入量;右图种鸽哺乳期平均每日粗脂肪摄入量。
数据柱标注不同大写字母表示极差异显著(P < 0.01),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P < 0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下图同。
Figure A: left was the daily intake of CP for breeding pigeons during lactation period; right was the average daily intake of CP for breeding pigeons during lactation period. Figure B: left: was the daily intake of ME for breeding pigeons during lactation period; right was the average daily intake of ME for breeding pigeons during lactation period. Figure C: left was the daily intake of EE for breeding pigeons during lactation period; right was the average daily intake of EE for breeding pigeons during lactation period.
Data columns with different capital letters indicated extremely significant difference (P < 0.01), and with different small letters indicated significant difference (P < 0.05), while with the same or no letter indicated no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.
图 2 种鸽哺乳期粗蛋白质、代谢能和粗脂肪摄入量 Fig. 2 CP, ME and EE intakes of breeding pigeons during lactation period
图A:左图为种鸽哺乳期每日钙摄入量;右图为种鸽哺乳期平均每日钙摄入量。图B:左图为种鸽哺乳期每日总磷摄入比例;右图为种鸽哺乳期平均每日总磷摄入量。 Figure A: left was the daily intake of Ca for breeding pigeons during lactation period; right was the average daily intake of Ca for breeding pigeons during lactation period. Figure B: left was the daily intake of TP for breeding pigeons during lactation period; right was the average daily intake of TP for breeding pigeons during lactation period. 图 3 种鸽哺乳期钙、总磷摄入量 Fig. 3 Ca and TP intakes of breeding pigeons during lactation period
表 4 种鸽的营养素摄入量与配合饲粮中对应营养素含量的对比 Table 4 Nutrient intake of breeding pigeons compared with corresponding nutrient content in compound diet  
2.3 各饲料实际采食比例与其在配合饲粮中的占比对比

本试验进一步对比了种鸽营养素实际摄入量和配合饲粮中对应营养素的含量发现,3组种鸽CP、EE、Ca、TP以及各种氨基酸的实际摄入量均低于配合饲粮中对应营养素含量,其中Ca和蛋氨酸的实际摄入量比配合饲粮中含量降低了20%~30%,3组种鸽代谢能实际摄入量则高于配合饲粮代谢能(表 4)。种鸽营养素实际摄入量与配合饲粮中对应营养素含量的差异可能是种鸽对不同饲料选择性采食造成的,因此进一步分析了种鸽对各种饲料的实际采食比例与其在配合饲粮中的占比(表 3),结果发现,种鸽对3种原粮的实际采食比例均高于其在配合饲粮中的占比,其中2+4组种鸽玉米实际采食比例最低,但仍较其在配合饲粮中的占比高出2.68%;2+2组种鸽豌豆实际采食比例最低,但仍较其在配合饲粮中的占比高出2.11%;2+3组种鸽高粱实际采食比例最低,但仍较其在配合饲粮中的占比高出1.21%;2+3组种鸽小麦实际采食比例最低,但仍较其在配合饲粮中的占比高出1.15%;3组种鸽配合颗粒饲料的实际采食比例则均低于其在配合饲粮中的占比,其中2+3组种鸽配合颗粒饲料实际采食比例最高,但仍然较其在配合饲粮中的占比低9.35%。

3 讨论

鸽子有挑食的习性,在养殖生产中如果放任自由采食,很容易造成营养不均衡,特别是在高带仔模式下更容易出现生产效率降低和使用年限缩短的情况[7]。本研究发现,随着带仔数的增多,种鸽哺乳期的采食量增多,这与前人报道一致,表明动物具有为能而食的本能[8-10]。然而,值得注意的是,随着带仔数的增多,种鸽哺乳期玉米的采食比例逐渐降低,而豌豆的采食比例逐渐升高,这种差异可能是由于带仔数增加后,种鸽氨基酸供应不足造成的,而豌豆的粗蛋白质含量相对玉米高很多。这种选择性地增加蛋白质的摄入并不能完全弥补高带仔数引起的损失,有研究表明,随着带仔数的增多,种鸽哺乳期体重损失明显增多,且乳鸽生长性能显著降低[11-12]

生产上为了解决高产种鸽营养供应不足的问题,通常采用补充饲喂营养较为均衡的配合饲粮来实现[5, 13]。然而,本研究发现种鸽并未按照设计好的配方进行采食,而是采食更多的原粮,这种选择性的结果直接造成营养素的摄入与既定的营养方案出现较大的偏差。同时,由于原粮中CP、矿物质含量低,氨基酸不均衡,对于高产种鸽而言更容易出现营养素缺乏的现象[13-15]。通过计算营养素的摄入量发现,尽管随着带仔数的增多种鸽CP的摄入量有所增加,但3种带仔模式下种鸽CP摄入量均低于配方设定值,并且3种带仔模式下ME的摄入量并无显著差异,这可能会进一步加剧高带仔数种鸽的营养负平衡。近年来的研究表明,在2+4的带仔模式下,饲粮CP含量在16%~18%时,ME介于11.9~12.4 MJ/kg时,种鸽具有较好的生产性能[16-19]。在本研究中,2+4组的CP和ME摄入量均为最高,分别为14.23%和12.78 MJ/kg,但与最佳的CP和ME摄入量相比仍有较大的差距。同时,由于蛋氨酸和赖氨酸在植物性饲料原料中含量较低,并且植物性原粮通常缺乏矿物质元素,如Ca、磷(P)等,所以这种选择性采食必然会引起这些营养素的缺乏。因此,在制作哺乳期种鸽配合饲粮时,一方面需要相应的提高蛋氨酸、赖氨酸以及Ca、P的添加量,以避免种鸽采食配合颗粒饲料比例过低造成的营养不足;另一方面,可尝试通过改进配合颗粒饲料的外观、形状以及适口性等方式,增加种鸽的采食喜好,从而实现提高生产效率和节约饲养成本的目的。

4 结论

综上所述,相较于配合颗粒饲料,种鸽哺乳期更喜食原粮。随着带仔数的增多,种鸽哺乳期会减少能量饲料玉米的摄入,增加富含蛋白质的豌豆的摄入,从而增加蛋白质和氨基酸的摄入,降低脂肪的摄入,以弥补高带仔数引起的蛋白质代谢失衡。由于种鸽摄入营养素与饲粮配方设定存在较大差距,在设计种鸽配合颗粒饲料时,需要适当提高配合颗粒饲料中营养素的含量,以更好地满足种鸽哺乳期高带仔数的生理需要。

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