15 August 2014, Volume 26 Issue 8
    

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  • Effect of Arginine on Intestinal Health of Weaner Piglets and Related Mechanisms
    REN Shanmao, TAO Yong
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2035-2039. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.001
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) HTML Knowledge map Save
    Arginine is the precursor of many important biological molecules, such as protein, nitric oxide, ornithine, polyamine and so on. It is important in muscle protein synthesis, immune regulation, cell division, wound recovery and other physiological processes. This review summarized the need of arginine and its metabolic characteristics, and its role in improving the structure and function of intestinal mucosa in weaner piglets. The mechanisms of arginine on promoting growth and repairing intestinal mucosa were also summarized.
  • Manufacturing Methods and Biological Functions of Cinnamaldehyde
    ZHOU Ming, CHEN Zheng, SHEN Shuting
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2040-2045. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.002
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    Cinnamaldehyde is extracted from Cinnamomum cassia and other plants, and also can be synthesized artificially. Cinnamaldehyde has many biological functions, such as resistance to bacteria, virus and anticancer function. This review summarizes the manufacturing methods, biological functions and application effects of cinnamaldehyde.
  • Research Advances in Phosphorus Emission Reduction in Holstein Heifers
    ZHANG Bin, YANG Jinyong, WEI Zihai, LIU Jianxin, LIU Hongyun
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2046-2050. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.003
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    As the lack of research in phosphorus requirement of heifer nowadays, the content of phosphorus in heifer diet used in production is often higher than required, which results in serious environmental pollution by the excretion of excessive phosphorus. This paper reviewed the key roles of phosphorus in dairy cows' production, the recommendations of phosphorus content in heifer diet in different feeding standards, current situation of phosphorus excretion and related problems in scaled dairy farms, and discussed some effective nutritional ways to reduce phosphorus emission of heifers.
  • Role of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 in Energy Metabolism Regulation and Its Potential Application in Animal Nutrition Studies
    GUAN Dandan, CHEN Daiwen, YU Bing, YU Jie
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2051-2057. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.004
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    Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a recently identified novel metabolic regulator which is a special member of fibroblast growth factors family. FGF21 is known as a regulatory molecule of energy metabolism through various pathways. This paper reviewed the regulation of FGF21 in glucose and lipid metabolisms and the underlying molecular mechanisms. The potential application of FGF21 in animal nutrition studies was also mentioned in this article.
  • Effect of Feed Restriction on Body Immune Function and Animal Production
    LIU Lulu, HUO Wenying, YAN Bingxue, QI Dongfeng, WANG Xianyong, HUANG Yanqun, WANG Zhixiang, CHEN Wen
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2058-2063. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.005
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    Great quantities of diseases of experiment animals such as mice, monkey and Drosophila etc. and human can be decreased by feed restriction. Feed restriction has been widely used in specific production phase of poultry, pigs and other animals, and it can effectively improve body immune function and disease resistance. The research advances in the effects of feed restriction on body immune function were reviewed in this article. Its application in animal production was also presented.
  • Research Advances in Characteristic Flavors of Mutton
    TANG Lu, JIANG Mingfeng, WANG Yong
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2064-2070. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.006
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    To some extent, the special odor of mutton, commonly known as "goaty" flavor, can affect the quality of mutton and consumers' acceptance. In order to stimulate the development of sheep industry, it is highly important to study material basis and forming mechanism of characteristic flavors of mutton. In this article, tissue origins, material composition, and influence factors that were responsible for the forming of characteristic flavors of mutton were summarized, and some usual methods used to reduce the odor of mutton, the metabolism and molecular regulation mechanism of the flavors were also reviewed.
  • Research Progress of the Mechanism of Antibacterial Peptide in Animal Intestinal Mucosa Maintaining Microbial Flora Balance
    CAI Jie, TANG Zhiru, DENG Huan, SUN Zhihong, LAI Xing
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2071-2076. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.007
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    The gut microbiota form a symbiotic relationship in human and animals, which keep the gut and the host healthy as well as cause potential damage. Antimicrobial peptides of intestinal mucosa synthesized or secreted by intestinal cells are a kind of defensive peptides against the pathogenicity of exogenous pathogens. The antimicrobial peptides of intestinal mucosa, including defensins, cathelicidins (e.g. LL-37), C-type lectins (such as the regenerating islet-derived protein family), ribonucleases (RNases) and S100 proteins (e.g. calprotectin), are involved in the maintenance of animal intestinal microflora balance. This paper reviewed the effect and mechanism of the animal intestinal mucosal antimicrobial peptides in maintaining microbial flora balance.
    • Swine Nutrition
  • Effects of Sow Diet Supplemented with Arginine on the Number of Intestinal Immunological Cells of Piglets
    KOU Tao, LV Jiaqi, LI Wei, WANG Tian
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2077-2084. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.008
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    This study was conducted to study the effects of sow diet supplemented with arginine (Arg) on the number of intestinal mucosal immune cells of offspring piglets. On day 30 of gestation, twenty pregnant sows (Landrace×White) were randomly divided into 2 groups (10 pregnant sows per group), receiving a basal diet and the basal diet supplemented with 1% Arg, respectively. Eight neonatal piglets with a normal birth weight (control group) and 8 piglets with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR group) chosen from the sows fed the basal diet, respectively, and 8 IUGR piglets (Arg+IUGR group) chosen from the sows fed the basal diet supplemented with 1% Arg. Four piglets of each group were slaughtered to determine the number of immune cells in jejunum and ileum mucosae at 7 and 21 days of age. The results showed that compared with IUGR group, the average daily gain of piglets in Arg+IUGR group was increased at 8 to 21 days of age and 1 to 21 days of age (P>0.05). Compared with IUGR group, the number of mast cells in jejunum and goblet cells in ileum of piglets in Arg+IUGR group were significantly increased at 7 days of age (P<0.01), and the number of mast cells in ileum and goblet cells in jejunum were increased (P>0.05). At 21 days of age, the number of mast cells and goblet cells in jejunum were significantly increased (P<0.05), as well as the number of goblet cells in ileum (P<0.05). The results indicate that the pregnant sow diet supplemented with Arg can increase the average daily gain and the number of immune cells in intestinal mucosa of IUGR piglets, and enhance intestinal immunity of offspring.
  • Effects of Standardized Ileal Digestible Valine Level on Growth Performance, Plasma Amino Acids and Urea Nitrogen Contents of Growing Pigs
    YI Mengxia, YI Xuewu, HE Xi, CHEN Datu, HU Guanbo, ZHANG Shirui
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2085-2092. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.009
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    This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) valine (Val) level on growth performance, plasma amino acids and urea nitrogen contents of growing pigs. This experiment was conducted to choose 420 barrows (Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire) which were allotted to 5 treatments with 6 replicates per treatment and 14 barrows per replicate. Except dietary Val level, the nutrient levels of experimental diets were referred to recommended the nutrient requirements of swine in NRC (2012), therefore dietary SID Val levels were 0.59%, 0.64%, 0.69%, 0.74% and 0.79%, respectively. The results showed as follows: the average daily gain and feed to gain ratio of treatments with the dietary SID Val level at 0.69%, 0.74% and 0.79% were no significantly different (P>0.05), but were significantly improved when compared with the treatment with the dietary SID Val level at 0.59% (P<0.01). With the dietary SID Val level increased, the average daily gain and feed to gain ratio had linear and quadratic trend (P<0.01). With broken-line model and quadratic regression trend of the data from average daily gain and feed to gain ratio, this trial showed that the dietary SID Val requirement is 0.65% to 0.73% when the dietary SID Lys level is 0.98%, and the optimum SID Val level is 0.68% for 20 to 50 kg growing pigs.
    • Poultry Nutrition
  • Effects of Copper on Lipid Metabolism, Antioxidant Ability and Immune Organ Indexes of Wulong Geese Aged from 1 to 4 Weeks
    WANG Baowei, XU Chenchen, GE Wenhua, ZHANG Ming, YUE Bin, SHI Xueping, ZHANG Xuejun, WANG Xin
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2093-2100. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.010
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    This experiment was conducted to study the effects of copper on lipid metabolism, antioxidant ability and immune organ indexes of Wulong geese at the aged of 1 to 4 weeks, and to find the optimum copper level in diets. A total of 360 one-day-old Wulong geese were divided into 6 groups with 6 replicates per group and 10 geese per replicate. Geese in the group Ⅰ (control group) were fed a basal diet (copper content was 6.43 mg/kg), and geese in the experimental groups (groups Ⅱ to Ⅵ) were fed the basal diet supplemented with 15, 30, 60, 120 and 240 mg/kg copper, respectively. The experiment lasted for 4 weeks. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with control group, serum total cholesterol, triglyceride and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol contents in group Ⅲ were significantly decreased (P<0.05), and high density lipoproteins-cholesterol content was significantly increased (P<0.05). 2) Compared with control group, total anti-oxidative capacity, the activities of CuZn superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD) and copper-protein (CP) and immune organ indexes in group Ⅱ were significantly improved (P<0.05 or P<0.01). 3) Serum CuZn-SOD and CP activities had significant positive correlation with the immune organ indexex (P<0.05 or P<0.01). In conclusion, adding 15 mg/kg copper in the diet has significant effects on lipid metabolism, antioxidant ability and immune organ indexes of Wulong geese aged from 1 to 4 weeks. It has a correlation among body antioxidant enzyme activity, lipid metabolism and immune organ indexes in some extent.
  • Effects of Dietary Lysine Level on Performance, Egg Quality and Serum Biochemical and Hormonal Indices of Linwu Ducks Aged from 22 to 28 Weeks
    LIN Qian, ZHANG Xu, JIANG Guitao, DAI Qiuzhong
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2101-2109. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.011
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    This experiment was conducted to study the effects of dietary lysine (Lys) level on performance, egg quality and serum biochemical and hormonal indices of Linwu ducks aged from 22 to 28 weeks, and to find the Lys requirement of Linwu ducks in early laying period. A total of 125 healthy 147-day-old Linwu duck with the nearly same body weight and laying rate were randomly selected and divided into 5 groups (dietary Lys level were 0.65%, 0.75%, 0.85%, 0.95% and 1.05%, respectively) with 5 replicates in each group and 5 ducks in each replicate. There was a 7 days adaptation period and a 42 days experimental period. The results showed as follows: 1) dietary Lys level had no significant effects on performance of laying ducks (P>0.05), but 0.95% Lys group obtained the best performance except average egg weight. 2) Dietary Lys level had no significant effects on egg shell thickness, albumen height, Haugh unit, yolk ratio, albumen ratio of laying ducks (P>0.05). The yolk color in 0.75% Lys group was significantly higher than that in 0.65% and 0.95% Lys groups (P<0.05), the egg shape index in 1.05% Lys group was significantly higher than that in 0.85% and 0.95% Lys groups (P<0.05). 3) Dietary Lys level had no significant effects on the contents of glucose, total cholesterol, uric acid, total protein and globulin, and the activities of alkaline phosphatase, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase in serum of laying ducks (P>0.05). The contents of albumin and creatinine in serum and the ratio of albumin to globulin in 0.75% Lys group were significantly higher than those in 1.05% Lys group (P<0.05), the serum triglyceride content in 0.95% Lys group was significantly lower than that in 0.75% and 1.05% Lys groups (P<0.05 or P<0.01), the serum urea nitrogen content in 0.85% Lys group were significantly higher than that in 0.65% Lys group (P<0.05). 4) Dietary Lys level had no significant effects on the contents of insulin and glucagon in serum of laying ducks (P>0.05). The serum growth hormone content in 0.65% Lys group was significantly higher than that in 0.75%, 0.85% and 1.05% Lys groups (P<0.05 or P<0.01), the contents of cortisol, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) in serum in 1.05% Lys group were significantly higher than that in 0.75% and 0.85% Lys groups (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and the T3/T4 in 0.65% Lys group was significantly higher than those in 1.05% Lys group (P<0.05). In conclusion, in this experimental condition, dietary 0.65% Lys level can fulfil the requirement of Linwu ducks aged from 22 to 28 weeks, and dietary 0.95% Lys level can obtain the best performance.
  • Evaluation of Relative Bioavailability of Amino Acid Chelate Manganese with Slope Ratio Method for Broilers
    YANG Bin, CAI Huiyi, LIU Guohua, CHANG Wenhuan, ZHENG Aijuan, ZHANG Shu, LOU Ruiying, CHEN Guilan
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2110-2117. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.012
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    Manganese(Mn) is an essential trace element that must be added in poultry diet, but there are big differences of bioavailability between different Mn sources. Accurate evaluation of bioavailability is the precondition of effective utilization of Mn source. A total of 1 440 Arbor Acres (AA) male broilers were randomly divided into 16 groups (each group set 6 replicates, and 15 broilers per replicate), fed a basal diet and other 15 experimental diets of the basal diet with different Mn adding levels (5, 10, 15, 20, and 40 mg/kg) and Mn sources (MnSO4, manganese amino acid chelate A and manganese amino acid chelate B), respectively. The experiment lasted for 21 days. The results showed that adding Mn in broiler diets significantly improved final body weight, average daily gain, average daily feed intake and feed to gain ratio of broilers and reduced mortality (P<0.05), and Mn adding level significantly influenced the growth performance (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between different Mn sources (P>0.05). Adding Mn significantly increased the, Mn content in defatted dry weight and ash of tibia, and formed significant dose effect (P<0.05). Compared with MnSO4, the 2 kinds of organic Mn were significantly improved Mn content in defatted dry weight and ash of tibia (P<0.05). Using the slope ratio method to estimate the relative bioavailability of manganese amino acid chelate A and manganese amino acid chelate B are 136% and 143% (based on Mn content in defatted dry weight of tibia) or 114% and 144% (based on Mn content in tibia ash), respectively.
  • Effects of Body Weight on Total Heat Production and Fasting Heat Production in Net Energy Evaluation of Broilers
    LIU Wei, CAI Huiyi, YAN Haijie, LIU Guohua, ZHANG Shu, YANG Huaming
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2118-2125. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.013
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    This experiment was investigated to study the effects of body weight (BW) on total heat production (THP), fasting heat production (FHP) and fasting duration of broilers at 4 to 7 weeks of age by a patented open-circuit respiratory calorimetry equipment. A single factor randomized design had been taken, a total of 48 male Arbor Acre broilers at 4 to 7 weeks of age were selected, on the first day of each week, 12 birds with similar BW were assigned to 1 group, those birds were divided into 4 groups (6 replicates in each group and 2 birds in each replicate): groups A, B, C and D, and each group was one experimental period. One group of 12 broilers was randomly sent into 6 same respiratory chambers for energy metabolism test. For the tested birds, after a 1-day adaptation period, 3 days THP for feeding and another 3 days for fasting were recorded. After the broilers fed in the fifth day of nine o'clock, another 72 h for fasting was recorded and every 12 h was a statistical unit. The results showed as follows: 1) during fasting 12 to 36 h, the O2 consumption, CO2 production and FHP in each group were gradually decreased, those indexes in groups A and C were not different after fasting 12 and 24 h (P>0.05), but were significantly higher than fasting 36 h (P<0.05), and those indexes in groups C and D were sharply decreased after fasting 12, 24 and 36 h (P<0.05). Those indexes in group A were not different after fasting 48 and 72 h(P>0.05), but were significantly decreased after fasting 60 h (P<0.05). Those indexes in group B were gradually decreased after fasting 36, 48 and 72 h (P>0.05), but were sharply decreased after fasting 60 h (P<0.05). Those indexes in groups C and D were not different after fasting 48 h (P>0.05), but were significantly different before fasting 36 h (P<0.05). During fasting 12 to 72 h, the respiration quotient (RQ) of broilers were 0.65 to 0.75. There was no significant profile in RQ between different BW broilers during the same fasting duration. 2) The linear regression model of lgFHP (y) and lgBW (x) was y=0.737x-0.332 (R2=0.99, P<0.01). 3) The FHP of metabolic BW in each group were not different after fasting 48 h (P>0.05) and were close to 0.47 MJ/(kg BW0.74·d) calculated from regression equation. 4) With the BW growing, the O2 consumption, CO2 production, THP and FHP of broilers at 4 to 7 weeks of age were significantly increased(P<0.05). It is concluded that a fasting of 48 h is suitable for broilers' net energy measurement at 4 to 7 weeks of age. The linear regression model shows that the exponential coefficient of metabolic BW is 0.74 and the FHP is 0.47 MJ/(kg BW0.74·d). The BW has a significant effect on THP, FHP and fasting duration of AA broilers at 4 to 7 weeks of age.
  • Effects of Free Gossypol on Growth Performance, Ileal Nutrient Utilization and Intestinal Morphology of Meat Ducks Aged from 15 to 35 Days
    BAI Peng, ZENG Qiufeng, ZHANG Keying, DING Xuemei, BAI Shiping, LOU Yuheng, WANG Jianping, WU Xiuqun, ZHAO Lijun, LIN Shunquan
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2126-2135. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.014
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    This experiment was conducted to study the effects of dietary free gossypol (FG) content on growth performance, ileal nutrient utilization and intestinal morphology of meat ducks aged from 15 to 35 days. A total of 900 fifteen-day-old meat ducks were randomly allocated to 5 treatments with 10 replicates per treatment and 18 ducks per replicate. Dietary FG contents in the 5 treatments were 0 (control group), 36.4, 75.2, 110.7 and 152.9 mg/kg, respectively. The experiment lasted for 20 days. The results showed as follows: 1) with the increase of dietary FG content, the body weight of 35 days of age and average daily gain of meat ducks linearly decreased (P<0.01), the ratio of feed to gain linearly increased (P<0.01), the digestibility of energy, crude protein and dry matter in ileum of meat ducks linearly decreased (P<0.01), the villus height of duodenum and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth (V/C) at 21 days of age, and the crypt depth of jejunum at 21 days of age linearly decreased (P<0.01). 2) Compared with the control group, the body weight of 35 days of age, average daily gain and the digestibility of crude protein and dry matter in ileum of meat ducks were significantly decreased in 152.9 mg/kg FG group (P<0.01), and the ileal dry matter digestibility, villus height of duodenum and jejunum at 21 days of age, V/C of duodenum at 21 days of age and villus height of jejunum at 28 days of age were significantly decreased when dietary FG content ≥36.4 mg/kg (P<0.05 of P<0.01). In conclusion, dietary FG content of meat ducks should less than 36.4 mg/kg.
  • Effects of Dietary Nicotinic Acid Supplemental Level on Growth Performance, Slaughter Performance and Nutrient Apparent Availability of Wulong Geese
    DUAN Chenlei, WANG Baowei, GE Wenhua, ZHANG Ming, LI Wenli
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2136-2144. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.015
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    This experiment was conducted to study the effects of dietary nicotinic acid supplemental level on growth performance, slaughter performance and nutrient apparent availability of Wulong geese. Three hundred and sixty one-day-old Wulong geese were selected and randomly divided into 6 groups with 6 replicates in each group and 10 geese in each replicate. Geese in the control group (group Ⅰ) were fed a basal diet (nicotinic acid content: 1 to 4 weeks of age was 25.54 mg/kg; 5 to 16 weeks of age was 23.48 mg/kg), and geese in the other experiment groups (groups Ⅱ to Ⅵ) were fed the basal diets supplemented with 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg/kg nicotinic acid, respectively. The experiment lasted for 16 weeks. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, 1 to 4 weeks of age, the supplementation of 60 mg/kg nicotinic acid significantly decreased the ratio of feed to gain (F/G) (P<0.01), but there was no significant difference in average daily gain among all groups (P>0.05). Compared with the control group, 5 to 8 weeks and 9 to 16 weeks of age, the supplementation of 40 mg/kg nicotinic acid significantly decreased F/G (P<0.05 and P<0.01). 2) Compared with the control group, the supplementation of 60 mg/kg nicotinic acid significantly increased dressing percentage, percentage of half-eviscerated weight, percentage of eviscerated weight of geese at 4 weeks of age (P<0.01), but there were no significant differences in percentage of leg muscle and percentage of breast muscle among all groups (P>0.05). The supplementation of 60 mg/kg nicotinic acid significantly increased dressing percentage, percentage of half-eviscerated weight, percentage of leg muscle of geese and percentage of breast muscle at 16 weeks of age (P<0.01), and significantly increased percentage of eviscerated weight of geese at 16 weeks of age (P<0.05). 3) Compared with the control group, the supplementation of 60 mg/kg nicotinic acid significantly increased the apparent availability of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, calcium, phosphorus, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber (P<0.01). In conclusion, the nicotinic acid requirement of Wulong geese at 1 to 4 weeks of age is 85.54 mg/kg; that of 5 to 8 weeks of age is 63.48 mg/kg; and that of 9 to 16 weeks of age is 63.48 mg/kg.
    • Ruminants and Herbivorous Animal Nutrition
  • Ruminal Degradation Characteristics and Small Intestinal Digestibility of Rumen Undegraded Protein of Six Kinds of Commonly Used Roughages for Steers
    CHEN Yan, ZHANG Xiaoming, WANG Zhisheng, PENG Qunhui, ZOU Huawei
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2145-2154. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.016
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    This experiment was conducted to determine the ruminal degradation characteristics and small intestinal digestibility of rumen undegraded protein (RUP) of 6 kinds of commonly used roughages: ryegrass, hemarthria compressa, sweet potato stem, corn stover silage, corn stover and rice straw. Three Xuanhan steers fitted with permanent ruminal cannulas were used. Nylon-bag technique was used to evaluate the ruminal degradability and effective digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF). Modified three-step in vitro method was used to evaluate small intestinal digestibility of RUP of the roughages. The results showed as follows: 1) the DM effective degradability of ryegrass and sweet potato stem was significantly higher than that of hemarthria compressa, corn stover silage, corn stover and rice straw (P<0.05), which were decreased in the above order. CP effective degradability and ADF effective degradability of ryegrass were significantly higher than those of sweet potato stem, hemarthria compressa, corn stover silage, corn stover and rice straw (P<0.05), which were decreased in the above order. NDF effective degradability showed ryegrass > sweet potato stem > corn straw silage > hemarthria compressa > corn stover > rice straw, and the differences among roughages were significant (P<0.05). 2) The small intestinal digestibility of RUP of hemarthria compressa, corn stover and rice straw was not significantly different(P>0.05), and was significantly higher than that of corn stover silage, ryegrass and sweet potato stem(P<0.05), which was decreased in the above order. Intestinal digestible CP content of showed ryegrass > sweet potato stem > hemarthria compressa > corn stover silage > corn stover > rice straw, and the differences among roughages were significant (P<0.05). In conclusion, ruminal degradation characteristics of roughages are dissimilar, and the potential that can provide digestible crude protein for small intestine is different. The effective degradability of DM, CP, NDF and ADF of ryegrass is the highest, small intestinal digestibility of RUP of hemarthria compressa, corn stover and rice straw is higher, and ryegrass and sweet potato stem have higher intestinal digestible crude protein content.
  • Protein Deposition Efficiency and Intestinal Digestible Crude Protein Requirement of Growing Qinchuan Cattle
    ZHANG Xiaoming, WANG Zhisheng, CHEN Yan, ZOU Huawei, PENG Quanhui, JIANG Xingde, WU Dan
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2155-2161. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.017
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    This experiment was conducted to investigate the protein deposition efficiency and intestinal digestible crude protein (IDCP) requirement (rIDCP) of growing Qinchuan cattle. Thirty healthy growing bulls of Qinchuan cattle with similar body weight were selected and randomly divided into 5 groups with 6 heads in each group. Cattle were fed 5 diets with different levels of IDCP which were formulated according to the rIDCP at an expected weight gain of 0.9 kg/d, and dietary IDCP levels were 75.0% (group Ⅰ), 87.5% (group Ⅱ), 100.0% (group Ⅲ), 112.5% (group Ⅳ) and 125.0% (group Ⅴ), respectively. Feeding test and digestion and metabolism test were carried out to measure the growth performance and protein deposition efficiency of growing Qinchuan cattle, and to build the models for predicting crude protein (CP) requirement (rCP) and rIDCP. Pre-test period was 10 days, feeding test period was 42 days, and digestion and metabolism test was 4 days. The results showed as follows: 1) there was positive linear correlation between average daily gain (ADG) and CP intake (R2=0.928, P<0.05), and between ADG and IDCP intake (R2=0.912, P<0.05); feed to gain ratio in groups Ⅳ andⅤ was significantly higher than that in the other groups (P<0.05). 2) With the increase of dietary IDCP level, nitrogen intake, nitrogen retention, fecal nitrogen, urinary nitrogen, nitrogen deposition rate and nitrogen apparent digestibility were increased, and there were significant differences in nitrogen intake and nitrogen retention among all groups (P<0.05), while there was no significant differences in fecal nitrogen, urinary nitrogen, nitrogen deposition rate and nitrogen apparent digestibility between groups Ⅳ and Ⅴ (P>0.05). In conclusion, there is a positive linear correlation between ADG and IDCP intake of Qinchuan cattle; the increase of dietary IDCP level is helped for improving protein deposition efficiency of Qinchuan cattle; the rCP and rIDCP for growing Qinchuan cattle can be estimated by the following equations: rCP (g/d) = 5.94×W0.75 (kg) + 470.84×ADG (kg/d) (R2=0.937, P<0.05); rIDCP (g/d)=3.71×W0.75 (kg)+285.22×ADG (kg/d) (R2 = 0.942, P<0.05) (W0.75 is metabolic weight). The rCP and rIDCP for maintenance of growing Qinchuan cattle are 5.94 and 3.71 g/(kgW0.75·d), respectively. The rCP and rIDCP for per kilogram of weight gain of growing Qinchuan cattle are 470.84 and 285.22 g, respectively.
  • Effects of Glycine on Proliferation and Apoptosis of Mammary Epithelial Cells of Dairy Cows
    TANG Minghui, ZHANG Xingfu, DAN Ni, AO Changjin, GAO Min
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2162-2168. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.018
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    The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of glycine on proliferation and apoptosis of in vitro cultured mammary epithelial cells of dairy cows. The 2nd generation of mammary epithelial cells of Chinese Holstein dairy cows were used. Cells were divided into 6 groups, and were cultured in DMEM/F12 supplemented with 0, 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 mmol/L glycine, respectively. There were 6 replicates in each group for the analysis of cell proliferation after cultured for 24, 48 and 72 hours (the test was repeated for 3 times), and there were 4 replicates in each group for the analysis of cell apoptosis rate and the proportion of cells in different cell cycles. The results showed as follows: compared with 0 mmol/L group, 1) the cell proliferation ability was improved in 1 mmol/L group, but the difference was not significant (P>0.05); the supplementation of 10 to 20 mmol/L glycine in culture medium significantly decreased the cell proliferation ability (P<0.05). 2) The supplementation of 2 to 20 mmol/L glycine in culture medium significantly increased the cell apoptosis rate (P<0.05), and the rate in 20 mmol/L group was significantly higher than that in the other groups (P<0.05). 3) The proportion of cells in S phase in 20 mmol/L group was significantly increased (P<0.05); the supplementation of 5 to 20 mmol/L glycine in culture medium tended to increase G2 phase/M phase, but the difference was not significant (P>0.05). In conclusion, glycine can regulate proliferation and apoptosis of mammary epithelial cells of dairy cows, has a low level (1 mmol/L) stimulative and high level (10 to 20 mmol/L) inhibitive effect on cell proliferation and a stimulative effect on cell apoptosis, and can promote the conversion of mammary epithelial cells to S phase and cell division.
  • Effects of Neutral Detergent Fiber Level of Starter on Growth Performance and Digestive Tract Development of Suckling Lambs
    WANG Shiqin, LI Chong, LI Fadi, WANG Xiaojuan, WANG Weimin, LIU Ting
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2169-2175. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.019
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) HTML Knowledge map Save
    In order to investigate the effects of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) level of starter on growth performance and digestive tract development of suckling lambs, twenty-four healthy new born male Hu lambs with similar birth weight [(3.01±0.12) kg] were divided into 4 groups with 6 lambs in each group by a one factor design. Lambs in control group were ewe reared without dietary supplementation, and those in high, medium and low NDF groups were ad libitum fed starter with 17.01%, 13.65% and 11.32% NDF, respectively, based on ewe reared from 7 days of age. All lambs were slaughtered at 35 days of age to determine weight and the volume of each part of digestive tract and the length of each part of intestinal tract. The results showed as follows: 1) final weight, average daily gain and carcass weight of high NDF group were significantly higher than those of control group (P<0.05), and carcass weight of high NDF group was significantly higher than that of low NDF group (P<0.05). 2) Abomasum weight of high, medium and low NDF groups was significantly higher than that of control group (P<0.05), and reticulorumen volume of high NDF group was significantly higher than that of control group (P<0.05); abomasum weight of high NDF group was significantly higher than that of control group and low NDF group (P<0.05). 3) Jejunum weight of high and low NDF groups was significantly higher than that of control group (P<0.05), and jejunum volume of high NDF group was significantly higher than that of control group (P<0.05). It is concluded that the optimal NDF level of starter for suckling lambs is 17.01% under the conditions in the present study, and lambs can obtain best growth performance and digestive tract development under the above level.
  • Effects of Dietary Tryptophan Level on Performance and Serum Biochemical Indices of Growing Meat Rabbits
    WANG Tao, JIA Gang, LEI Huaigang, LI Rui, WANG Kangning
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2176-2183. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.020
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    This experiment was conducted to study the effects of dietary tryptophan level on performance and serum biochemical indices of growing meat rabbits in a certain level of digestible energy, in order to determine the appropriate level of dietary tryptophan. A total of 112 healthy New Zealand growing meat rabbits with an average body weight of (1 099.14±54.01) g were randomly assigned to 8 groups with 7 replicates per group and 2 rabbits per replicate. Rabbits in the 8 groups were fed experimental diets containing 0.165%, 0.175%, 0.185%, 0.195%, 0.205%, 0.215%, 0.225% and 0.235% tryptophan, respectively. The experiment lasted for 7 days for adaptation and 28 days for test. The results showed as follows: 1) dietary tryptophan level had significant influences on average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed/gain (F/G) (P<0.05), and had a extremely significant influence on average daily gain (ADG) of growing meat rabbits (P<0.01). The ADFI and ADG had the maximum values and the F/G had the minimum value in the group with the diet containing 0.205% tryptophan. 2) Dietary tryptophan level had extremely significant influences on serum urea nitrogen and insilin-like growth factor-Ⅰ contents of growing meat rabbits (P<0.01). The serum urea nitrogen content had the minimum value and the serum insulin-like growth factor-Ⅰ content had the maximum value in the group with the diet containing 0.205% tryptophan. The contents of total protein and albumin in serum of growing meat rabbits were not significantly affected by dietary tryptophan level (P>0.05). Considering all indices of this experiment, when digestible energy level is 10.48 MJ/kg in the diet, the appropriate level of dietary tryptophan of growing meat rabbits is 0.205% (measured value is 0.196%).
    • Aquaculture Nutrition
  • Relationship between Dietary Protein to Lipid Ratio on Protein and Lipid Contents in Whole-Body, and Amino Acid and Fatty Acid Compositions in Muscle of Blunt Snout Bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) in Different Growth Stages
    YAO Linjie, YE Yuantu, CAI Chunfang, XU Fan, LIU Meng, LIU Hanchao, DONG Jiaojiao, CHEN Kequan, HUANG Yuwei
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2184-2196. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.021
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) HTML Knowledge map Save
    This experiment was conducted to study the effects of dietary protein to lipid ratio on whole-body protein content, muscle amino acid composition, whole-body lipid content and muscle fatty acid composition of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) in different growth stages. Six experimental diets were formulated with different protein to lipid ratios, which were 2.63 (P26.93/L10.24; P was the percentage content of dietary protein, and L was the percentage content of dietary lipid), 3.20 (P28.50/L8.91), 4.07 (P30.09/L7.39), 5.33 (P31.63/L5.93), 7.25 (P33.78/L4.66) and 10.64(P35.63/L3.35), respectively. Blunt snout bream in 3 growth stages with the initial average weight of (10.37±0.69) g/fish (juvenile fingerlings), (35.07±0.45) g/fish (medium fingerlings) and (101.65±1.82) g/fish (premature fish) were launched in circular aquarium system (juvenile fingerlings) and conducted in pond cages (medium fingerlings and premature fish) for 64, 85 and 56 days, respectively. Six groups were divided into each growth stage with 4 replicates, and each replicate had 20 fish. The results showed as follows: with the dietary protein to lipid ratio increasing, the special growth ratio, protein deposition rate and feed conversion rate of blunt snout bream in 3 growth stages all showed a trend of firstly rise and then decline, and the extreme values were all found in 5.33 group. Whole-body protein content and muscle amino acid composition of blunt snout bream were mainly influenced by the growth stage. The smaller fish had the lower whole-body protein content, while the amino acid content of muscle was higher. When dietary protein to lipid ratios were 4.07 to 5.33, the blunt snout bream gained the higher protein and amino acid deposition. There was a positive correlation between whole-body protein content and dietary protein to lipid ratio for the same stage. Dietary lipid content and fatty acid composition had a great impact on the whole-body lipid content of blunt snout bream. Changes in water temperature also had some influences on the whole-body lipid content of blunt snout bream, and the lower temperature was good for the body lipid deposition. There was a power function relationship between whole-body lipid content and dietary protein to lipid ratio for the same stage. Compared with dietary fatty acid composition, the muscle fatty acid composition of blunt snout bream had a certain degree of change, which illustrated that blunt snout bream had some ability to transform the dietary fatty acids, and this ability strengthened with the growth of blunt snout bream.
  • Effects of Tributyrin and Mannan-Oligosaccharide on Growth Performance, Body Composition and Intestinal Health Indices of Tawny Puffer (Takifugu flavindus)
    ZHAI Qiuling, ZHANG Chunxiao, SUN Yunzhang, WANG Ling, SONG Kai, ZHANG Lu
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2197-2208. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.022
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) HTML Knowledge map Save
    This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of tributyrin (TB) and mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) on growth performance, body composition and intestinal health indices of tawny puffer (Takifugu flavindus). A basal diet was formulated as control, and 5 experimental diets were formulated by adding 50 mg/kg TB, 100 mg/kg TB, 150 mg/kg TB, 50 mg/kg TB+250 mg/kg MOS and 100 mg/kg TB+250 mg/kg MOS in the basal diet, respectively. A total of 360 tawny puffer with an initial body weight of (15.99±0.15) g were randomly divided into 6 groups with 3 replicates per group and 20 fish per replicate. The experiment lasted for 8 weeks. The results showed that weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of tawny puffer were firstly increased with the TB supplemental level increasing, and the biggest values of them were all found in 100 mg/kg group, and then changed to be steady. Compared with 50 mg/kg TB group, the WGR, SGR, FE and PER of tawny puffer in 50 mg/kg TB+250 mg/kg MOS group were significantly increased (P<0.05). Moreover, the WGR in 50 mg/kg TB+250 mg/kg MOS group was significantly higher than that in 100 mg/kg TB+250 mg/kg MOS group (P<0.05). Hepatopancreas crude lipid content in combined adding groups was significantly increased compared with single adding groups with the same TB supplemental level (P<0.05), while the hepaticglycogen content was significantly decreased(P<0.05), and the lowest value was found in 100 mg/kg TB+250 mg/kg MOS group. Intestinal protease activity in 50 mg/kg TB+250 mg/kg MOS group was significantly higher than that in other groups (P<0.05). Compared with 50 mg/kg TB group, serum total protein and glucose contents were significantly increased (P<0.05), while serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activities were significantly decreased (P<0.05). The number of intestinal aerobic marine heterotrophic bacteria in 50 mg/kg TB+250 mg/kg MOS group was significantly increased compared with 50 mg/kg TB group (P<0.05), while that in 100 mg/kg TB+250 mg/kg MOS group was significantly decreased compared with 100 mg/kg TB group (P<0.05). Compared with control group, the number of intestinal Vibrio spp. in 50 mg/kg TB+250 mg/kg MOS group was significantly increased (P<0.05), while the number of intestinal Lactobacillus was significantly decreased (P<0.05). Villus height and width of proximal and distal intestines in combined adding groups were all higher than those in single adding groups with the same TB supplemental level, but the differences were not significant (P>0.05). The results indicate that adding 50 mg/kg TB+250 mg/kg MOS in the diet can maintenance the intestinal health, strength the intestinal digestive activities and increase the growth performance of tawny puffer.
  • Effects of Different Starch Sources on Pellet Quality of Extruded Feed and Apparent Digestibility of Genetic Improvement of Farmed Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus,GIFT)
    YUAN Jun, XUE Min, WU Lixin, WANG Jia, ZHENG Yinhua, WU Xiufeng, HAN Fang
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2209-2216. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.023
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    This experiment was conducted to study the effects of three starch sources (corn, wheat flour and cassava starch) on pellet quality of extruded feed and apparent digestibility of dry matter,crude protein and gross energy of genetic improvement of farmed tilapia. Five diets were prepared by using 40% corn (group D1), 40% wheat flour (group D2), 40% cassava starch (group D3), 35% wheat flour+5% cassava starch (group D4) and 35% corn+5% cassava starch (group D5) as starch sources, respectively. Each diet was fed 4 replicates of 30 fish of an initial body weight of 95 g for 70 days. The results showed as follows: 1) the expansion (99.3%) and starch gelatinization (99.2%) in group D3 were significantly higher than those in other groups (P<0.05), and the bulk density and hardness were the lowest, correspondingly; the expansion (56.3%) and starch gelatinization (92.9%) in group D1 were significantly lower than those in other groups (P<0.05), and the bulk density and hardness were the highest, correspondingly. 2) The amylopectin content and expansion showed a positive correlation (y=-1.895x2+105.4x-1 341.4,R2=0.905), the expansion and bulk density showed a negative correlation (y=-0.62x+489.1,R12=0.737), the starch gelatinization and expansion showed a positive correlation (y=6.263x-525.9,R22=0.682), the expansion and hardness showed a negative correlation (y=-7.896x+5 238,R32=0.644). 3) The apparent digestibility of crude protein and gross energy in groups D2 and D4 was significantly higher than that in groups D1 and D2 (P<0.05), there were no difference in dry matter apparent digestibility among all groups (P>0.05). In the present study, 35% wheat flour+5% cassava starch as starch source has the best effect.
    • Special Economic Animal Nutrition
  • Effects of Dietary Fat Sources on Nutrient Digestion and Metabolism of Short-Haired Black Minks (Mustelidae vison)in Furring Period
    YANG Ying, WU Qiong, RONG Min, WU Xuezhuang, XING Xiumei
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2217-2224. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.024
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) HTML Knowledge map Save
    This study was conducted to study the effects of dietary fat sources on nutrient digestion and metabolism of short-haired black minks in furring period. Ninety six 120-day-old healthy short-haired black minks with similar body weight were randomly assigned to 4 groups with 24 minks in each group. Minks in the four groups were fed the experimental diets with fat sources of soybean oil (group Ⅰ), chicken fat (group Ⅱ), fish oil (group Ⅲ) and lard (group Ⅳ), respectively. The experiment lasted for 80 days. The results showed as follows: 1) there were no significant difference on the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and ether extract of male minks among all groups (P>0.05). There were no significant difference on dry matter intake and the digestibility of dry matter and crude protein of female minks among all groups (P>0.05). 2) There were no significant difference on fecal nitrogen, nitrogen retention and biological value of protein of male and female minks among all groups (P>0.05), the net protein utilization of female minks in group Ⅰ was significantly higher than that in group Ⅳ (P<0.05). 3)The gross energy, urinary energy, digestible energy and metabolic energy of male minks in group Ⅱ were significantly higher than that in group Ⅲ (P<0.05). There were no significant difference on fecal energy, gross energy digestibility, gross energy metabolizability and digestible energy metabolizability of male minks among all groups (P>0.05). There was no significant difference on gross energy, digestible energy, metabolic energy and gross energy digestibility of female minks among all groups (P>0.05). The fecal energy and urinary energy of female minks in group Ⅳ were significantly higher than that in group Ⅲ (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary fat sources have no obvious effects on nutrient digestion and metabolism of short-haired black minks in furring period.
  • Effect of Dietary Fat Level on Performance and Blood Biochemical Parameters of Minks during Lactation Period
    ZHANG Haihua, ZHANG Tietao, ZHOU Ning, SUN Weili, ZHONG Wei, CHANG Zhongjuan, ZHAO Jingbo, LI Guangyu
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2225-2231. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.025
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) HTML Knowledge map Save
    This experiment was conducted to study the effects of dietary fat level on performance and blood biochemical parameters of minks during lactation period. A total of 60 litters of healthy lactation minks and their kids were randomly allocated to 4 groups with 15 replicates per group and 1 litter per replicate. Minks in the 4 groups were fed 4 experimental diets that contained 14.43% (groupⅠ), 18.80% (group Ⅱ), 22.77% (group Ⅲ) and 26.89% (group Ⅳ) fat, respectively, and the protein level (45%) of the 4 experimental diets was the same. The experiment lasted for 45 days. The results showed as follows: 1) the average body weight of kids at 9, 18, 27 and 45 days of age in group Ⅱ was the highest, and it was significantly higher than that in group Ⅳ at 9 days of age, in groups Ⅰ and Ⅳ at 18 days of age (P<0.05), in other groups at 27 days of age and in groups Ⅰ and Ⅳ at 45 days of age (P<0.05). The average body weight of female minks in group Ⅳ was always the highest when kids were at 9, 18, 27 and 45 days of age, and it was significantly higher than that in other groups at 9 and 27 days of age (P<0.05), in groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ at 18 days of age (P<0.05) and in group Ⅱ at 45 days of age (P<0.05). At different days of age, the survival rate of kids had no significant difference among all groups (P>0.05), but groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ had the highest survival rate at 45 days of age. 2) The contents of total protein, albumin, glucose and triglyceride in serum of female minks were not significantly affected by dietary fat level (P>0.05). With dietary fat level increasing, the serum urea nitrogen content of female minks was decreased, and that in groups Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ was significantly higher than that in group Ⅰ (P<0.01), as well as that in group Ⅳ was significantly higher than that in groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ (P<0.01), but no significant difference was found between groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ (P>0.05). The contents of cholesterol, high density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein in serum of female minks had an increasing trend with dietary fat level increasing, and the contents of total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein in serum in groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ were significantly lower than those in groups Ⅲ and Ⅳ (P<0.05), while the serum low density lipoprotein content in group Ⅰ was significantly lower than that in groups Ⅲ and Ⅳ (P<0.05). In conclusion, the optimal fat level of minks during lactation period is 18.80% under the conditions of this experiment.
  • Effects of Probiotics Additives on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Pelt Quality of Blue Foxes during Winter Hair Period
    GUO Jungang, GONG Xiao, ZHANG Tietao, WU Xuezhuang, LIU Zhi, GUO Qiang, GAO Xiuhua, YANG Fuhe, XING Xiumei
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2232-2239. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.026
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    This experiment was conducted to study the effects of probiotics (Bacillus subtilis or Enterococcus faecium) additives on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and pelt quality of blue foxes during winter hair period. Eighty-four healthy female blue foxes at the age of 25 weeks were randomly assigned into 7 groups with 12 replicates per group and 1 fox per replicate. The foxes in group Ⅰ (control group) were fed a basal diet, while those in groups Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ were fed the basal diets supplemented with 1×108, 1×109 and 1×1010 CFU/kg Bacillus subtilis, and those in groups Ⅴ, Ⅵ and Ⅶ were fed the basal diets supplemented with 1×107, 1×108 and 1×109 CFU/kg Enterococcus faecium, respectively. The adaptation period lasted for 7 days and the formal trial period lasted for 56 days. The results showed as follows: the final body weight in the group Ⅳ was significantly higher than that in the groups Ⅰ and Ⅶ (P<0.05), and the average daily gain in the groups Ⅳ and Ⅴ were significantly higher than that in the groups Ⅰ, Ⅲ and Ⅶ (P<0.05), while there were no significant differences in other indexes of growth performance among all groups (P>0.05). The digestibility of dry matter in the group Ⅶ was significantly lower than that in the other groups (P<0.01), meanwhile, the digestibility of dry matter in the group Ⅳ was significantly higher than that in the group Ⅰ (P<0.05). In addition, the digestibility of crude protein in the group Ⅳ was significantly higher than that in the groups Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅶ (P<0.05), the digestibility of ether extract in the groups Ⅴ and Ⅵ were significantly higher than that in the groups Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ (P<0.05), the nitrogen deposition in the group Ⅳ was significantly higher than that in the groups Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅶ (P<0.05), and the pile fur length in the groups Ⅳ and Ⅴwas significantly longer than that in the group Ⅰ (P<0.05). In conclusion, considering all measured indices of this experiment, adding 1×1010 CFU/kg Bacillus subtilis or 1×107 CFU/kg Enterococcus faecium in diets for blue foxes during winter hair period can improve the average daily gain and final body weight, and increase the digestibility of crude protein and ether extract, it also can reduce the nitrogen excretion, and increase the nitrogen deposition, meanwhile, the blue foxes can obtain the better pelt quality as well.
    • Feed Science and Technology
  • Effects of Cello-Oligosaccharide and Probiotics on Intestinal Barrier Function of Broilers under Heat Stress
    HONG Qihua, SONG Juan, HU Caihong, SHI Bo, DIAO Qiyu
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2240-2245. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.027
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    This test was conducted to study the effects of cello-oligosaccharide and probiotics on intestinal barrier function of broilers in heat stress. Nine hundred 21-d-old Ross 308 broilers were randomly allocated to 5 groups: control (Con) group, heat stress (HS) group, probiotics (HS+PRO) group, cello-oligosaccharide (HS+COS) group and synbiotics (HS+SYN, SYN=PRO+COS) group. Birds were raised at 22 ℃ in Con group, and the others subjected to cyclic heat stress by exposing them to 33 ℃ from 08:00 to 18:00 and 22 ℃ from 18:00 to next day 08:00. Raising experiment period was 21 d. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with birds kept in Con group, average daily gain and average daily feed intake of birds in HS group was significantly reduced (P<0.05); the viable counts of Lactobacillus in cecal contents was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the viable counts of Escherichia coli and Clostridium in cecal contents were significantly increased (P<0.05); jejunal villus height was significantly shorter (P<0.05), and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth was significantly lower (P<0.05); jejunal transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) value was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the level of jejunal paracellular permeability of 4 kDa-FITC dextran (FD4) flux was significantly raised (P<0.05). 2) As compared with HS group, the average daily gain, average daily feed intake and feed to gain ratio of birds in HS+PRO and HS+COS groups were not significantly different (P>0.05); villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio were significantly increased (P<0.05); flux of FD4 was significantly reduced (P<0.05). As compared with HS group, viable counts of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Escherichia coli and Clostridium in cecal contents in HS+PRO group were not significantly different (P>0.05), the viable counts of Lactobacillus in cecal contents was significantly increased (P<0.05), and Escherichia coli and Clostridium in cecal contents in HS+COS group were significantly decreased (P<0.05). 3) As compared with HS group, feed to gain ratio in HS+SYN group was significantly decreased by 4.21% (P<0.05); the viable counts of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in cecal contents were significantly increased (P<0.05), and Escherichia coli and Clostridium in cecal contents were significantly decreased (P<0.05); villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio were significantly increased (P<0.05); TER value was significantly increased (P<0.05) and the flux of FD4 was significantly reduced (P<0.05). These results indicate that additions of probiotics and cello-oligosaccharide are effective in partially ameliorating intestinal barrier function. The combination of probiotics and cello-oligosaccharid has better effect on ameliorating intestinal barrier function than supplementing them alone.
  • Effects of Dietary Quercetin on Egg Quality and Egg Components in Laying Hens
    LIU Hongnan, TENG Nan, LI Yao, YOU Ying, SUN Dantong, LI Ling, HAN Chunyan
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2246-2252. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.028
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    This trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary quercetin on egg quality and egg components in laying hens. A total of 240 healthy Hessian laying hens (27 to 42 weeks of age) with similar laying rate were randomly divided into 4 groups with 6 replicates of 10 birds in each replicate, respectively. The birds were fed basal diets supplemented with 0 (control group), 0.02%, 0.04% and 0.06% quercetin for 16 weeks. The results showed that compared with control group, 1) broken or soft shell rate was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and eggshell thickness and eggshell relative weight were significantly increased at 0.04% and 0.06% quercetin (P<0.05);Haugh unit and yolk color were significantly increased by quercetin (P<0.05). 2) Yolk protein content was significantly increased at 0.04% and 0.06% quercetin (P<0.01);yolk triglycerides content was significantly decreased at 0.04% quercetin (P<0.05);yolk cholesterol content was significantly decreased at 0.02% and 0.04% quercetin (P<0.05). 3) Serum urea nitrogen content was significantly decreased at 0.04% and 0.06% quercetin (P<0.05),and serum total protein and calcium contents were significantly increased at 0.04% and 0.06% quercetin(P<0.05);liver triglycerides content and serum triglycerides, cholesterol, low density lipoprotein chlesterin and glucose contents were significantly decreased at 0.04% quercetin (P<0.05);liver cholesterol content was significantly decreased by quercetin (P<0.01). In conclusion, the metabolism of protein, calcium and lipid in laying hens is affected by dietary quercetin, thereby egg quality, yolk protein and yolk phospholipid contents are improved, and yolk cholesterol and yolk triglycerides contents are decreased by dietary quercetin. The optimum level of quercetin is 0.04%.
  • Effects of Compound Non-Starch Polysaccharide Enzyme on True Metabolic Rates of Amino Acids of Cereals and Their By-Products
    LIN Qian, ZHANG Xu, JIANG Guitao, WANG Xiangrong, DAI Qiuzhong
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2253-2261. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.029
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    To study the effects of compound non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) enzyme on the true metabolic rates of amino acids of cereals and their by-products, a complete randomized design and five metabolic test periods had been taken, and 56 healthy adult ducks with body weight of (2.0±0.2) kg were randomly divided into 7 groups with 8 replicates in each group and 1 duck in each replicate. The diets were single raw material+compound NSP enzyme. The true metabolic rates of amino acids of cereals and their by-products were detected before and after enzyme added. Results showed that after adding enzymes, some true metabolic rates of amino acids of wheat, corn, wheat bran, corn sugar residue and dried distillers' grains and solubles (DDGS) were significantly increased (P<0.05). And the range of amino acid effective nutrient improvement value (ENIV) of 14 kinds of ingredients was 0.01 to 1.24 g/kg, and the highest average ENIV were DDGS, corn sugar residue and wheat, and the average ENIV were 0.43, 0.30 and 0.23 g/kg, respectively. The lowest average ENIV was oat bran, and the average ENIV was 0.07 g/kg. Generally speaking, compound NSP enzyme can improve the true metabolic rates of amino acids and nutritive value of cereals and their by-products.
  • Evaluation and Prediction Model of Digestible Energy of Degossypolized Cottonseed Protein for Growing Pigs
    SHEN Jun, CHEN Datu, HU Guanbo, LI Xia, LIU Geng, HE Xi, ZHANG Shirui
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2262-2269. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.030
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    The digestible energy (DE) and analyzed proximate composition and the prediction model of DE of degossypolized cottonseed protein (DCP) by its analyzed proximate composition for growing pigs were investigated in this experiment, and DCP were collected in main producing areas of China. A total of 12 Duroc×Landrance×Largewhite castrate male pigs with (32.0±2.3) kg initial body weight were allotted to two 6×6 Latin square designs. The diets included 1 kind of basic diet and 11 kinds of trial diets which were replaced 18% of the basic diet by DCP. The DE of 11 kinds of DCP was determined with total feces collection method and difference method. The regression equation was established on the basis of the correlation between DE and proximate composition of DCP. The results showed that the mean of DE (air-dry basis) of DCP for pigs was (11.67±0.82) MJ/kg, and there were no significant differences in DE of DCP from different areas. The recommended prediction models (DM basis) of DCP for pigs were DE=15.40-0.27ADF (R2=0.91, RSD=0.27) and DE=14.88-0.29ADF+0.25EE (R2=0.94, RSD=0.22). The appropriate predicting factor was ADF.
  • Combination Effects between Grape Procyandins and Wheat-Based Diet on Growth Performance and Immunity of Broiler Chicks
    YANG Jinyu, WANG Jing, WU Shugeng, YUE Hongyuan, QI Guanghai, ZHANG Haijun
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2270-2280. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.031
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    This experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of combination effects between grape procyandins (GPC) and wheat-based diet on growth performance and immunity in broiler chicks. A total of 240 healthy male broiler chicks (Cobb-500) at 1-day-old with an average body weight were randomly allotted into 4 groups with 6 replicates in each group, and 10 broiler chicks per replicate. Chicks were fed a basal wheat-soybean meal diet supplemented with 0 (control group), 7.5, 15.0 and 30.0 mg/kg GPC, respectively. The experiment lasted for 42 days. The results showed as follows: 1) the combination between GPC and wheat-based diet significantly reduced average daily feed intake and feed to gain ratio during 1 to 42 days of age (P<0.05). Feed to gain ratio of 7.5 and 15.0 mg/kg GPC combined groups significantly decreased during 1 to 42 days of age (P<0.05). 2) The thymus index of broiler chicks was significantly increased in 7.5 mg/kg GPC combined group at 42 days of age (P<0.05), and the thymus index of broiler chicks at 21 and 42 days of age and spleen index of broiler chicks at 42 days of age were significantly improved in 30.0 mg/kg GPC combined group (P<0.05). 3) Proliferation of thymus dependent lymphocyte (T cell) and bursa dependent lymphocyte (B cell) were significant improved of broiler chicks at 42 days of age in 7.5 mg/kg GPC combined group, while T and B lymphocyte transformation rate of broiler chicks at 42 days of age were significantly improved in 15.0 and 30.0 mg/kg GPC combined groups, respectively (P<0.05). 4) In 7.5 mg/kg GPC combined group, the ratio of γδ T lymphocyte in peripheral blood of broiler chicks at 21 days of age had increased trend (P>0.05), and phagocytic index of mononuclear phagocyte system of broiler chicks at 42 days of age significantly increased (P<0.05). 5) Serum lysozyme concentration of broiler chicks at 21 and 42 days of age were both significantly increased in 15.0 mg/kg GPC combined group (P<0.05), while serum lysozyme content of broiler chicks at 21 days of age was significantly increased in 30.0 mg/kg GPC combined group (P<0.01) and clearance index and phagocytic index of broiler chicks at 42 days of age were significantly decreased in 30.0 mg/kg GPC combined group (P<0.05). In conclusion, wheat-based diet supplemented with 7.5 to 15.0 mg/kg GPC can improve growth performance and immunity in broiler chicks.
  • Protective Effects of Selenium on aflatoxin B1 Induced Hepatic Oxidative Stress in Broilers
    RUI Xiaoli, CHEN Sitan, LI Chunmei
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2281-2288. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.032
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    To investigate the protective effects of selenium(Se) on aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) exposed broilers and its probable mechanism, ninety one-day-old broilers were randomly allotted to 3 groups (3 replicates per group and 10 birds per replicate): basal diet group (control group), basal diet+100 μg/kg AFB1 group (AFB1 group), basal diet 100 μg/kg AFB1 +0.3 mg/kg Se group (Se group). The trial lasted for 42 days. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with control group, the broilers in AFB1 group had a significantly lower liver weight (P<0.05), and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) activity was significantly increased (P<0.05). The contents of maleic dialdehyde (MDA) and H2O2 in AFB1 group were higher than those in control group (P<0.05), but total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity, glutathione (GSH) content and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Multiple bleeding sites and hepatocyte necrosis and atrophy were observed by liver histopathology in AFB1 group. Moreover, the expression of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) (P<0.05) and caspase-3 were increased in hepatocyte nucleus of AFB1 exposed broilers. 2) Compared with AFB1 group, the liver function indexes were improved by Se addition. Hepatic damage was reduced while Nrf2 expression in hepatocyte nucleus was decreased (P<0.05). These results suggest that Se could attenuate liver dysfunction and oxidative damage, improve performance, increase antioxidant ability in the AFB1 exposed broilers.
  • Effects of Tomato Pomace on Growth Performance and Rumen Fermentation Parameters of Sheep
    WU Anquan, WANG Wenqi, LIU Yanfeng, WANG Shichang, LUO Yongming, GUO Tongjun
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2289-2295. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.033
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    This study was conducted to determine the effects of tomato pomace (TP) on growth performance and rumen fermentation parameters of sheep. Forty Suffolk × Aletai crossbred ewes were randomly divided into four groups (ten sheep for each group), and sheep in control group (CON), low TP group (LTP), middle TP group (MTP) and high TP group (HTP) were fed total mixed rations containing 0, 30%, 40% and 50% TP, respectively. The pre-trial lasted for 9 days, and the trial lasted for 44 days. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with control group, average daily gain (ADG) of sheep was not affected by feeding low or middle TP (P>0.05), while feeding high TP significantly decreased ADG of sheep (P<0.05); feeding low and middle TP significantly increased dry matter intake (DMI) of sheep (P<0.05 or P<0.01), while feeding high TP significantly decreased DMI (P<0.01); feeding low and middle TP did not affect feed/gain (P>0.05), while feeding high TP significantly increased feed/gain (P<0.05), which had no difference with that of feeding middle TP (P>0.05). 2) The mean of rumen fluid pH was not affected by feeding tomato pomace (P>0.05); ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) content was not affected by feeding low TP (P>0.05), but was significantly decreased by feeding middle and high TP (P<0.01); the concentrations of acetate, propionate and total volatile fatty acid (after feeding for 3, 6 and 9 hours) were not affected by feeding low and middle TP (P>0.05), but the concentrations of acetate (after feeding for 9 hours) and propionate (after feeding for 6 and 9 hours) were significantly increased by feeding high TP (P<0.05); acetate/propionate was decreased by feeding TP, and the effects of feeding high TP were significant (P<0.05). Under the conditions in the present study, the substitution of dried alfalfa hay by TP in the diet at 30% can improve growth performance and rumen fermentation.
  • Microbiology Fermented Feed：Effects on Performance and Nutrient Apparent Digestibility of Lactating Dairy Cows
    WU Xiaoyan, GUO Chunhua, WANG Zhisheng, PENG Zhongli, BAI Xue, LI Yong, ZOU Huawei
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2296-2302. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.034
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    The objective of this paper was to investigate the effects of microbiology fermented feed on milk yield, milk quality and nutrient apparent digestibility of Holstein Friesian dairy cows. Two hundred and ten lactating dairy cows with similar milk yield and body condition were randomly divided into control group, group Ⅰ and group Ⅱ, and seventy cows were in each group. Control group was fed with total mixed ration of the farm (basal diet), group Ⅰ and group Ⅱ were fed with diets replaced 1 and 2 kg the concentrate in basal diet with equal quality of microbiology fermented feed, respectively. The feeding trial lasted for 10 pre-feeding days and 24 trial days. Milk yield, milk composition and apparent digestibility of nutrients were determined. The results showed as follows: 1) during of this trial, the milk yield in whole period of group Ⅰ (replaced 1 kg) and group Ⅱ (replaced 2 kg) were increased by 3.42% (P<0.05) and 4.40% (P<0.05) than that of control group, respectively. 2) Group Ⅱ had better milk composition and density than control group (P<0.05). Milk protein, milk fat and lactose contents of group Ⅱ were increased by 3.11% (P<0.05),6.71% (P<0.05) and 2.92% (P<0.05) compared with group Ⅰ. 3) The nutrient apparent digestibility of group Ⅱ was significantly higher than that of control group (P<0.05), and the apparent digestibility of dry matter, (crude protein and acid detergent fiber of group Ⅰ was higher than that of control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, the appropriate microbiology fermented feed level can enhance milk yield and nutrient apparent digestibility and improve milk quality. Replacing concentrate with 2 kg microbiology fermented feed in dairy cows is better than that with 1 kg.
  • Optimization of a Yeast Liquid Medium Component for Industrial Production
    LU Chunfang, LIU Dacheng, GAO Min, HU Honglian, ZHANG Jinwen
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2303-2313. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.035
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    This experiment was conducted to develop a low-cost yeast liquid medium which was used in industrial production and had a good growth effect. In this study, eight kinds of local agricultural products were used as fermentation substrate. The components of the medium were designed by uniform design and the yeast viable count in the liquid medium after fermentation and the content of yeast polysaccharide was determined to select the best carbon source and nitrogen source. Then the composition of the liquid medium was determined by measuring the ratio of composite carbon source and composite nitrogen source and inorganic salts addition. The results showed that the composition of the yeast liquid culture included anhydrous glucose (0.9%), molasses (4.5%), wheat bran (3.6%), corn distillers dried grains with solubles (0.3%), cottonseed meal (0.275%), yeast extract (0.075%) and (NH3)2SO4 (0.08%).The inorganic salts included KH2PO4 (0.3%), MgSO4 (0.03%) and CaCl2 (0.03%). The viable count was 2.38×108 CFU/mL and the contents of β-glucan and mannan were 651.6 and 210.8 mg/L. In conclusion, the yeast liquid medium is not only good for the yeast rapid growth and reproduction in the industrial production but also saves raw materials costs.
    • Short Communications
  • Effects of Acanthopanax senticosus Polysaccharide on Immune Organ Indexes, Counts of Fecal Microflora and Gastrointestinal pH of Immune Challenged Weaner Piglets
    HAN Jie, ZHANG Fei, BIAN Lianquan
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2314-2319. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.036
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    This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary Acanthopanax senticosus polysaccharide (ASPS) on immune organ indexes, counts of fecal microflora and gastrointestinal pH of weaner piglets challenged with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). A total of 64 Duroc×Large White×Landrace weaner piglets aged of 28 days with average initial body weight of (7.22±0.46) kg in a 2×2 factorial experiment were randomly allotted to 4 groups with 4 replications per group and 4 pigs per replication. Weaner piglets in 1 and 2 groups were fed basal diet, and those in 3, 4 groups were fed the basal diet added with 800 mg/kg ASPS. On 14 days, weaner piglets in 2 and 4 groups were injected with LPS and the other groups were given equivalent amount of saline. This experiment lasted for 21 days. The results showed as follows: compared with weaner piglets fed basal diet, dietary ASPS significantly increased the spleen, thymus indexes and the count of Lactobacillus in fecal by 20.06% (P=0.012), 35.38% (P=0.019) and 5.07% (P=0.043), respectively. Furthermore, ASPS supplementation significantly reducing effect on the count of Escherichia coli in fecal, the pH of ileum and cecum contents by 6.04% (P=0.036), 3.62% (P=0.041) and 2.74% (P=0.037), respectively. In addition, significant interactions were observed between ASPS and LPS in spleen (P=0.031), thymus indexes (P=0.047), the count of Lactobacillu in fecal (P=0.050) and the pH of cecum content (P=0.033). For the LPS challenge pigs, fed ASPS significantly reduced the count of Escherichia coli in fecal, the pH of ileum and cecum contents (P<0.05), while significantly increased the spleen and thymus indexes as well as the count of Lactobacillu in fecal compared with weaner piglets fed basal diet (P<0.05). It is concluded that dietary ASPS can improve the development of immune organ and modulate the health of intestinal tract of immune challenged weaner piglets.
  • Effects of Iron and Zinc Complex Amino Acid Chelate on Absorption Metabolism of Iron and Zinc of Finishing Pigs
    ZHAN Kang, ZHAN Jinshun, ZHAO Guoqi, HUO Yongjiu
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2320-2326. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.037
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    To study the effects of iron and zinc complex amino acid chelate on blood biochemical indexes, immunoglobulin content in serum, iron and zinc contents in hair and apparent digestibility of iron and zinc of finishing pigs,thirty-six finishing pigs (Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire) with an average initial body weight of (55.63±1.33) kg were selected and randomly allotted to three groups. There were three replicates per group and four pigs in each replicate. Pigs of the control group fed a basal diet with 100 mg/kg iron and zinc (offered by ferrous sulfate and zinc sulfate), those of experimental group 1 fed the basal diet with 50 mg/kg iron and zinc (offered by ferrous sulfate and zinc sulfate)+50 mg/kg iron and zinc (offered by iron and zinc complex amino acid chelate), and those of experimental group 2 fed the basal diet with 100 mg/kg iron and zinc (offered by iron and zinc complex amino acid chelate). The results showed as follows: 1) no significant differences were observed in the number of red blood cells, hematocrit, immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin M contents in serum among the three groups (P>0.05). 2) The hemoglobin and immunoglobulin G (IgG) contents of experimental group 2 were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05). 3) Iron content in hair of experimental group 2 was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05); zinc content in hair of experimental group 2 was significantly higher than that of experimental group 1 and the control group (P<0.05). 4) Iron content in feces of experimental group 2 was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05); zinc content in feces of experimental group 2 and experimental group 1 was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in apparent digestibility of iron and zinc among the three groups (P>0.05). It is concluded that iron and zinc complex amino acid chelate increase the contents of hemoglobin, IgG in serum and iron, zinc in hair, and decrease iron and zinc contents in feces.
  • Differential Analysis of Intestinal Microflora in Pigs with Different Growth Performance
    HE Beibei, LI Tiantian, ZHU Yuhua, ZHOU Tianjiao, DAI Zhaolai, ZHANG Shihai, XUE Xinhe, ZANG Jianjun, WANG Junjun
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2327-2334. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.038
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    This experiment was conducted to analysis the differences of intestinal microbial composition in pigs with different growth performances by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). Thirty-six barrows (Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire) with a starting body weight of (26.6±2.6) kg were raised for 42 days (ad libitum) within single bar. Feed intake and body weight of each pig were recorded every week to calculate feed conversion rate and average daily gain. At the end of the experiment, feed conversion ratio and average daily gain were integrated to divide the pigs into 3 groups, namely, high growth performance group, middle growth performance group and low growth performance group. Three selected pigs from each group were killed to collect gut contents and feces. The results showed that the DGGE band numbers of ileum, colon, cecum and fecal samples were increased with the improvement of growth performance. Specifically, the abundance of Coprococcus sp. in cecum, Roseburia sp. in colon and fecal samples were higher in high growth performance group than those in the low growth performance group, while Roseburia sp. and Lactobacillus sp. were abundant in the gut of some high growth performance pigs. In summary, there is a correlation between pig gut microbiota composition and the growth performance of pigs. Bacteria belong to the genus of Coprococcus, Roseburia, Lactobacillus can serve as target for improving the health and growth performance of pigs.
  • Energy Requirement for 10 to 20 kg Xiangcun Black-Haired Pigs Estimated by Two Methods
    JIANG Bibo, YU Qifang, YAO Shuang, YANG Yongsheng, HE Jianhua
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2335-2341. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.039
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    This experiment was conducted to establish relevant mathematical model for estimating energy requirement for 10 to 20 kg Xiangcun black-haired pigs, and offer technical parameters to formulate breeding standard for Xiangcun black-haired pigs. A total of 42 Xiangcun black-haired pigs (barrow) were selected to study the energy deposition and metabolism using a gradient feed intake feeding trial (linear regression) and a comparative slaughtering test. The results showed as follows: 1) results from the comparative slaughtering test indicated that the maintenance metabolizable energy (ME) requirement for 10 to 20 kg Xiangcun black-haired pigs was 406.01 kJ/(W0.75·d), and the mathematical model for total ME requirement prediction was ME (kJ/d)=406.01W0.75(kg)+12.99△W(g/d); 2) while the estimation mathematical model established by linear regression for the ME requirement for 10 to 20 kg Xiangcun black-haired pigs was ME (kJ/d)=230.76W0.75(kg)+19.40△W(g/d); 3) the digestive energy conversion efficiency of 10 to 20 kg Xiangcun black-haired pigs was 94.22%. Based on the above results, it is suggested that the maintenance requirement of ME for 10 to 20 kg Xiangcun black-haired pigs is 406.01 kJ/(W0.75·d).
  • Effects of Choline Chloride on Performance and Serum Biochemical Indexes of White Leghorn Breeding Hens in Late of Peak Production
    YAN Huaxiang, XU Zhigang, YUAN Chao, ZOU Xiaoting
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2342-2348. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.00.040
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    This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of choline chloride on performance and serum biochemical indexes of white Leghorn breeding hens in late of peak production. A total of 240 white Leghorn breeding hens, 48-week-old, were randomly divided into 4 groups with 5 replicates in each group and 12 breeding hens in each replicate. Hens in the four groups were fed corn-soybean basal diets supplemented with 450, 750, 1 050 and 1 650 mg/kg choline chloride, respectively. The experiment lasted for 13 weeks. The research showed as follows: 1) no significant difference of laying rate was found among all groups (P>0.05), and the livability of the 450 mg/kg choline chloride group was the lowest, which had a significant difference from other groups (P<0.01). 2) Except the yolk color (P<0.05), no significant differences of egg quality were found among all groups (P>0.05). Yolk color of the 750 mg/kg choline chloride group was the highest. Choline chloride added level could not improve the ability of storing eggs (P>0.05). 3) The 750 mg/kg choline chloride group had the highest fertile hatchability than other groups (P<0.05). 4) The 750 mg/kg choline chloride group had the highest serum albumin content than other groups (P<0.05). Serum urea nitrogen, urea acid and triglyceride contents of the 750 mg/kg choline chloride group were significantly lower than those of the 450 mg/kg choline chloride group (P<0.05). The research implies that the appropriate choline chloride added level (750 mg/kg) can improve the livability and fertile egg hatchability, reduce serum urea nitrogen, urea acid and triglyceride contents of breeding hens in late of peak production.
  • Influence of Vitamin A on Performance, Serum Biochemical Indices, Organ Indices and Tibia Ash Content of Broilers
    YAN Peipei, SHI Tianhong, JING Qingchuan, LIU Xuelan, WU Bin, WEI Xiangfa, LIU Ruiting, ZHANG Yan
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2349-2356. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.041
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    This experiment was conducted to study the effects of vitamin A on performance, serum biochemical indices, organ indices and tibia ash content of broilers and determine the appropriate vitamin A added level in diet. Five hundred and forty one-day-old Abor Aeres (AA) broilers were randomly allocated to 6 groups with 3 replicates per group and 30 chickens per replicate. The broilers were randomly fed one of six corn-soybean meal diets with different vitamin A added levels (1 500, 3 000, 6 000, 9 000, 12 000 and 15 000 IU/kg) for 28 d. The results indicated as follows: 1) compared with 6 000 IU/kg vitamin A, added 1 500 IU/kg vitamin A significantly decreased livability (P<0.05), added 15 000 IU/kg vitamin A significantly decreased livability and body weight at 28 days of age (P<0.05), and other vitamin A levels did not cause distinct difference (P>0.05). 2) Quadratic responses to vitamin A added level were significant for serum calcium (Ca) content and serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of broilers (P<0.05), serum Ca content reached summit when vitamin A at 6 800 IU/kg, and serum ALP activity got to valley bottom when vitamin A at 10 000 IU/kg. Compared with 12 000 IU/kg vitamin A, added 1 500 and 3 000 IU/kg vitamin A significantly decreased serum phosphorus (P) content (P<0.05), and other vitamin A added levels did not cause distinct difference (P>0.05). 3) Liver index had a significant quadratic relationship with vitamin A added level (P<0.05), and reached summit when vitamin A at 8 000 IU/kg. Spleen index had a significant linear relationship with vitamin A added level (P<0.05), and debased linearly with increased vitamin A added level. The bursa of Fabricius index of broilers fed 1 500 IU/kg vitamin A was significantly lower than that of broilers fed 6 000 IU/kg vitamin A (P<0.05), and had no significant differences with other groups (P>0.05). Tibia ash content had no significant differences among all groups (P>0.05). It follows that, 1) suitable vitamin A added level in diet is from 6 000 to 10 000 IU/kg; 2) serum ALP activity is affected easily by dietary vitamin A level and can not reflect bone develop status exactly.
  • Effects of Litter Thickness on Production Performance, Immune Organ Indexes, Serum Biochemical Parameters and Welfare Quality of Yellow-Feathered Broilers
    SHAO Dan, HE Jiao, WANG Qiang, CHANG Lingling, SHI Shourong, BU Zhu, TONG Haibing
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2357-2364. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.042
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    This trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of litter thickness on production performance, immune organ indexes, serum biochemical parameters and welfare quality of yellow-feathered broilers. A total of 1 600 21-day-old Suqin yellow-feathered male broilers were randomly allocated 4 groups with 5 replicates per group and 80 birds per replicate (8 birds/m2). These birds were assigned to litter thickness treatments for 4, 8, 12 and 16 cm, respectively. Each treatment was represented by 5 replicates. The experiment lasted for 35 days (from 22 to 56 days of age). The results showed that litter thickness had no effects on production performance, blood routine parameters, and serum biochemical parameters (P>0.05). The litter moisture content showed significant response to increasing litter thickness (P<0.05), and there was significant linear correlation between litter moisture content and litter thickness (P<0.001). The plumage pollution, plumage damage, and foot pad dermatitis as well as breast blister displayed significant reply to increasing litter thickness (P<0.05), and they were linearly affected by litter thickness (P=0.005, P<0.001, P=0.007 and P=0.013, respectively). The findings in this study reveal that increasing properly litter thicknesshas beneficial effects on litter quality and welfare quality of yellow-feathered broilers aged 56 days, and the effects of 16 cm litter thickness are best.
  • Effects of Different Roughage to Concentrate Ratios on Ruminal Fermentation Characteristics, Nutrients Digestion and Metabolism of Jinnan Cattle
    ZHANG Yingying, WANG Cong, LIU Qiang, BAI Yuansheng, SHI Zhouge, LIU Xiaoni, GAO Shuwen
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2365-2372. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.043
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    The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different roughage to concentrate ratios on ruminal fermentation characteristics, nutrients digestion and metabolism of Jinnan cattle. Thirty-six healthy Jinnan cattle aged about 12 months were randomly divided into four groups with nine head per group. Cattle in control group and test groups Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ were fed diets with roughage to concentrate ratios of 90:10, 70:30, 50:50 and 30:70, respectively. Feeding trial lasted for 70 days with a 10-day pre-trial period and a 60-day trial period. After that, three heads of cattle were randomly selected from each group for a 10-day digestion and metabolism trial. The results showed that average daily gain in test group Ⅲ was significantly higher than that in control group and test group Ⅰ (P<0.05), and dry matter intake and feed:gain in test group Ⅲ were significantly lower than those in control group and test group Ⅰ (P<0.05); the apparent digestibility of organic matter and crude protein in test groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ were significantly higher than those in control group and test group Ⅰ (P<0.05), and the apparent digestibility of dry matter in test groups was significantly higher than that in control group (P<0.05); nitrogen intake, digestible nitrogen and nitrogen retention in test groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ were significantly higher than those in control group and test groups Ⅰ (P<0.05); nitrogen emission/nitrogen intake, phosphorus emission/phosphorus intake and methane energy emission in test group Ⅲ were significantly lower than those in control group, test groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ (P<0.05); the concentrations of total volatile fatty acid, propionate and butyrate of ruminal fluid in test groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ were significantly higher than those in control group and test group Ⅰ (P<0.05), however, pH, acetate concentration, acetate:propionate and ammonia nitrogen concentration of ruminal fluid in test groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ were significantly lower than those in control group and test group Ⅰ (P<0.05). In conclusion, the optimal roughage to concentrate ratio in diet for finishing Jinnan cattle is 70:30.
  • Effects of Rhizoma Atractylodis Oil on Rumen Fermentation and Nutrient Degradability in Vitro in Jinjiang Yellow Cattle
    XU Zhensong, QU Mingren, SONG Xiaozhen, ZHAO Xianghui, HUANG Tao, CHEN Yumin
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2373-2378. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.044
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    This study was conducted to determine the effects of Rhizoma Atractylodis oil on rumen ferment parameters and nutrient degradability in vitro in Jingjiang yellow cattle. Three beef cattle were fed under high temperature environment in summer, and their rumen fluid were collected by rumen fistula and then mixed. An in vitro batch culture method was used in the study, and a basal diet with the concentrate to forage ratio of 20:80 was supplemented with Rhizoma Atractylodis oil by 0 (control group), 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75% and 1.00%, respectively. The results showed as follows: 1) compare with the control group, the total gas production, pH, ammonia nitrogen, volatile fatty acid (VFA), total VFA concentration and acetic acid to propionic acid ratio in all supplemental groups were not significantly influenced (P>0.05), however, the rumen fluid microbial protein (MCP) content was tended towards increase compared with control group. The rumen fluid MCP content in the group supplemented with 0.75% Rhizoma Atractylodis oil was increased by 9.48% (P<0.05) compared with control group. 2) No significant difference was noticed about the degradability of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) among all groups (P>0.05), but the degradability of crude protein (CP) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) in rumen fluid culture substrate supplemented with Rhizoma Atractylodis oil were significantly increased (P<0.05), especially, the degradability of ADF in group supplemented with 0.50% Rhizoma Atractylodis oil was increased by 16.13% (P<0.05), and the degradability of CP was significantly increased by 31.58% in group supplemented with 0.75% Rhizoma Atractylodis oil (P<0.01) compared with control group. In conclusion, the diet supplemented with 0.75% Rhizoma Atractylodis oil can promote the rumen fluid MCP synthesis and increase the degradability of CP in Jinjiang yellow cattle.
  • Optimal Feeding Frequency for Sebastes schlegeli Juveniles
    MAO Shuquan, ZOU Mingyu, WANG Chunsheng, SONG Liping, WANG Bingli, XU Peng
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2379-2385. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.045
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    In order to determine the optimal feeding frequency for Sebastes schlegeli juveniles, the effects of feeding frequency on growth, feed utilization, nutrient components and digestive enzyme activities of Sebastes schlegeli juveniles were studied. Three hundred Sebastes schlegeli juveniles with an average body weight of (5.63±0.17) g were randomly divided into 5 groups with 3 replicates per group and 20 fish per replicate. The fish in the 5 groups had different feeding frequencies which were four meals per day, three meals per day, two meals per day, three meals per two days and one meal per day. The experiment lasted for 60 days. The results showed as follows: with feeding frequency increasing, the weight gain rate, feed intake rate, specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio of juveniles all showed an increasing trend, and the specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio in two to four meals per day groups were not significantly different (P>0.05), but were significant higher than those in three meals per two days and one meal per day groups (P<0.05). The hepatosomatic index and viscerosomatic index in four meals per day group were significantly lower than those in one meal per day group (P<0.05). The moisture content of fish body in one meal per day group was significantly higher than that in two to four meals per day groups (P<0.05), while the crude lipid content in one meal per day group was significantly lower than that in three meals per two days and two to four meals per day groups (P<0.05), and the contents of crude protein and ash of whole fish in four meals per day group were significantly lower than those in one meal per day group (P<0.05). The moisture content of liver in one meal per day group was significantly lower than that in three to four meals per day groups (P<0.05), while the crude lipid content in three meals per two days and one meal per day groups was significantly higher than that in four meals per day group (P<0.05). The activities of pepsin, amylase and lipase in one meal per day group were significantly higher than those in two to four meals per day groups (P<0.05), while the digestive enzymes activities had no significant changes with feeding frequency increasing when feeding frequency was more than two meals per day (P>0.05). Base on a comprehensive consideration of growth performance, feed utilization, nutrient components and digestive enzyme activities, the optimal feeding frequency for Sebastes schlegeli juveniles is two meals per day.
  • A Comparative Study：Effects of Several Immunomodulators on Growth Performance, Immunity and Survival Rate after Bacterial Challenge of Japanese Seabasss
    YU Huanhuan, XUE Min, HAN Fang, WANG Jia, ZHENG Yinhua, WU Xiufeng
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2386-2396. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.046
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    This experiment was conducted to compare the effects of several immunomodulators on growth performance, immunity and survival rate after bacterial challenge of Japanese seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus). First, one diet containing 38.500% fish meal as a positive control group diet was formulated, and then make soybean meal replace 13.500% fish meal of the positive control group diet as a control group diet, and 0.010% premixed grade flavomycin (negative control group), 0.004% chitosan oligosaccharide, 1.000% GroBiotic -A, 0.050% yeast cell wall and 0.500% taurine were added in the control group diet, respectively, to formulate 5 experimental diets. Above 7 groups were successively named as FM, SBM, Fla, COS, GA, YCW and Tau groups. A total of 840 Japanese seabass with an initial body weight of (18.30±0.01) g were randomly divided into 7 groups with 4 replicates per group and 30 fish per replicate. After feeding 72 days, the fish were challenged with Aeromonas veronii (4×104 CFU per 100 g body weight) by intramuscular injection of dorsal-fin base, and to observe and record the 7-day cumulative survival rate after challenged with Aeromonas veronii. The results showed as follows: the weight gain rate and special growth rate were significantly decreased and the feed conversion ratio was significantly increased when 13.500% fish meal was replaced by soybean meal (P<0.05), and those indices were not improved by adding immunomodulators. There were no significant differences in condition factor and hepato-somatic index among all groups (P>0.05). The viscera-somatic index in YCW group was significantly higher than that in SBM group (P<0.05), while the spleen-somatic index in COS group was significantly lower than that in SBM group (P<0.05). Before challenge, Fla group had the highest plasma immunoglobulin M and nitric oxide contents (P<0.05), however, all fish in Fla group died within 48 h after challenge. Before challenge, the plasma complement 3 content in GA and YCW groups was significantly higher than that in COS group (P<0.05). After challenge, Tau group had the highest plasma immunoglobulin M content, myeloperoxidase activity, nitric oxide content and anti-superoxide anion free radical activity, and blood respiratory burst strength. At 7 days after challenge, the survival rate of FM, SBM, COS, GA, YCW and Tau groups was 50%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 85% and 65%, respectively. The results indicate that adding above immunomodulators do not significantly affect the growth performance of Japanese seabass, but the GroBiotic -A, yeast cell wall and taurine can significantly increase the immunity and the resistance to bacterial infection of Japanese seabass, and flavomycin has negative effects on the disease resistance of Japanese seabass.
  • Xylo-Oligosaccharides Supplementation Affects Growth Performance, Non-Specific Immunity, Antioxidant Function and Anti-White Spot Syndrome Virus Capacity of Juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei
    CHEN Xiaoying, CAO Junming, HUANG Yanhua, WANG Guoxia, MO Wenyan, CHEN Bing, ZHAO Hongxia, FU Jingjing
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2397-2407. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.047
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    This experiment was aimed to study whether xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) supplementation could affect non-specific immunity, antioxidant function and anti-white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) capacity of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei. Eight hundred juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei with an initial body weight of (0.67±0.02) g were randomly assigned to 4 groups with 4 replicates per group and 50 shrimps per replicate. Shrimps in the 4 groups were fed diets supplemented with 0 (G0 group, as control group), 200 (G200 group), 400 (G400 group) and 600 mg/kg (G600 group) XOS for 6 weeks, respectively. After the 6 weeks' feeding trial, shrimps were injected with WSSV. The results showed that the weight gain rate (WGR), special gain rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and protein deposition rate (PDR) were significantly increased and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly decreased when adding 200 mg/kg in the diet (P<0.05). Dietary XOS could increase the total haemocyte count (THC), and that in G400 group was significantly higher than that in control group and G600 group (P<0.05). The activities of phenoloxidase (PO) and lysozyme (LZM) in serum and LZM in gill were significantly increased by adding XOS in the diet (P<0.05). Compared with control group, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) in serum and hepatopancreas and serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in G200 group were significantly increased (P<0.05), the hepatopancreas T-AOC in experimental groups was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the activity of hepatopancreas anti-superoxide anion radical (Anti-O2-·) in G400 group was significantly increased (P<0.05), while the hepatopancreas malondialdehyde (MDA) content in G400 group and the serum MDA content in experimental groups were significantly reduced (P<0.05). After 72 h of WSSV injection, the cumulated mortality rate (CMR) in experimental groups was significantly decreased compared with control group (P<0.05), and the relative percentage survival (RPS) in G200, G400 and G600 groups was 15.2%, 18.2% and 15.2%, respectively. In conclusion, suitable amount of XOS in the diet can improve growth performance, non-specific immunity, antioxidant function and anti-WSSV capacity of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei.
  • Comparation of the Improvement Effect on Body Colour of Chinese Mitten Crab Caused by Three Carotenoid Sources
    GONG Zhi, YI Shuping, KONG Li, CAI Chunfang, YE Yuantu, SHEN Jianming
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2408-2413. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.048
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    This study was conducted to compare the improvement effect on body colour of Chinese mitten crab caused by three carotenoid sources, in order to provide a reference for optimizing quality of Chinese mitten crab. Four experimental diets were formulated, including a control diet and three diets in which adding 2.00% Spirulina, 0.55% Haematococcus pluvialis and 15.00% alfalfa meal, respectively, and the content of carotenoid in those diets was 6.0, 67.2, 67.6 and 49.5 mg/kg, accordingly. Two hundred and forty Chinese mitten crabs with the initial body weight of (8.9±0.3) g were stored in 16 tanks with 15 crabs per tank. Each diet fed crabs in 4 tanks for 60 days. The results showed as follows: at the end of the feeding trial, no significant differences were observed in final body weight, survival rate and specific growth rate among all groups (P>0.05). The contents of carotenoid and astaxanthin in both carapace and hepatopancreas were successively increased in Spirulina, Haematococcus pluvialis and alfalfa meal, and were significantly higher than those in control group (P<0.05). Moreover, the contents of carotenoid and astaxanthin in both carapace and hepatopancreas in alfalfa meal group were significantly higher than those in Spirulina group (P<0.05). These results indicate that the body colour of Chinese mitten crab can be improved by Spirulina, Haematococcus pluvialis and alfalfa meal, and the alfalfa meal has the best effect.
  • Effects of Tenebrio molitor L. on Body Weight Change, Nutrient Digestibility, Nitrogen Metabolism and Fur Quality of Minks during Winter Hair Period
    ZHANG Tietao, ZHANG Haihua, LIU Zhi, GUO Qiang, WU Xuezhuang, YANG Fuhe, LI Guangyu, WANG Haihong
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2414-2420. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.049
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    This experiment was conducted to study the effects of Tenebrio molitor L. on body weight change, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen metabolism and fur quality of minks during winter hair period. The single factor method was taken in the trial, and sixty minks were randomly assigned into 5 groups. Minks in group Ⅰ were fed a basal diet (without Tenebrio molitor L.), and the others in groups Ⅱ to Ⅴ were fed the experimental diets supplemented with 2%, 4%, 8% and 16% Tenebrio molitor L., respectively. The pre-test period lasted for 7 days and the trial period lasted for 80 days. The results showed as follow: 1) on 17-11-13, the body weight of minks in groups Ⅳ and Ⅴ was significantly higher than that in group Ⅲ (P<0.05). There was no difference on average daily gain among all groups (P>0.05). 2) The feed intake of minks in group Ⅳ was significantly higher than that in groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ (P<0.01), the crude protein digestibility of minks in groups Ⅱ and Ⅴ was significantly higher than that in group Ⅳ (P<0.01). There were no differences in the crude fat digestibility and ash digestibility among all groups (P>0.05). 3) The nitrogen intake of minks in groups Ⅲ, Ⅳ and Ⅴ was significantly higher than that in groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ (P<0.05), the fecal nitrogen of minks in groups Ⅲ and Ⅳ was significantly higher than that in groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ (P<0.01), the urine nitrogen of minks in group Ⅴ was significantly higher than that in group Ⅰ (P<0.01), and the nitrogen retention, net protein utilization and biological value of protein of minks in group Ⅳ were significantly higher than those in group Ⅰ (P<0.05). 4) The fur length of minks in group Ⅴ was significantly higher than that in group Ⅰ (P<0.05), the fresh fur weight of minks in group Ⅴ was significantly higher than that in group Ⅲ (P<0.05), and the guard hair length of minks in group Ⅲ was significantly higher than that in group Ⅳ (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplemented with Tenebrio molitor L. can reduce the use of fish meal, meat and bone meal and bean oil, and dietary supplemented with 8% to 16% Tenebrio molitor L. can enhance the fur quality.
  • Different Origins and Stubbles of Alfalfa：Evaluation of Nutritional Value by an in Vitro Fermentation Method
    MA Yanyan, CHENG Yanfen, ZHU Weiyun
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2421-2432. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.050
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    The nutritional value of different origins and stubbles of alfalfa was evaluated by an in vitro fermentation method in this study. Fermentation flasks containing 90 mL culture medium and 10 mL rumen fluid, collected from 3 Holstein cows with permanent rumen fistulas, with 1 g alfalfa as substrate were incubated at 39 ℃ for 96 h. The bottles were put in ice bath to stop the reaction at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of fermentation. The results showed as follows: gas production, nutrient disappearance rates, and the concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFA), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and microbial protein (MCP) of culture medium of alfalfa during in vitro fermentation were significantly affected by origin, stubble and their interaction (P<0.05). After fermentation, gas production and VFA concentrations of culture medium of alfalfa from Xinjiang were the highest, and nutrient disappearance rates and NH3-N concentration of culture medium of alfalfa from Ningxia were the highest. The third stubble of alfalfa had the highest gas production, nutrient disappearance rates, and VFA, NH3-N and MCP concentrations of culture medium, the second stubble had the lowest gas production, nutrient disappearance rates and VFA concentration of culture medium, and the first stubble had the lowest NH3-N and MCP concentrations of culture medium. In conclusion, the nutritional value of the third stubble of alfalfa from Xinjiang and Gansu is higher, while that of the second stubble of alfalfa from Gansu and Jiangsu is lower.
  • Effects of Different Microbes and Their Combinations on Rumen Degradation Rate of Corn Stalk
    ZHANG Lixia, TU Yan, LI Yanling, WANG Hongmei, DIAO Qiyu
    Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2014, 26(8): 2433-2444. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.08.051
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    This experiment was aimed to study the effects of corn stalks treated with seven different microbes and their combinations. Corn stalks were fermented with 1 strain (Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Penicillium sp.), 2 strains (Phanerochaete chrysosporium+ Aspergillus niger and Phanerochaete chrysosporium+ Trichoderma viride), 3 strains (Phanerochaete chrysosporium+Aspergillus niger+Penicillium sp. and Phanerochaete chrysosporium+Aspergillus niger+Trichoderma viride) or 4 strains (Phanerochaete chrysosporium+Aspergillus niger+Trichoderma viride+Penicillium sp.) of microorganisms (seven combinations in total), and six Dorper×Thin-tailed crossbred castrated sheep F1 were used. In situ method was applied to measure the dynamic rumen degradation rate of dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, acid detergent lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose at 0, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h. The results showed that microbes improved the effective degradation rate of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, acid detergent lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, and crude protein of corn stalks (P<0.05). The effects of different microbes and their combinations were inconsistent. The combination of Phaerochaete chrysosporium+Trichoderma viride is superior to other strains or combinations. The utilization efficiency of corn stalks can be improved by using certain combination of microbes.
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Ji Cheng
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Qi Guang-hai Wang Yi-zhen
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