动物营养学报  2013, Vol. 25 Issue (8): 1783-1788   PDF (954KB)    
十二指肠灌注亮氨酸对奶牛胰腺淀粉酶分泌的影响
刘烨1, 刘凯1, 徐明1,2, 吕长荣3, 曹阳春1, 姚军虎1     
1. 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院,杨凌 712100;
2. 内蒙古农业大学动物科学学院,呼和浩特 010080;
3. 西北农林科技大学动物医学学院,杨凌 712100
摘要:本试验旨在研究十二指肠灌注亮氨酸对奶牛胰腺淀粉酶分泌的影响.以4头周岁荷斯坦母牛[(215±7) kg]为试验动物,手术安装十二指肠胰液收集袋、灌注管和回流管以及颈静脉插管,采用4×4拉丁方试验设计,进行十二指肠亮氨酸灌注试验 .结果表明,随亮氨酸灌注水平升高,血浆胰岛素和胆囊收缩素浓度升高(P<0.05),胰腺α-淀粉酶合成速率(U/h)呈先升高后降低趋势(P<0.01),在29.5 μmol/(kg·h)灌注水平时最大.十二指肠灌注亮氨酸也极显著影响了胰腺α-淀粉酶分泌浓度(U/L,P<0.01;U/g prot,P<0.01).结果表明,亮氨酸可能通过刺激胰岛素和胆囊收缩素释放,调控青年奶牛胰腺淀粉酶分泌功能,二者存在剂量效应.
关键词亮氨酸     十二指肠灌注     淀粉酶     胰岛素     胆囊收缩素    
Duodenal Infusion of Leucine: Effects on Pancreatic Amylase Secretion of Dairy Cows
LIU Ye1, LIU Kai1, XU Ming1,2, LYU Changrong3, CAO Yangchun1, YAO Junhu1     
1. College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China;
2. College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot 010080, China;
3. College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
Abstract: This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of duodenal leucine infusion on pancreatic α-amylase secretion of dairy cows. Four intravenously cannulated yearling Holstein cows [(215±7) kg] with pancreatic pouch-duodenal reentrant cannulas, duodenal catheters and jugular catheters were used in a 4×4 Latin square with duodenal leucine infusions [0, 29.5, 59.1 and 88.6 μmol/(kg·h)]. The results showed as follows: plasma insulin and cholecystokinin concentrations were increased with leucine infusion level increasing (P<0.05), and pancreatic α-amylase production rate (U/h) was increased first and then decreased with leucine infusion level increasing (P<0.01), in which the greatest value was observed at 29.5 μmol/(kg·h). Duodenal leucine infusion could also affect α-amylase concentration (U/L, P<0.01; U/g prot, P<0.01). These data indicate that leucine can regulate pancreatic α-amylase secretion by stimulating the release of insulin and cholecystokinin of young daily cows, and there is a dose-effect relationship between them.
Key words: leucine     duodenal infusion     amylase     insulin     cholecystokinin    

淀粉是反刍动物主要的能量来源之一,高产反刍动物饲粮含大量淀粉以满足其能量需要。瘤胃淀粉降解菌分泌淀粉酶,裂解瘤胃淀粉α-1,4-糖苷键和α-1,6-糖苷键,形成挥发性脂肪酸,其在瘤胃降解率约为79.5%;淀粉在小肠中的降解主要靠胰腺分泌的α-淀粉酶完成,其首先被分解为糊精和低聚糖,再经低聚糖酶裂解为单体葡萄糖,小肠淀粉降解率约为61.9%[1, 2]。研究表明,淀粉在小肠的能量利用率比瘤胃高42%[3]。然而,增加小肠淀粉流量会降低小肠中淀粉的消化率[4],不但造成了能量损失,同时会威胁动物健康[5]。因此,提高小肠淀粉利用率对提高高产动物生产性能具有重要意义。限制反刍动物小肠淀粉利用率的因素众多,胰腺α-淀粉酶分泌不足是关键因素之一[1]。亮氨酸是反刍动物重要的必需氨基酸之一,不但是蛋白质的合成底物,也是调控蛋白质合成的重要营养因子[6, 7, 8, 9]。亮氨酸可依赖或不依赖哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)信号通路以及刺激某些激素的分泌来促进单胃动物蛋白质的合成[10],但其对反刍动物蛋白质的合成作用效果不一[11, 12]。有研究发现,亮氨酸可降低小鼠α-淀粉酶活性及mRNA表达[13],但会促进山羊胰腺α-淀粉酶分泌[14],表明亮氨酸对反刍动物胰腺α-淀粉酶分泌的影响与单胃动物之间可能存在差异。奶牛小肠淀粉消化率较山羊更低,仅能消化进入小肠淀粉的55%,因此,提高奶牛小肠淀粉消化率意义深远[15]。目前关于亮氨酸调控奶牛胰腺α-淀粉酶合成和分泌的研究鲜有报道。综上,本试验旨在研究十二指肠灌注亮氨酸对奶牛胰腺α-淀粉酶合成和分泌及血浆指标的影响,为提高小肠淀粉消化率提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法
1.1 试验动物及饲粮

选用4头健康无病、体况相近的周岁荷斯坦母牛 为试验动物,试验饲粮参照NRC(2001)[16]奶牛营养需要设计,由玉米青贮(30%)、苜蓿干草(50%)和精料补充料(20%)组成(干物质基础)。精料补充料组成及营养水平见表1。试验饲粮组成及营养水平见表2。


表1 精料补充料组成及营养水平(干物质基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the concentrate supplement (DM basis)


表2 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)

Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of the experimental diet (DM basis) %


1.2 试验设计与方法

本试验采用4×4拉丁方试验设计,奶牛手术安装十二指肠瘘管(灌注管和回流管),体内创建十二指肠胰液收集袋[17],体外引流监测胰液分泌并采样。十二指肠亮氨酸灌注水平分别为0、29.5、59.1和88.6 μmol/(kg·h),每个试验期为36 h,休息期为7 d。

将亮氨酸溶于2 500 mL蒸馏水,灌注前调pH至7.4,由恒流泵(BT100-12,河北保定申辰泵业有限公司)经十二指肠灌注管恒速注入,灌注过程中不断搅拌,水浴维持水温37 ℃,速度为3.47 mL/min,连续灌注12 h。灌注前3 h均灌注蒸馏水适应,灌注速度分别为试验灌注速度的25%、50%和75%。

1.3 饲养管理

饲养试验于西北农林科技大学生态养殖场进行,单圈饲养。试验饲粮以全混合日粮形式投喂,等分4份,分别于08:00、12:00、16:00和20:00给饲。自由饮水。

1.4 测定指标及方法
1.4.1 胰液外分泌指标

于试验期连续采样36 h。在灌注适应期连接体外引流袋与体内十二指肠胰液收集袋,开始收集胰液。采样前1 h用无菌注射器将收集胰液经回流管注入体内。试验期内每小时采集1次胰液,记录体积,取样10%,测定pH,剩余胰液经回流管注入体内。样品-80 ℃保存。

1周内分析胰液总蛋白质含量及α-淀粉酶活性(试剂盒:南京建成生物工程研究所,南京)。100 mL胰液中的淀粉酶在37 ℃与底物作用30 min,水解10 mg淀粉为1个活性单位。

1.4.2 血浆指标

采样前安装颈静脉血插管,每2 h采血10 mL,肝素钠抗凝,离心(3 600×g,25 min),取上层血浆,抑肽素(10 000 IU/mL)抗降解,-80 ℃保存,待测胰岛素和胆囊收缩素(cholecystokinin,CCK)浓度。

胰岛素放射免疫试剂盒由北京北方生物技术研究所提供;胆囊收缩素酶联免疫吸附试验试剂盒由上海酶联生物耗材公司提供。

1.5 数据处理

试验数据采用SPSS 17.0统计软件的GLM模块进行方差分析,Duncan氏法多重比较,P<0.05为差异显著,P<0.01为差异极显著。

2 结 果

十二指肠灌注亮氨酸对奶牛胰腺外分泌功能及血液指标的影响见表3及表4。由表3可知,十二指肠灌注亮氨酸不影响胰液分泌量、pH、总蛋白质分泌浓度和合成速率(P>0.05)。不同亮氨酸灌注水平间,胰腺α-淀粉酶分泌浓度和合成速率差异极显著(P<0.01)。随亮氨酸灌注水平升高,胰腺α-淀粉酶分泌浓度(U/L;U/g prot)呈先升高后下降再升高变化规律,胰腺α-淀粉酶合成速率(U/h)先升高后下降,均在29.5 μmol/(kg·h)灌注水平时为最大。由表4可知,十二指肠灌注不同水平的亮氨酸均可显著提高血浆胰岛素和胆囊收缩素浓度(P<0.05)。

表3 十二指肠灌注亮氨酸对奶牛胰腺外分泌功能的影响

Table 3 Effects of duodenal infusion of leucine on pancreatic exocrine secretion in dairy cows



表4 十二指肠灌注亮氨酸对奶牛血浆指标的影响

Table 4 Effects of duodenal infusion of leucine on plasma parameters in dairy cows pmol/L


3 讨 论

本试验中,不同亮氨酸灌注水平奶牛胰液平均分泌量为(111.95±8.96) mL/h。营养物质对奶牛胰液分泌量的影响已有较多报道,奶牛单位体重胰液平均分泌速率为0.23~0.60 mL/(kg·h)[18, 19, 20]。本研究中单位体重胰液平均分泌速率为0.52 mL/(kg·h),在之前研究结果范围内。有研究指出反刍动物受十二指肠食糜刺激分泌胰液,十二指肠灌注葡萄糖或淀粉可显著提高反刍动物胰液分泌,但灌注酪蛋白并无影响[19]。本试验中不同亮氨酸灌注水平胰液分泌量差异不显著,与之前研究结果相似。亮氨酸作为调控蛋白质合成重要营养调控因子,相关研究主要集中于单胃动物,且亮氨酸可促进骨骼肌、肝脏及胰腺等组织器官蛋白质合成[6, 7, 8, 9]。本试验表明,十二指肠灌注亮氨酸对胰腺总蛋白质合成速率影响不显著,表明亮氨酸对单胃动物和反刍动物机体蛋白质合成调控作用可能不同。

胰腺分泌的α-淀粉酶是小肠淀粉主要的降解酶,其分泌不足会限制小肠淀粉利用[1]。而亮氨酸可调控胰腺酶分泌和淀粉酶的活性。Hashimoto等[13]给小鼠饲喂亮氨酸,结果显示亮氨酸显著降低了胰腺淀粉酶活性及相关mRNA表达。本研究中随亮氨酸灌注水平升高,胰腺α-淀粉酶合成速率呈先升高后回落的变化规律。

胰岛素作为胰腺分泌的一种内分泌素,其对蛋白质合成调控作用结果不一 。对肉牛真胃灌注酪蛋白试验结果显示,酪蛋白灌注显著提高了胰腺α-淀粉酶合成及分泌,且血浆胰岛素浓度升高[19]。同时本课题组也发现亮氨酸可使山羊血浆胰岛素浓度显著上升[24]。胆囊收缩素也被认为是调控蛋白质分泌重要因子,其浓度与胰腺α-淀粉酶合成分泌关系密切[25, 26]。体外试验也证明胆囊收缩素分泌增强可刺激肉牛胰腺细胞分泌α-淀粉酶[27]。本试验灌注亮氨酸后显著提高了奶牛血浆胰岛素和胆囊收缩素浓度,表明二者可能参与亮氨酸调控胰腺淀粉酶的合成分泌过程。然而亮氨酸灌注水平较高时,胰腺α-淀粉酶合成速率受限,可能是由合成α-淀粉酶相关氨基酸不足引起的。

Yin等[7]对饲喂低蛋白质饲粮的仔猪补饲亮氨酸,发现亮氨酸可显著促进机体蛋白质合成,但显著降低了血液缬氨酸、苏氨酸及丙氨酸等氨基酸浓度,其调控作用不能持久。相关试验也得到类似结果,且当继续灌注复合氨基酸后,亮氨酸对机体蛋白质合成的促进作用得以持续 。支链氨基酸(亮氨酸、缬氨酸和异亮氨酸)经支链氨基转氨酶作用可形成不同支链氨基酮酸,脱氢后进入三羧酸循环。然而,过量的亮氨酸可激活酮酸脱氢酶,后者催化缬氨酸和异亮氨酸脱羧反应,会大幅降低血浆中缬氨酸和异亮氨酸含量[30]。另外,过量灌注 亮氨酸也会降低机体对其他氨基酸的吸收[11, 29]。本试验中亮氨酸灌注水平较高时 ,α-淀粉酶合成速率(U/L)比低灌注 组有明显回落,究其原因可能是动物循环系统相关氨基酸含量降低,导致α-淀粉酶合成底物减少,合成速率受限。综上,提高奶牛小肠淀粉消化率还需从平衡氨基酸营养研究入手,完善奶牛小肠理想氨基酸模式[31, 32]

4 结 论

① 十二指肠灌注亮氨酸可通过刺激胰岛素和胆囊收缩素分泌调控奶牛胰腺α-淀粉酶的合成速率,二者存在剂量效应。

② 本试验条件下,促进奶牛胰腺α-淀粉酶合成速率的最佳亮氨酸灌注水平为29.5 μmol/(kg·h)。

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