ZHANG Jianlu, YU Ping, HUANG Jiqin, JI Hong, QIU Lijiang, YANG Ke. Effects of Fish Meal Replacement by Defatted Silkworm Pupae on Growth Performance, Body Composition and Health Status of Jian Carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2013, 25(7): 1568-1578.
Effects of Fish Meal Replacement by Defatted Silkworm Pupae on Growth Performance, Body Composition and Health Status of Jian Carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)
ZHANG Jianlu1, YU Ping1, HUANG Jiqin1, JI Hong1,2,3, QIU Lijiang1, YANG Ke1
1. College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China; 2. Institute of Fisheries Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; 3. Ankang Fisheries Research Station, Northwest A&F University, Ankang 725021, China
Abstract:This experiment was conducted to study the effects of fish meal (FM) replacement by defatted silkworm pupae (DSP) on growth performance, body composition and health status of Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian), and also to study the effects of crystalline lysine supplementation under the condition of 75% FM replacement by DSP. Five isonitrogenous (36.8% crude protein) and isoenergetic (5.5% crude lipid) diets were formulated as follows: one basal diet with 10% FM (DSP0), three diets with 25%, 50% and 75% FM replacement by DSP (DSP25, DSP50 and DSP75), and one diet with 0.7% crystalline lysine supplementation in the 75% replacement diet (DSP75-Lys). A total of 270 juvenile Jian carp with an average body weight of (15.30±2.97) g were randomly assigned into 5 groups with 3 replicates per group and 18 fish per replicate. The experiment lasted for 56 days. The results showed as follows: the final body weight (FBW), weight gaining rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), feed intake (FI) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of fish in the direct replacement groups were decreased with the replacement level increasing. The FBW in DSP75 group was significantly lower than that in DSP0 group (P<0.05) and the WGR, SGR and PER in DSP75 group were significantly lower than those in DSP0 and DSP25 groups (P<0.05). The feed conversion ratio (FCR) of fish in the direct replacement groups was increased with the replacement level increasing, and that in DSP75 group was significantly higher than that in DSP0 and DSP25 groups (P<0.05). The condition factor (CF) and intraperitoneal fat index (IFI) of fish in the direct replacement groups were firstly decreased and then increased with the replacement level increasing, and those in DSP75 group were significantly higher than those in DSP25 group (P<0.05). The relative gut length (RGL) of fish in the direct replacement groups was increased with the replacement level increasing, and that in DSP75 group was significantly higher than that in DSP0 group (P<0.05). No significant differences in the contents of whole body crude protein and moisture, and muscle amino acids were found among all direct replacement groups (P>0.05), but the whole body crude lipid and ash contents in DSP75 group were significantly higher and lower than those in DSP0 group, respectively (P<0.05). The serum alanine transarninase (ALT) activity of fish in the direct replacement groups was increased with the replacement level increasing, and that in DSP75 group was significantly higher than that in DSP0, DSP25 and DSP50 groups (P<0.05). The serum glucose (GLU) content of fish in the direct replacement groups was decreased with the replacement level increasing, and that in DSP50 and DSP75 groups was significantly lower than that in DSP0 group (P<0.05). The hepatopancreas total superoxide dismutase(T-SOD) activity of fish in the direct replacement groups was decreased with the replacement level increasing, and that in DSP75 group was significantly lower than that in DSP0 and DSP25 groups (P<0.05). With the replacement level increasing, the serum low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and cholesterol (CHOL) contents were decreased and the hepatopancreas malondialdehyde (MDA) content was increased, but no significant differences were found among all direct replacement groups (P>0.05). The indices mentioned above were improved to a certain degree by crystalline lysine supplementation, and the whole body crude protein in DSP75-Lys was significantly higher than that in DSP0 group (P<0.05), but the transaminase activities and antioxidant indexes had no significant differences between DSP75-Lys and DSP75 groups (P>0.05). In conclusion, it is feasible to substitute 50% FM with DSP in the Jian carp diet, and simultaneous supplementation of crystalline lysine can improve the body protein deposition level.
Key words:
Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)defatted silkworm pupaecrystalline lysinefish mealgrowth performancebody compositionhealth status
蚕蛹含有24%~33%的脂肪,其脂肪酸组成中不饱和脂肪酸占79.88%,高水平的不饱和脂肪酸易使蚕蛹氧化酸败,营养破坏、变臭而产生特殊的腥臭味[13]。同时,蚕蛹赖氨酸含量显著低于鱼粉[14],因此,推测限制在鱼类饲料中添加较高水平的蚕蛹主要原因是油脂酸败和氨基酸不平衡。针对这一问题,本文研究了脱脂蚕蛹在建鲤(Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)饲料中的应用,探讨了在蚕蛹高水平替代基础上添加晶体赖氨酸的效果,旨在明确脱脂蚕蛹替代鱼粉的最适水平及替代后添加晶体赖氨酸的可行性,为鲤全价人工配合饲料开发及蚕蛹利用提供科学依据。
表3 脱脂蚕蛹替代鱼粉对建鲤生长性能的影响Table 3 Effects of fish meal replacement by defatted silkworm pupae on growth performance of Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)
项目
Items
组别 Groups
DSP0
DSP25
DSP50
DSP75
DSP75-Lys
成活率 SR/%
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.1
98.1
终末鱼体质量 FBW/g
91.48±3.83a
90.47±3.18ab
84.41±4.74ab
80.27±3.10b
83.01±2.93ab
增重率 WGR/%
498±21a
491±33a
452±17ab
425±11b
443± 38b
特定生长率 SGR/(%/d)
7.65±0.17a
7.63±0.12a
7.47±0.14ab
7.36±0.11b
7.42±0.16ab
摄食量 FI/(g/d)
2.17±0.10
2.08±0.18
2.06±0.12
2.03±0.04
2.05±0.02
蛋白质效率 PER
1.60±0.10a
1.62±0.08a
1.54±0.08ab
1.45±0.06b
1.47±0.04ab
饲料系数 FCR
1.52±0.04b
1.55±0.07b
1.67±0.04ab
1.80±0.04a
1.71±0.10ab
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below.
表3 脱脂蚕蛹替代鱼粉对建鲤生长性能的影响Table 3 Effects of fish meal replacement by defatted silkworm pupae on growth performance of Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)
表4 脱脂蚕蛹替代鱼粉对建鲤生物学性状的影响Table 4 Effects of fish meal replacement by defatted silkworm pupae on biological traits of Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)
项目Items
组别 Groups
DSP0
DSP25
DSP50
DSP75
DSP75-Lys
肥满度 CF/(g/cm3)
2.57±0.03ab
2.56±0.05b
2.65±0.07ab
2.68±0.03a
2.62±0.06ab
腹腔脂肪指数 IFI/%
0.36±0.03ab
0.34±0.04b
0.39±0.04ab
0.45±0.02a
0.38±0.09ab
肝胰指数 HSI/%
1.85±0.12
1.75±0.11
1.92±0.11
1.89±0.14
1.69±0.13
比肠长 RGL/%
1.58±0.07b
1.64±0.13ab
1.64±0.08ab
1.66±0.05a
1.62±0.05ab
脾脏指数 SI/%
0.31±0.07
0.27±0.08
0.28±0.08
0.28±0.09
0.28±0.03
表4 脱脂蚕蛹替代鱼粉对建鲤生物学性状的影响Table 4 Effects of fish meal replacement by defatted silkworm pupae on biological traits of Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)
表5 脱脂蚕蛹替代鱼粉对建鲤鱼体一般营养成分的影响 Table 5 Effects of fish meal replacement by defatted silkworm pupae on general nutrients in body of Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)
项目
Items
组别 Groups
DSP0
DSP25
DSP50
DSP75
DSP75-Lys
粗蛋白质 Crude protein
16.72±0.09a
16.72±0.11a
17.20±0.25ab
17.51±0.34ab
17.64±0.20b
粗脂肪 Crude lipid
5.44±0.51a
5.87±0.62a
5.92±0.69a
7.12±0.44b
6.31±0.77ab
水分 Moisture
75.29±0.23a
74.28±0.89ab
74.15±0.89ab
73.82±1.01ab
72.09±1.65b
粗灰分 Ash
2.83±0.07a
2.79±0.11a
2.77±0.25a
2.45±0.12b
2.47±0.22b
表5 脱脂蚕蛹替代鱼粉对建鲤鱼体一般营养成分的影响
Table 5 Effects of fish meal replacement by defatted silkworm pupae on general nutrients in body of Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)
表6
Table 6
表6(Table 6)
表6 脱脂蚕蛹替代鱼粉对建鲤肌肉氨基酸组成的影响(湿重基础) Table 6 Effects of fish meal replacement by defatted silkworm pupae on amino acid composition in muscle of Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) (wet weight basis) %
项目
Items
组别 Groups
DSP0
DSP25
DSP50
DSP75
DSP75-Lys
必需氨基酸 EAA
组氨酸 His
0.58±0.02
0.59±0.06
0.59±0.12
0.58±0.05
0.61±0.14
精氨酸 Arg
0.92±0.03
0.96±0.12
0.91±0.08
0.93±0.06
0.92±0.06
苏氨酸 Thr
0.72±0.04
0.70±0.03
0.74±0.12
0.72±0.06
0.69±0.13
缬氨酸 Val
0.71±0.07
0.72±0.14
0.70±0.12
0.72±0.05
0.70±0.11
蛋氨酸 Met
0.41±0.03
0.43±0.06
0.44±0.04
0.43±0.05
0.42±0.07
异亮氨酸 Ile
1.28±0.05
1.29±0.02
1.27±0.06
1.29±0.16
1.32±0.13
亮氨酸 Leu
0.68±0.04
0.66±0.09
0.65±0.13
0.68±0.05
0.65±0.07
苯丙氨酸 Phe
0.64±0.05
0.67±0.08
0.64±0.04
0.62±0.11
0.61±0.07
赖氨酸 Lys
1.47±0.06
1.46±0.17
1.45±0.04
1.46±0.13
1.47±0.09
非必需氨基酸 NEAA
天冬氨酸 Asp
1.54±0.09
1.57±0.10
1.56±0.08
1.57±0.06
1.55±0.09
谷氨酸 Glu
2.43±0.18
2.44±0.23
2.50±0.17
2.45±0.21
2.51±0.27
丝氨酸 Ser
0.64±0.05
0.64±0.05
0.65±0.04
0.64±0.11
0.64±0.09
甘氨酸 Gly
0.68±0.18
0.66±0.13
0.68±0.07
0.68±0.05
0.66±0.16
半胱氨酸 Cys
0.21±0.05
0.19±0.04
0.18±0.09
0.16±0.06
0.13±0.03
丙氨酸 Ala
0.92±0.04
0.92±0.14
0.89±0.08
0.93±0.11
0.94±0.09
脯氨酸 Pro
0.99±0.07
0.97±0.07
1.02±0.05
1.01±0.14
1.03±0.09
酪氨酸 Tyr
0.42±0.04
0.44±0.06
0.47±0.09
0.51±0.17
0.47±0.04
总氨基酸 TAA
15.25±0.83
15.31±0.87
15.34±0.67
15.37±0.81
15.32±1.02
表6 脱脂蚕蛹替代鱼粉对建鲤肌肉氨基酸组成的影响(湿重基础)Table 6 Effects of fish meal replacement by defatted silkworm pupae on amino acid composition in muscle of Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) (wet weight basis) %
表7 脱脂蚕蛹替代鱼粉对建鲤血清生化指标的影响Table 7 Effects of fish meal replacement by defatted silkworm pupae on serum biochemical indices of Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)
项目
Items
组别 Groups
DSP0
DSP25
DSP50
DSP75
DSP75-Lys
谷丙转氨酶 ALT/(U/mL)
52.90±13.90a
53.10±18.24a
53.33±12.23a
56.57±4.77b
57.10±10.74b
谷草转氨酶 AST/(U/mL)
240.83±24.35
224.73±3.14
220.00±35.67
198.20±43.42
241.57±8.69
胆固醇 CHOL/(mmol/L)
3.51±0.46a
3.41±0.18ab
3.31±0.23ab
3.07±0.25ab
3.02±0.05b
高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 HDL-C/(mmol/L)
0.49±0.20
0.52±0.04
0.51±0.07
0.48±0.06
0.48±0.06
低密度脂蛋白胆固醇LDL-C/(mmol/L)
0.96±0.16a
0.93±0.03ab
0.85±0.12ab
0.82±0.12ab
0.80±0.02b
葡萄糖 GLU/(mmol/L)
8.12±1.75a
7.29±0.65ab
6.69±0.11b
6.74±1.46b
7.90±0.80ab
总蛋白 TP/(g/L)
26.87±4.28
27.80±2.12
27.43±0.85
26.57±1.01
25.57±2.01
表7 脱脂蚕蛹替代鱼粉对建鲤血清生化指标的影响 Table 7 Effects of fish meal replacement by defatted silkworm pupae on serum biochemical indices of Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)
表8 脱脂蚕蛹替代鱼粉对建鲤肝胰脏抗氧化指标的影响 Table 8 Effects of fish meal replacement with DSP on hepatopancreas antioxidant indices of Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)
项目
Items
组别 Groups
DSP0
DSP25
DSP50
DSP75
DSP75-Lys
总超氧化物歧化酶 T-SOD/(U/mg prot)
70.95±4.86a
70.91±5.74a
66.06±4.82ab
62.63±4.47b
62.29±3.48b
丙二醛 MDA/(nmol/mg prot)
5.38±0.35
5.42±0.34
5.50±0.34
5.58±0.46
5.60±0.28
表8 脱脂蚕蛹替代鱼粉对建鲤肝胰脏抗氧化指标的影响
Table 8 Effects of fish meal replacement with DSP on hepatopancreas antioxidant indices of Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)
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