动物营养学报    2022, Vol. 34 Issue (1): 123-130    PDF    
分娩前饲喂包被氯化钙对母猪产程和死胎的影响
汪刘1 , 杨志鹏1 , 王苗苗1 , 彭健1,2 , 谭家健3 , 孙海清3 , 魏宏逵1,2     
1. 华中农业大学动物科学技术学院, 武汉 430070;
2. 生猪健康养殖协同创新中心, 武汉 430070;
3. 广西扬翔股份有限公司, 贵港 537000
摘要: 本试验旨在研究分娩前饲喂包被氯化钙对母猪产程和死胎的影响。选取913头妊娠109 d丹系长×大和大×长二元杂交母猪,根据体况和胎次接近的原则分成3组。对照组于妊娠109 d至分娩当天每天饲喂基础饲粮,试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组在基础饲粮的基础上分别额外饲喂25和50 g/d包被氯化钙。饲养试验从妊娠109 d到分娩当天。试验过程中每天进行粪便评分,于分娩当天记录试验母猪产程、产仔数和死胎数,并釆集尿液和血液分别用于测定尿液pH和血清钙离子浓度。结果表明:1)总产仔数和分娩前饲喂包被氯化钙对母猪死胎数无显著交互作用(P>0.05);试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组死胎数分别为0.31和0.28头,显著低于对照组的0.44头(P < 0.05),但试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组无显著差异(P>0.05)。2)试验Ⅰ组母猪产程相较于对照组显著缩短(P < 0.05),而试验Ⅱ组产程相较于对照组无显著差异(P>0.05);3组母猪胎盘排出时间之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。3)3组母猪妊娠109 d和分娩当天尿液pH之间无显著差异(P>0.05);妊娠110 d到妊娠113 d,对照组和试验Ⅰ组尿液pH无显著差异(P>0.05),试验Ⅱ组尿液pH显著低于对照组和试验Ⅰ组(P < 0.05)。与对照组相比,试验组母猪血清钙离子浓度显著提高(P < 0.05),妊娠112 d和分娩当天粪便评分显著降低(P < 0.05);3组母猪便秘率之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上所述,母猪妊娠109 d至分娩前饲喂25 g/d包被氯化钙可显著缩短产程,减少死胎,而且该效果不受母猪总产仔数的影响,该调控效果与其提高血液钙离子浓度有关。
关键词: 死胎    产程    包被氯化钙    总产仔数    
Effects of Feeding Coated Calcium Chloride before Farrowing on Duration of Farrowing and Stillbirth of Sows
WANG Liu1 , YANG Zhipeng1 , WANG Miaomiao1 , PENG Jian1,2 , TAN Jiajian3 , SUN Haiqing3 , WEI Hongkui1,2     
1. College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
2. Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China;
3. Guangxi Yangxiang Joint Stock Co., Ltd., Guigang 537000, China
Abstract: This study was designed to investigate the effects of feeding coated calcium chloride before farrowing on duration of farrowing and stillbirth of sows. A total of 913 Danish Landrace×Yorkshire and Yorkshire×Landrace crossbred pregnant sows at 109 days of gestation were divided into 3 groups according to the principle of similar body condition and fetal parity. Sows in the control group were fed a basal diet every day from day 109 of gestation to the day of farrowing, and those in the experimental groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ were fed the basal diet supplemented with 25 and 50 g/d coated calcium chloride, respectively. The feeding trail was conducted from day 109 of gestation to the day of farrowing. During the experiment, fecal score was conducted every day. On the day of farrowing, the duration of farrowing, number born and stillbirth number of the experimental sows were recorded. Urine and blood were collected for the determination of urine pH and serum calcium ion concentration respectively. The results showed as follows: l) there was not a significant interaction effect between feeding coated calcium chloride before farrowing and number born on stillbirth number of sows (P>0.05). The stillbirth numbers in the experimental groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ were 0.31 and 0.28, respectively, which were significantly less than that of 0.44 in the control group (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between experimental groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ (P>0.05). 2) The duration of farrowing of sows in the experimental group Ⅰ was significantly shorter than that in the control group (P < 0.05), while the duration of farrowing in experimental group Ⅱ was not significantly different from that in the control group (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the placenta expulsion time among the three groups (P>0.05). 3) There was no significant difference in urine pH of sows among the three groups on day 109 of gestation and the day of farrowing (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in urine pH between the control group and the experimental group Ⅰ from day 110 to day 113 of gestation, while the urine pH in the experimental group Ⅱ was significantly lower than that in the control group and the experimental group Ⅰ (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the serum calcium ion concentration of sows in the experimental groups was significantly increased (P < 0.05), and the feces score on day 112 of gestation and the day of farrowing was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the constipation rate of sows among the three groups (P>0.05). In conclusion, feeding coated calcium chloride with 25 g/d on day 109 of gestation to farrowing for sows can significantly decrease the duration of farrowing and reduce the stillbirth, moreover the effect is not affected by the number born in total of sows, and the regulation effect may be related to the increase of blood calcium ion concentration.
Key words: stillbirth    duration of farrowing    coated calcium chloride    number born in total    

死胎数是影响母猪繁殖性能的关键指标。研究表明,产程与死胎直接相关[1-2],当产程延长时可能使胎盘脱离或脐带破裂,从而增加仔猪窒息的风险,进而提高死胎率[3-4]。因此,尽可能地缩短母猪产程是减少分娩时仔猪死亡的重要途径。已有研究证实,血清中钙离子的浓度较低是造成分娩时宫缩乏力的原因之一,且钙离子浓度与宫缩乏力程度呈负相关[5]。妊娠期间,为了适应胎儿的生长发育,母体肾小球滤过率升高,尿钙含量上升,且此时循环血量的增多进一步加重了机体低钙状态,尤其是妊娠后期最为突出[6];同时,机体内环境在分娩期间多为酸性,这导致血清钙离子排岀速率提高[7],对分娩造成了不利影响。Bones等[8]对产程长(平均297 min)和产程短(平均172 min)的母猪血清钙离子进行了测定,发现产程长短和血清钙离子浓度具有相关性。口服氯化钙已被证明可以增加血液钙离子浓度[9],在母猪饲粮中添加氯化钙可能能够补充母猪妊娠期时所需的钙离子,缩短母猪产程,进而降低死胎率。然而,口服氯化钙对消化道黏膜具有腐蚀性,且大剂量使用会造成机体代谢性酸中毒[10]。因此,对氯化钙进行包被可以很好地减少氯化钙对机体的刺激。基于此,本研究旨在确定包被氯化钙对产程及死胎的影响及适宜添加量,为包被氯化钙在母猪生产中的合理应用提供科学依据。

1 材料与方法 1.1 试验动物和分组

本试验在广西扬翔农牧责任有限公司凤凰二场(北纬22°52′、东经109°29′)进行,试验时间从2018年6月至2018年9月。选择试验场8批次(913头)丹系长白×大白和大白×长白二元杂交母猪为试验对象,按照胎次一致或接近的原则随机分为3组。对照组(290头)饲喂基础饲粮(喂料时不饲喂包被氯化钙);试验Ⅰ组(295头)从妊娠109 d到分娩当天,喂料时在基础饲粮的基础上额外添加25 g/d包被氯化钙;试验Ⅱ组(328头)从妊娠109 d到分娩当天,喂料时在基础饲粮的基础上额外添加50 g/d包被氯化钙。

1.2 饲养管理

妊娠母猪饲养于妊娠舍大栏进行群养,每栏6~10头母猪。妊娠舍为半封闭式猪舍,人工清粪,舍内空气流通,采用风扇调节温度。妊娠107 d左右重胎母猪转入已经清洗、消毒完成的产房进行饲养。产房为全封闭式猪舍,母猪饲养于定位栏,单栏饲养。妊娠107 d至妊娠113 d,每天人工饲喂母猪基础饲粮,其组成及营养水平见表 1;喂料量从3.0 kg/d降低至0.5 kg/d,分别在07:30和14:30各饲喂1次,分娩当天不饲喂。妊娠109 d至分娩前1天早上(07:30)喂料时在试验组母猪饲粮中投撒不同剂量包被氯化钙。在母猪预产期当天24 h监测,准备接产。

表 1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础) Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis)  
1.3 样品釆集和方法

每组随机选择18~20头母猪,采集尿液和血液样品。尿液采集:妊娠109 d到分娩当天,每天06:00—07:30(喂料前)采集50 mL母猪尿液。血液采集:母猪分娩时,采集耳静脉血,制备血浆样品。

1.4 指标测定及方法

根据配种记录,记录母猪耳号、品种、品系、胎次、上一胎总产仔数和产活仔数信息。待产母猪提前7 d进入产房,24 h监测,准备接产。

背膘厚度测定:采用美国Renco超声波背膘仪测定母猪妊娠109 d时的背膘厚度。具体方法:选定待测母猪,于待测母猪最后肋骨上距背中线6.5~7.5 cm处剪毛,然后涂上液体石蜡,调节好背膘仪,将探头放在剪毛处,待背膘仪稳定读数后记录数据,连续测定3次,记录稳定值[11]

产程记录:精确记录第1头仔猪出生时间、最后1头仔猪出生时间、胎盘排出时间以及助产仔猪数(对产程间隔超过1 h的仔猪进行助产)。

产仔性能记录:记录总产仔数、产活仔数、木乃伊数和死胎数。

母猪粪便评分:妊娠109 d到分娩后4 d,每天早晨清扫粪便前观察母猪排便情况并记录打分,评分规则为:0分,没有粪便;1分,干燥圆筒状粪便;2分,介于干燥和正常粪便之间;3分,正常粪便,外观柔软且坚韧有型;4分,外观有型但不坚实;5分,稀粪,无固定形状且有液体。

母猪便秘记录:每天排便为不发生便秘;连续l~2 d不排便为轻度便秘;连续3~4 d不排便为严重便秘;连续5 d以上不排便为极其严重便秘[12]

尿液pH测定:釆集母猪尿液后,立即用pH仪检测。

血清钙离子浓度测定:通过微板法与标准浓度钙离子酶标仪比色测定血清钙离子浓度。

1.5 数据统计

利用Excel 2016对收集的数据进行整理,所有数据分析工作均采用SAS 9.4软件完成。其中,包被氯化钙对母猪产程、产仔性能、尿液pH、粪便评分和血清钙离子浓度影响的数据釆用SAS 9.4软件的MIXED程序完成,不同批次仔猪看做随机效应,不同添加剂量包被氯化钙看做固定效应。此外,在分析不同总产仔数下包被氯化钙对母猪产仔性能的影响时,采用协方差分析完成,不同批次仔猪看做随机效应,而产仔数作为协变量纳入分析。当差异显著(P < 0.05)时,釆用Duncan氏法进行多重比较检验,试验结果以“平均值±标准差”表示。包被氯化钙对母猪便秘率的影响使用卡方检验。以P < 0.05为显著水平。

2 结果与分析 2.1 分娩前饲喂包被氯化钙对母猪产仔的影响 2.1.1 分娩前饲喂包被氯化钙对母猪产仔性能的影响

表 2可知,与对照组相比,试验组母猪胎次、上一胎总产仔数、上一胎产活仔数和妊娠109 d背膘厚度均无显著差异(P>0.05)。由表 3可知,与对照组相比,试验组母猪总产仔数、产活仔数、助产仔猪数和木乃伊数均无显著差异(P>0.05);试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组死胎数无显著差异(P>0.05),但试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组死胎数显著低于对照组(P < 0.05);试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组死胎率无显著差异(P>0.05),但试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组死胎率显著低于对照组(P < 0.05)。

表 2 试验母猪档案信息汇总 Table 2 Summary of experimental sow profile information
表 3 分娩前饲喂包被氯化钙对母猪产仔性能的影响 Table 3 Effects of feeding coated calcium chloride before farrowing on litter performance of sows
2.1.2 分娩前饲喂包被氯化钙对不同总产仔数母猪产死胎的影响

表 4可知,对于死胎数而言,分娩前饲喂包被氯化钙和总产仔数之间没有显著交互作用(P>0.05)。

表 4 分娩前饲喂包被氯化钙对不同总产仔数母猪产死胎的影响 Table 4 Effects of feeding coated calcium chloride before farrowing on stillbirth of sows with different total number born  
2.2 分娩前饲喂包被氯化钙对母猪产程的影响

表 5可知,试验Ⅰ组母猪产程显著低于对照组(P < 0.05),试验Ⅱ组产程与对照组和试验Ⅰ组差异不显著(P>0.05);试验Ⅰ组母猪平均产仔间隔有低于对照组的趋势(P>0.05);由表 6可知,3组母猪胎盘排出时间之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表 5 分娩前饲喂包被氯化钙对母猪产程的影响 Table 5 Effects of feeding coated calcium chloride before farrowing on duration of farrowing of sows
表 6 分娩前饲喂包被氯化钙对母猪胎盘排出时间的影响 Table 6 Effects of feeding coated calcium chloride before farrowing on placenta expulsion time of sows
2.3 分娩前饲喂包被氯化钙对母猪尿液pH、粪便评分和血清钙离子浓度的影响 2.3.1 分娩前饲喂包被氯化钙对母猪尿液pH的影响

表 7可知,3组母猪妊娠109 d和分娩当天尿液pH之间无显著差异(P>0.05);妊娠110 d到妊娠113 d,对照组和试验Ⅰ组尿液pH无显著差异(P>0.05),试验Ⅱ组尿液pH显著低于对照组和试验Ⅰ组(P < 0.05);对照组和试验Ⅰ组尿液pH平均值无显著差异(P>0.05),试验Ⅱ组尿液pH平均值显著低于对照组和试验Ⅰ组(P < 0.05)。

表 7 分娩前饲喂包被氯化钙对母猪尿液pH的影响 Table 7 Effects of feeding coated calcium chloride before farrowing on urine pH of sows
2.3.2 分娩前饲喂包被氯化钙对母猪粪便评分的影响

图 1-A可知,试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组母猪妊娠112 d和分娩当天粪便评分显著低于对照组(P < 0.05),而在其他时间点无显著差异(P>0.05);有图 1-B可知,与对照组相比,分娩前饲喂包被氯化钙对母猪便秘率无显著影响(P>0.05)。

*表示与对照组相比差异显著(P < 0.05)。粪便评分按照每组随机抽取母猪进行评分的原则,其中对照组抽样样本数n=63,试验Ⅰ组抽样样本数n=71,试验Ⅱ组抽样样本数n=71。 * mean significant difference compared with the control group (P < 0.05). The feces score was evaluated according to the principle of random sampling of sows in each group. The number of samples in the control group was n=63, the number of samples in the experimental group Ⅰ was n=71, and the number of samples in the experimental group Ⅱ was n=71. 图 1 分娩前饲喂包被氯化钙对母猪粪便评分(A)和便秘率(B)的影响 Fig. 1 Effects of feeding coated calcium chloride before farrowing on feces score (A) and constipation rate (B) of sows
2.3.3 分娩前饲喂包被氯化钙对母猪血清钙离子浓度的影响

图 2可知,试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组母猪血清钙离子浓度显著高于对照组(P < 0.05),而试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅰ组之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。

数据柱标注不同字母表示差异显著(P < 0.05)。母猪按照每组随机抽样的原则进行测定,其中对照组抽样样本数n=16,试验Ⅰ组抽样样本数n=17,试验Ⅱ组抽样样本数n=19。 Date columns with different letters mean significant difference (P < 0.05). Sows were measured according to the principle of random sampling in each group. The number of samples in the control group was n=16, the number of samples in the experimental group Ⅰ was n=17, and the number of samples in the experimental group Ⅱ was n=19. 图 2 分娩前饲喂包被氯化钙对母猪血清钙离子浓度的影响 Fig. 2 Effects of feeding coated calcium chloride before farrowing on serum calcium ion concentration of sows
3 讨论 3.1 分娩前饲喂包被氯化钙对母猪产程的影响

本研究结果表明,在试验组与对照组母猪胎次、妊娠109 d背膘厚度、上一胎总产仔数和上一胎产活仔数没有显著差异的情况下,试验Ⅰ组母猪产仔时间(产程)为(273.70±124.01) min,对照组为(326.80±176.00) min,分娩前饲喂25 g/d包被氯化钙使母猪产程和平均产仔间隔缩短。子宫平滑肌的收缩主要是依靠机体对钙离子的浓度调控来完成的,血清钙离子浓度降低时会导致宫缩乏力[13],从而导致母猪产程延长。本试验中,试验组与对照组母猪胎盘排出时间没有显著差异,可能是因为胎盘排出时间与产活仔数有关[14],而3组产活仔数之间没有显著差异。

3.2 分娩前饲喂包被氯化钙对母猪尿液pH、血清钙离子浓度和粪便评分的影响

本试验中,与对照组相比,分娩前饲喂50 g/d包被氯化钙显著降低母猪尿液pH。氯化钙的酸化作用是由于钙的吸收率低于氯,尿氯的排泄减少了碳酸氢盐的排泄,增加了铵离子的排泄,使尿液的pH酸化[15]。本试验中,分娩前饲喂25 g/d包被氯化钙后,母猪尿液pH和对照组没有显著差异,这可能与机体内缓冲体系有关,而保持机体pH的稳定是生命活动正常运行的必要条件;而分娩前饲喂50 g/d包被氯化钙以后,相对于对照组,母猪尿液pH显著降低,其原因可能是氯化钙摄入过多导致机体缓冲体系的缓冲能力下降的结果。

研究表明,母体妊娠期因为血液循环量的增加,肾血流量及肾小球滤过率增大,尿钙排泄量增加,同时胎儿因骨骼生长需求同样需要母体供应大量的钙,这导致机体缺钙[16]。本研究中随机抽取母猪在分娩当天进行血样采集,并对血清钙离子浓度进行检测,发现在母猪妊娠109 d的基础饲粮中添加25和50 g/d包被氯化钙,相较于对照组可以显著提高血清钙离子浓度;而添加25和50 g/d包被氯化钙之间却没有统计学上的差异,这可能是由于随着体内代谢酸负荷的增加,机体内钙离子浓度下降[17-18]

围产期母猪常发生便秘,便秘不仅受到饲粮以及饲养技术的影响,还受到围产期粪便含水量下降的影响[19]。便秘还可能增加细菌内毒素的释放和吸收,并导致母猪发生产后乳头肌功能不全综合征[20]。Oliviero等[3]研究发现,便秘问题母猪产仔时间较长,并且可能会导致围产期母猪死胎增多。本试验中,对照组和2个试验组母猪便秘率分别为17.46%、18.31%和15.49%,分娩前饲喂包被氯化钙以后,母猪便秘率没有发现统计学上的差异。此外,在对围产期母猪的分娩前后进行粪便评分中,发现试验组母猪粪便形态并没有改善,说明分娩前饲喂包被氯化钙并没有改善母猪便秘。有学者在人类医学中得出了类似结论,当婴儿用含有高钙的牛奶配方喂养时,其粪便硬度显著高于母乳喂食组,且粪便硬度和钙含量具有显著的相关性[21]

4 结论

母猪妊娠109 d饲喂25 g/d包被氯化钙可显著缩短产程,减少死胎,而且该效果不受母猪总产仔数的影响,该调控效果与其提高血液钙离子浓度有关。

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