动物营养学报    2022, Vol. 34 Issue (9): 5652-5666    PDF    
植物精油和复合有机酸对肉鸡生长性能、血清生化指标和肠道健康的影响
齐梦迪1 , 李铁1 , 张克英1 , 王建萍1 , 白世平1 , 曾秋凤1 , 彭焕伟1 , 吕继蓉2 , 黄亚明2 , 丁雪梅1     
1. 四川农业大学动物营养研究所, 教育部动物抗病营养重点实验室, 动物抗病营养与饲料农业农村部重点实验室, 动物抗病营养四川省重点实验室, 成都 611130;
2. 成都大帝汉克生物科技有限公司, 成都 611130
摘要: 本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加植物精油和复合有机酸对肉鸡生长性能、血清生化指标和肠道健康的影响。试验共选用1日龄爱拔益加(AA)白羽肉鸡416只, 随机分为4个组: 对照组, 饲喂基础饲粮; 植物精油组(EO组), 饲喂基础饲粮+植物精油(150 g/t); 复合有机酸组(COA组), 饲喂基础饲粮+复合有机酸(1.5 kg/t); 植物精油与复合有机酸合用组(EO×COA组), 饲喂基础饲粮+植物精油(150 g/t)+复合有机酸(1.5 kg/t)。每组设8个重复, 每个重复13只鸡, 试验期42 d, 分1~21日龄和22~42日龄2个阶段。结果显示: 1)饲粮中添加植物精油和复合有机酸对肉鸡各阶段的平均日增重、平均日采食量、料重比均无显著影响(P > 0.05)。2)饲粮中添加植物精油显著提高21日龄时肉鸡血清中总蛋白和白蛋白的含量(P < 0.05), 并显著提高了42日龄时肉鸡血清中白蛋白的含量(P < 0.05)。饲粮中添加复合有机酸显著降低了42日龄时肉鸡血清中碱性磷酸酶的活性(P < 0.05), 并有提高血清中白蛋白含量的趋势(P=0.095)。饲粮中添加植物精油和复合有机酸对42日龄时肉鸡血清中白蛋白的含量有显著的交互作用(P < 0.05), 表现为饲粮中添加植物精油和复合有机酸提高了42日龄肉鸡的血清白蛋白含量。3)饲粮中添加植物精油显著提高了21日龄时肉鸡空肠绒毛高度和绒隐比(P < 0.05)。饲粮中添加复合有机酸显著提高了21日龄时肉鸡空肠绒隐比(P < 0.05), 有提高21日龄时肉鸡十二指肠绒毛高度的趋势(P=0.083)。饲粮中添加植物精油和复合有机酸对21日龄十二指肠隐窝深度和42日龄十二指肠绒隐比有显著的交互作用(P < 0.05), 表现为饲粮中添加植物精油和复合有机酸降低了21日龄肉鸡十二指肠的隐窝深度, 提高了42日龄肉鸡十二指肠的绒隐比。4)饲粮中添加植物精油显著提高了21日龄时肉鸡空肠脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶的活性(P < 0.05), 显著提高了42日龄时肉鸡空肠淀粉酶的活性(P < 0.05)。饲粮中添加复合有机酸显著提高了21日龄时肉鸡空肠脂肪酶的活性(P < 0.05), 显著提高了42日龄时肉鸡空肠淀粉酶、脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶的活性(P < 0.05)。5)饲粮中添加植物精油显著提高了21日龄时肉鸡盲肠食糜异丁酸含量(P < 0.05)。饲粮中添加复合有机酸显著提高了21日龄时肉鸡盲肠食糜乙酸和总挥发性脂肪酸含量以及42日龄时肉鸡盲肠食糜丁酸和总挥发性脂肪酸含量(P < 0.05)。饲粮中添加植物精油和复合有机酸对21日龄时肉鸡盲肠食糜丙酸和异戊酸含量以及42日龄时肉鸡盲肠食糜乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和总挥发性脂肪酸含量有交互作用(P < 0.05)。由此得出, 饲粮中添加植物精油和复合有机酸对肉鸡的生长性能没有显著影响, 但可以改善血清生化指标和肠道形态结构, 提高空肠消化酶活性, 增加盲肠食糜总挥发性脂肪酸的含量。综合来看, 两者合用更有利于肉鸡的肠道健康。
关键词: 肉鸡    植物精油    复合有机酸    生长性能    肠道健康    
Effects of Essential Oil and Compound Organic Acids on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Indices and Intestinal Health of Broilers
QI Mengdi1 , LI Tie1 , ZHANG Keying1 , WANG Jianping1 , BAI Shiping1 , ZENG Qiufeng1 , PENG Huanwei1 , LYU Jirong2 , HUANG Yaming2 , DING Xuemei1     
1. Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition and Feed Science of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
2. Chengdu Dadhanke Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Chengdu 611130, China
Abstract: This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary essential oils and compound organic acids on growth performance, serum biochemical indices and intestinal health of broilers. A total of 416 one-day-old Arbor Acres (AA) white-feathered broilers were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group, broilers were fed a basal diet; essential oil group (EO group), broilers were fed the basal diet+essential oil (150 g/t); compound organic acid group (COA group), broilers were fed the basal diet+compound organic acid (1.5 kg/t); combined essential oil and compound organic acid group (EO×COA group), broilers were fed the basal diet+essential oil (150 g/t)+compound organic acid (1.5 kg/t). Each group was divided into 8 replicates with 13 broilers in each replicate. The experiment lasted for 42 d and was divided into 2 stages—1 to 21 days of age and 22 to 42 days of age. The results showed as follows: 1) dietary essential oil and compound organic acids had no significant effects on average daily gain, average daily feed intake and feed to gain ratio of broilers (P>0.05). 2) Dietary essential oil significantly increased the contents of total protein and albumin in serum of broilers at 21 days of age (P < 0.05), and significantly increased the content of albumin in serum of broilers at 42 days of age (P < 0.05). Dietary compound organic acids significantly decreased the activity of alkaline phosphatase in serum of broilers at 42 days of age (P < 0.05), and tended to increase the serum albumin content (P=0.095). Dietary essential oil and compound organic acids had significant interaction on the serum albumin content of broilers at 42 days of age (P < 0.05), which showed that the supplementation of essential oil and compound organic acids increased serum albumin content of broilers at 42 days of age. 3) Dietary essential oil significantly increased the jejunal villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio of broilers at 21 days of age (P < 0.05). Dietary compound organic acid significantly increased the jejunum villus height to crypt depth ratio of broilers at 21 days of age (P < 0.05), and tended to increase duodenum villus height of broilers at 21 days of age (P=0.083). Dietary essential oil and compound organic acids had significant interaction on the duodenal crypt depth of broilers at 21 days of age and duodenal villus height to crypt depth ratio of broilers at 42 days of age (P < 0.05), which showed that the supplementation of essential oil and compound organic acids decreased he duodenal crypt depth of broilers at 21 days of age, and increased duodenal villus height to crypt depth ratio of broilers at 42 days of age. 4) Dietary essential oil significantly increased the jejunal lipase and trypsin activities of broilers at 21 days of age (P < 0.05), and significantly increased jejunal amylase activities of broilers at 42 days of age (P < 0.05). Dietary compound organic acid significantly increased the jejunal lipase activity of broilers at 21 days of age and jejunal amylase, lipase and trypsin activities of broilers at 42 days of age (P < 0.05). 5) The content of isovalerate in cecal digesta of broilers at 21 days of age was significantly increased by adding essential oil (P < 0.05). The contents of acetic acid and total short-chain fatty acid in cecal digesta of broilers at 21 days of age and the contents of propionic acid and total short-chain fatty acid in cecal digesta of broilers at 21 days of age were significantly increased by adding compound organic acids (P < 0.05). Dietary essential oil and compound organic acids had significant interaction on the contents of propionic acid isovaleric acid in cecal digesta of broilers at 21 days of age and the contents of acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and total short-chain fatty acid in cecal digesta of broilers at 42 days of age (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary essential oil and compound organic acids have no effects on growth performance, but can improve serum biochemical indices and intestinal morphology, improve digestive enzyme activities, and increase the contents of total volatile fatty acids in cecal digesta of broilers. To sum up, the combination of the two is more beneficial to intestinal health of broilers.
Key words: broilers    essential oil    compound organic acids    growth performance    intestinal health    

抗生素可以改善动物的健康和生产性能,但也会导致耐药微生物的发展,从而将耐药性传递给人类。欧盟禁止在家禽业中使用抗生素作为生长促进剂,许多国家正在禁止使用抗生素作为生长促进剂。因此,寻找其他的生长促进剂来改善家禽生产是至关重要的。研究表明,在白羽肉鸡饲粮中添加苯甲酸能提高肉鸡的生长性能,改善肠道健康[1-2]。香芹酚和百里香酚均具有抗氧化、抑菌和促进动物生长等作用[3]。目前,植物精油因无抗药性、无残留、无副作用、可以促进动物生长等优点而受到广泛关注,但植物精油的推广还存在一定的问题[4-8]。首先,植物精油的质量是影响其发挥作用的关键因素,目前尚没有关于植物精油的质量标准,市场上该类产品良莠不齐;其次,植物精油的添加量及添加方式会影响其作用效果[8],因此针对不同产品摸索出一套行之有效的使用方案是植物精油发挥作用的关键;再次,不同植物精油的气味和口味可能存在一定的差异,根据动物适口性适当调整植物精油的品种,可能会改善其作用效果,把植物精油与其他添加剂配合使用可能会提升植物精油的效果。酸化剂可以改善饲粮的适口性,促进消化酶活性,它还可以通过调节肠道微生物区系提高养分消化率和能量滞留率,改善动物的生长性能。本试验旨在研究植物精油、复合有机酸在饲粮中单独或联合应用对肉鸡生长性能、血清生化指标、肠道形态与消化酶活性的影响,为进一步开发禁抗产品提供有力支持。

1 材料与方法 1.1 试验材料

试验用复合有机酸主要成分含量:甲酸10%、苯甲酸18%、乳酸15%、其他酸及发酵产物47%、水分10%。植物精油主要成分含量:肉桂醛19%、香芹酚8%、百里香酚4%。

1.2 试验设计

选用健康的1日龄爱拔益加(AA)白羽肉公鸡416只,随机分为4组,每组8个重复,每个重复13只鸡。对照组,饲喂基础饲粮;植物精油组(EO组),饲喂基础饲粮+植物精油(150 g/t);复合有机酸组(COA组),饲喂基础饲粮+复合有机酸(1.5 kg/t);植物精油与复合有机酸合用组(EO×COA组),饲喂基础饲粮+植物精油(150 g/t)+复合有机酸(1.5 kg/t)。试验期42 d,分为1~21日龄和22~42日龄2个阶段。

1.3 基础饲粮

试验采用玉米-豆粕型-杂粕型基础饲粮,参照NRC(1994)和NY/T 33—2004肉仔鸡营养需要并结合生产实践配制。饲粮形态为颗粒饲料,前期颗粒直径2.0 mm,后期颗粒直径3.0 mm。基础饲粮组成及营养水平见表 1

表 1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础) Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (air-dry basis)  
1.4 饲养管理

饲养试验在四川农业大学动物营养研究所肉鸡舍进行,采用笼养的方式。入雏前24 h将鸡舍升温至33~35 ℃,此后温度每周降低2~3 ℃,直至保持在22~24 ℃。采用自由采食和饮水,少喂勤添、连续光照、自然通风的饲养管理方式。定期打扫圈舍卫生,每周消毒和常规免疫。

1.5 测定指标及方法 1.5.1 生长性能

分别于22和43日龄提前12 h断料,以重复为单位称量肉鸡的体重和余料重,计算1~21日龄、22~42日龄、1~42日龄时平均日增重(ADG)、平均采食量(ADFI)和料重比(F/G)。

1.5.2 血清生化指标

在试验第22天和第43天,每个重复选择1只接近平均体重的肉鸡,颈静脉采血10 mL, 于3 500 r/min离心10 min,分离血清于0.5 mL离心管中,置-20 ℃冷冻保存,待测。采用全自动生化分析仪测定血清中总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)活性与碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、谷草转氨酶(AST)活性。

1.5.3 空肠消化酶活性

将采血后的32只肉鸡屠宰,分离空肠,取空肠食糜于EP管,液氮速冻,-80 ℃保存,待测。采用南京建成生物有限公司的试剂盒测定空肠消化酶活性,其中胰蛋白酶活性的测定采用紫外比色法,淀粉酶活性的测定采用碘-淀粉比色法,脂肪酶活性的测定采用微板法,具体测定步骤根据试剂盒说明书进行。

1.5.4 肠道形态

分离十二指肠和空肠,取肠段中部约1.5 cm固定于10%的福尔马林溶液,将固定好的肠段用乙醇脱水,二甲苯透明,石蜡包埋进行切片,然后用苏木精-伊红(HE)染色,光学显微镜下观察,测量肠段绒毛高度(VH)、隐窝深度(CD),计算绒毛高度/隐窝深度比值(绒隐比,VH/CD)。

1.5.5 盲肠食糜挥发性脂肪酸含量

分离盲肠,取盲肠食糜于EP管中,液氮速冻,-80 ℃保存,待测。样品解冻后混匀,均匀取约0.7 g样品(准确记录质量)于2 mL离心管,加1.5 mL超纯水混匀静置30 min,15 000 r/min离心15 min;取1 mL上清加入0.2 mL 25%(m/v)偏磷酸溶液、23.3 μL 210 mmol/L巴豆酸溶液,混匀后4 ℃放置孵育30 min,15 000 r/min离心10 min;离心后取0.3 mL上清加入0.9 mL色谱甲醇混匀(1 ∶ 3稀释),10 000 r/min离心5 min,取上清用0.22 μm滤膜过滤至1.5 mL EP管,用气相色谱仪(Varian,GC CP3800)进行乙酸、丙酸、异丁酸、丁酸、异戊酸、戊酸含量的测定。

1.6 数据处理与统计

试验数据先用Excel 2019进行初步统计,再采用SAS 9.4统计软件中GLM程序进行2×2双因素方差分析(two-way ANOVA),统计模型为是否添加植物精油、是否添加复合有机酸及二者的交互作用。试验数据用平均值和均值标准误(SEM)表示,P < 0.05表示差异显著,P > 0.05表示差异不显著,0.05≤P < 0.10表示有显著趋势。

2 结果 2.1 植物精油和复合有机酸对肉鸡生长性能的影响

表 2可知,饲粮中添加植物精油对肉鸡各阶段的平均体重、ADG、ADFI、F/G均无显著影响(P > 0.05),饲粮中添加复合有机酸对肉鸡各阶段的平均体重、ADG、ADFI、F/G亦无显著影响(P > 0.05),且饲粮中添加植物精油和复合有机酸对肉鸡的生长性能无显著交互作用(P > 0.05)。

表 2 植物精油和复合有机酸对肉鸡生长性能的影响 Table 2 Effects of plant essential oils and compound organic acids on growth performance of broilers
2.2 植物精油和复合有机酸对肉鸡血清生化指标的影响

表 3可知,饲粮中添加植物精油显著提高了21日龄时肉鸡血清中TP和ALB的含量(P < 0.05),并显著提高了42日龄时肉鸡血清中ALB的含量(P < 0.05)。饲粮中添加复合有机酸显著提高了21日龄时肉鸡血清中AKP的活性(P < 0.05),显著降低了42日龄时肉鸡血清中AKP的活性(P < 0.05),有提高42日龄时肉鸡血清中白蛋白的含量的趋势(P=0.095)。饲粮中添加植物精油和复合有机酸对42日龄时肉鸡血清中ALB含量有显著的交互作用(P < 0.05)。

表 3 植物精油和复合有机酸对肉鸡血清生化指标的影响 Table 3 Effects of plant essential oil and compound organic acids on serum biochemical indices of broilers
2.3 植物精油和复合有机酸对肉鸡肠道形态的影响

表 4可以看出,饲粮中添加植物精油显著提高了21日龄时肉鸡空肠VH和VH/CD以及42日龄时肉鸡空肠VH/CD(P < 0.05),显著降低了42时肉鸡空肠CD(P < 0.05)。饲粮中添加复合有机酸显著提高了21日龄时肉鸡空肠VH/CD(P < 0.05),有提高21日龄时肉鸡十二指肠VH的趋势(P=0.083)。饲粮中添加植物精油和复合有机酸对21日龄时肉鸡十二指肠CD和42日龄时肉鸡十二指肠VH/CD有显著的交互作用(P < 0.05),表现为饲粮中添加植物精油和复合有机酸可以降低21日龄时肉鸡十二指肠的CD,提高42日龄时肉鸡十二指肠的VH/CD。

表 4 植物精油和复合有机酸对肉鸡肠道形态的影响 Table 4 Effects of plant essential oil and compound organic acids on intestinal morphology of broilers
2.4 植物精油和复合有机酸对肉鸡空肠消化酶活性的影响

表 5可知,饲粮中添加植物精油显著提高21日龄时肉鸡空肠脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶的活性(P < 0.05),显著提高了42日龄时肉鸡空肠淀粉酶的活性(P < 0.05)。饲粮中添加复合有机酸显著提高了21日龄时肉鸡空肠脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶的活性(P < 0.05),显著提高了42日龄时肉鸡空肠淀粉酶和脂肪酶的活性(P < 0.05)。饲粮中添加植物精油和复合有机酸对空肠淀粉酶、脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶的活性均无显著的交互作用(P>0.05)。

表 5 植物精油和酸化剂对肉鸡空肠消化酶活性的影响 Table 5 Effects of essential oil and compound organic acids on jejunum digestive enzyme activities of broilers  
2.5 植物精油和复合有机酸对肉鸡盲肠食糜挥发性脂肪酸含量的影响

表 6可知,饲粮中添加植物精油显著提高了21日龄时肉鸡盲肠食糜异丁酸含量(P < 0.05)。饲粮中添加复合有机酸显著提高了21日龄时肉鸡盲肠食糜乙酸和总挥发性脂肪酸含量(P < 0.05),并有提高丙酸和异戊酸含量的趋势(P=0.063、P=0.076);显著提高了42日龄时肉鸡盲肠食糜丁酸和总挥发性脂肪酸含量(P < 0.05),有提高乙酸和丙酸含量的趋势(P=0.077、P=0.090),有降低异丁酸含量的趋势(P=0.063)。饲粮中添加植物精油和复合有机酸对21日龄时肉鸡盲肠食糜丙酸和异戊酸含量以及42日龄时肉鸡盲肠食糜乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和总挥发性脂肪酸含量有显著的交互作用(P < 0.05),表现为提高了21日龄时肉鸡盲肠食糜丙酸和异戊酸的含量。

表 6 植物精油和复合有机酸对肉鸡盲肠食糜挥发性脂肪酸含量的影响 Table 6 Effects of plant essential oils and compound organic acids on volatile fatty acid contents in cecum chyme of broilers
3 讨论 3.1 植物精油和复合有机酸对肉鸡生长性能的影响

陈立华等[9]研究表明,饲粮中添加高剂量牛至油的肉鸡日增重最高。陈权军等[10]在1日龄雏鸭饲粮中分别添加30 mg/kg哇乙醇、30 mg/kg哇烯酮和15 mg/kg牛至油,发现牛至油添加组雏鸭日增重分别比哇乙醇添加组和对照组提高了11.3%和7.1%。朱晓磊等[11]研究发现,饲粮中添加百里香精油可以显著提高肉鸡的生长性能。本研究中,饲粮中添加植物精油对肉鸡的生长性能无显著影响,这与前人的研究结果不一致,可能与添加的植物精油的种类和剂量不同有关。家禽饲粮中添加有机酸可降低饲粮的pH和酸结合力,改善适口性,促进肠道对营养物质的吸收,从而提高家禽的采食量、体增重。Abdel-Fattah等[12]研究表明,肉鸡饲粮中添加1.5%的乙酸、3.0%的柠檬酸可以有效改善日增重和料重比。李军[13]研究表明,乳酸复合酸化剂在大鸡阶段显著提高了日增重,最大提高了7.8%。宋凡春[14]研究表明,添加500或250 mg/kg包被苯甲酸对白羽肉鸡后期生长性能的作用效果不显著。本试验与前人的结果相似,说明酸化剂的剂量不同会对肉鸡的生长性能产生较大差异。研究表明,饲粮同时添加苯甲酸和植物精油后,肉鸡的ADG有提高的趋势[15],F/G降低[16]。与单独添加植物精油和酸化剂相比,不同植物精油与有机酸组合添加对提高白羽肉鸡生长性能作用更佳[17]。在本研究中,同时添加植物精油和复合有机酸对肉鸡生长性能无显著影响,与前人的研究结果存在差异,其原因可能与植物精油和有机酸联用效果及其使用剂量、植物精油自身构成比例、植物精油与有机酸之间的配比协同作用以及肉鸡品种和饲养环境有关。

3.2 植物精油和复合有机酸对肉鸡血清生化指标的影响

血清中TP含量是体现肝脏功能及营养状况的重要指标,反映了蛋白质合成、吸收和代谢的情况。TP包括球蛋白(GLB)和白蛋白(ALB),GLB可增强机体免疫力,ALB可修复受损组织,故血清TP含量能反映出机体的蛋白质消化能力和免疫机能[18]。饲粮中添加抗生素和植物精油都可以显著提高断奶仔猪血清中TP和ALB含量,表明植物精油和抗生素效果相同,可以有效改善仔猪蛋白质代谢水平[19]。本研究中,饲粮中添加植物精油显著提高了21日龄时肉鸡血清中TP和ALB的含量以及42日龄时肉鸡血清中ALB的含量,与前人研究结果一致。已有研究显示,饮水中添加复合酸化剂可以显著提高肉鸡血清中TP和ALB的含量[20];饲粮中添加复合酸化剂显著提高肉鸡血清中ALB含量[21]。本研究中,饲粮中添加复合有机酸有提高42日龄时肉鸡血清中ALB含量的趋势,这与前人的研究结果不完全一致,推测可能与酸化剂的添加量或饲喂方式不同有关。本研究表明,同时添加植物精油和复合有机酸可以提高肉鸡血清ALB的含量,这与王盼盼等[22]的研究结果一致。有研究显示,在肉鸡饲粮中添加有机酸和复合微囊包被物可以提高血清TP含量[23],表明复合有机酸与植物精油联合使用有一定的协同作用。

3.3 植物精油和复合有机酸对肉鸡肠道形态的影响

肠道绒毛作为肠道的重要组成部分,其形态结构的变化直接影响着机体对营养物质的消化和吸收[24]。而肠道VH、CD、VH/CD是评价肠道消化吸收能力的重要指标[25]。在本研究中,饲粮中添加植物精油显著提高了21日龄时肉鸡空肠VH和VH/CD,这与前人的研究结果[26-27]一致。Paul等[28]研究发现,饲粮中添加有机酸可以显著增加肉鸡空肠的VH。但是Gunal等[29]研究表明,复合酸化剂对肉鸡肠道形态并无显著影响。本试验结果表明,饲粮中添加复合有机酸能提高21日龄时肉鸡空肠的VH/CD。总体来说,饲粮中添加酸化剂对肠道形态的影响效果并不统一,可能与鸡的品种、饲养环境、酸化剂的种类及剂量不同有关。研究表明,肉鸡饲粮添加“精油+有机酸”微囊包被制剂对其十二指肠VH的增高、CD变浅及VH/CD增高均具有一定作用[23]。本研究表明,同时添加植物精油和复合有机酸显著降低了21日龄时肉鸡十二指肠的CD,显著提高了42日龄时肉鸡十二指肠的VH/CD。本试验结果与前人的报道一致,表明植物精油和酸化剂在改善肉鸡肠道形态时有一定的协同作用。

3.4 植物精油和复合有机酸对肉鸡空肠消化酶活性和盲肠食糜挥发性脂肪酸含量的影响

研究表明,鸡肠道中的大部分淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶和脂肪酶均分布在十二指肠和空肠[30-31],因此,空肠消化酶活性可以作为衡量肠道消化能力的重要指标[31]。植物精油具有一定的黏性,可以使饲料黏附在肠壁上,刺激肠道分泌消化酶对其进行消化[32]。研究发现,饲粮中添加适宜水平的百里香酚和肉桂醛提高了肉鸡肠道胰蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性[33-34]。李晓东等报道,植物精油可以显著提高肉仔鸡肠道蛋白酶活性和淀粉酶活性[35]。在本研究中,饲粮中添加植物精油提高肉鸡空肠淀粉酶、脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶的活性,这与前人的研究结果一致。研究发现,在饲粮中添加复合酸化剂显著提高了肉鸡小肠淀粉酶活性[36];显著提高了仔猪十二指肠蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性,但对脂肪酶活性的影响不显著[37];显著提高了仔猪十二指肠胰蛋白酶活性[38]。本试验结果表明,饲粮中添加复合有机酸提高了肉鸡空肠淀粉酶、脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶的活性,这与前人的结果基本一致。研究显示,肉鸡饲粮添加“精油+有机酸”微囊包被制剂显著提高了其小肠α-淀粉酶及糜蛋白酶活性[23]。本试验得到的结果与上述报道相似,即在饲粮中同时添加植物精油和酸化剂提高了42日龄时肉鸡空肠胰蛋白酶活性,推测可能是饲粮中添加的植物精油和有机酸能够降低肠道内环境pH,从而刺激肠壁消化腺的代谢分泌活动,促进消化酶分泌,提高消化酶活性[39]

短链脂肪酸可以调节肠道中微生物结构,给宿主提供能量,在机体营养代谢过程中起重要作用。Tiihonen等[40]的研究发现,饲粮中添加百里香酚和肉桂醛能够增加肉鸡盲肠丁酸的相对含量。在本研究中,饲粮中添加植物精油显著提高了21日龄时肉鸡盲肠食糜异丁酸含量,并有提高42日龄时肉鸡盲肠食糜丙酸含量的趋势。郭传珍等[41]研究显示,在饲粮中添加不同剂量的丁酸钠均可增加肉仔鸡肠道挥发性脂肪酸含量。在本研究中,饲粮中添加复合有机酸显著提高了21日龄时肉鸡盲肠食糜乙酸含量,并有提高丙酸和异戊酸含量的趋势,表明复合有机酸具有调节肉鸡盲肠食糜挥发性脂肪酸含量的作用。Yang等[42]研究表明山梨酸、富马酸和百里酚混合物(EOA)可以减少有害菌数量,提高挥发性脂肪酸含量来促进饲料转化率。Yang等[43]报道,有机酸和植物精油联用显著提高了肉鸡空肠丁酸和回肠总挥发性脂肪酸含量。本研究中,饲粮中同时添加植物精油和复合有机酸提高了21日龄时肉鸡盲肠食糜丙酸和异戊酸的含量以及42日龄时肉鸡盲肠食糜乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和总短链脂肪酸的含量,与上述研究结果一致,说明植物精油与酸化剂可以协同提高肉鸡盲肠挥发性脂肪酸的含量。

4 结论

饲粮中添加植物精油(150 g/t)和复合有机酸(1.5 kg/t)对肉鸡生长性能没有显著影响,但可以改善血清生化指标和肠道形态结构,提高空肠消化酶活性,增加盲肠食糜总挥发性脂肪酸含量。综合各项指标,两者合用更有利于肉鸡的肠道健康。

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