动物营养学报  2014, Vol. 26 Issue (9): 2772-2778   PDF (1155 KB)    
纤维寡糖和益生菌对热应激肉鸡营养物质消化、肠黏膜氨基酸转运载体mRNA表达和氮排放的影响
洪奇华1, 宋娟1, 胡彩虹1 , 石波2, 刁其玉2    
1. 浙江大学动物科学学院, 杭州 310058;
2. 中国农业科学院饲料研究所, 北京 100081
摘要:本试验旨在研究益生菌(PRO)和纤维寡糖(COS)对热应激肉鸡营养物质消化、肠黏膜氨基酸转运载体mRNA表达和氮排放的影响。将900羽21日龄罗斯(Ross)308肉鸡分为5个组:热中性(TN)组、热应激(HS)组、益生菌(HS+0.15%PRO)组、纤维寡糖(HS+0.15%COS)组、合生素(HS+SYN,SYN=0.15%PRO+0.15%COS)组。热中性组鸡舍温度22℃;其余各组鸡舍为循环热应激,温度08:00-18:00为33℃,18:00-次日08:00为22℃。饲养试验期为21 d。结果如下:1)与热中性组相比,热应激组肉鸡平均日增重和平均日采食量分别显著降低10.65%(P<0.05)和8.04%(P<0.05),单独添加益生素或者纤维寡糖对肉鸡平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比均无显著影响(P>0.05);热应激组粗蛋白质和粗纤维表观消化率显著下降(P<0.05);热应激组氮摄入量和氮沉积量显著降低(P<0.05),氮排泄量和排泄率及排泄物氨态氮和尿酸含量显著提高(P<0.05);热应激组排泄物脲酶活性和鸡舍氨气浓度显著提高(P<0.05);热应激组肠黏膜基础氨基酸运载体(rBAT)、y+L氨基酸运载体-2(y+LAT2)、阳离子氨基酸运载体-1(CAT1)和阳离子氨基酸运载体-4(CAT4)mRNA表达量显著降低(P<0.05)。2)与热应激组相比,益生菌组和纤维寡糖组粗蛋白质表观消化率显著升高(P<0.05),氮排泄量和氮排泄率显著降低(P<0.05),氮沉积量显著升高(P<0.05);益生菌组排泄物氨态氮含量显著降低(P<0.05);纤维寡糖组鸡舍氨气浓度、排泄物脲酶活性显著降低(P<0.05)。3)与热应激组相比,合生素组粗蛋白质和粗纤维表观消化率显著升高(P<0.05),氮排泄量、氮排泄率显著降低(P<0.05),氮沉积量显著升高(P<0.05),鸡舍氨气浓度、排泄物氨态氮含量和脲酶活性显著降低(P<0.05),肠黏膜rBAT mRNA表达量显著升高(P<0.05)。结果提示,热应激使肉鸡营养物质消化率下降和氮排放升高,益生菌和纤维寡糖不同程度地改善了热应激引起的上述不良影响,两者组合添加效果优于单独添加。
关键词纤维寡糖     益生菌     热应激     氮排放     肉鸡    
Effects of Probiotics and Cello-Oligosaccharide on Nutrient Digestion, mRNA Expression of Intestinal Mucosa Amino Acid Transporters and Nitrogen Emission of Broilers under Heat Stress
HONG Qihua1, SONG Juan1, HU Caihong1 , SHI Bo2, DIAO Qiyu2    
1. Animal Science College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
2. Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
Abstract: This experiment was conducted to study the effects of probiotics (PRO) and cello-oligosaccharide (COS) on nutrient digestion, mRNA expression of intestinal mucosa amino acid transporters and nitrogen emission of broilers under heat stress. Nine hundred 21-day-old Ross 308 broilers were randomly allocated to 5 groups: thermoneutralzone (HN) group, heat stress (HS) group, probiotics (HS+0.15%PRO) group, cello-oligosaccharide (HS+0.15%COS) group and synbiotics (HS+SYN,SYN=0.15%PRO+0.15%COS) group. Birds were either raised in a thermoneutral zone (22℃) in HN group, and the others were subjected to cyclic heat stress by exposing to 33℃ from 08:00 to 18:00 and 22℃ from 18:00 to next day 08:00. Raising experiment period was 21 days. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with birds kept in HN group, average daily gain and average daily feed intake of broilers subjected to heat stress were significantly reduced 10.65% (P<0.05) and 8.04% (P<0.05), respectively. Average daily gain, average daily feed intake and feed to gain ratio of broilers subjected to heat stress with diet added probiotics or cello-oligosaccharide individually were not significantly different (P>0.05). Apparent digestibility of crude protein and crude fiber in HS group was significantly decreased (P<0.05), nitrogen intake and nitrogen retention were significantly decreased (P<0.05), nitrogen excretion and nitrogen excretion rate were significantly increased (P<0.05), ammonia nitrogen, uric acid contents in excreta and ammonia concentration in chicken house were significantly increased (P<0.05), the activity of urease in excreta was significantly increased (P<0.05), and mRNA expression of the basic amino acid transporter (rBAT), y+L amino acid transporter-2 (y+LAT2), cationic amino acid transporter-1 (CAT1) and cationic amino acid transporter-4 (CAT4) in intestinal mucosa was significantly down-regulated (P<0.05). 2) Compared with HS group, apparent digestibility of crude protein was significantly increased in HS+PRO and HS+COS groups (P<0.05), nitrogen excretion and nitrogen excretion rate in HS+PRO and HS+COS groups were significantly reduced (P<0.05), while nitrogen retention was significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with HS group, excreta ammonia nitrogen content in HS+PRO group was significantly lowered (P<0.05), and ammonia concentration in chicken house and activity of urease in excreta of HS+COS group were significantly reduced (P<0.05). 3) As compared with HS group, apparent digestibility of crude protein and crude fiber were significantly increased (P<0.05) in HS+SYN group. Nitrogen excretion and nitrogen excretion rate in HS+SYN group were significantly reduced (P<0.05), while nitrogen retention was significantly increased (P<0.05). Ammonia nitrogen concentration in chicken house, excreta ammonia nitrogen content and urease activity of HS+SYN group were significantly reduced (P<0.05). and mRNA expression of rBAT in intestinal mucosa in HS+SYN group was significantly up-regulated (P<0.05). The results indicate that heat stress decrease nutrient digestion and increase nitrogen emission of broilers, and dietary addition of probiotics and cello-oligosaccharide are effective in partially ameliorating these changes. The combination of probiotics and cello-oligosaccharide is superior to individually addition.
Key words: cello-oligosaccharide     probiotic     heat stress     nitrogen emission     broiler    

肉鸡是热应激敏感动物,环境高温会引起肉鸡采食量下降、生长减缓、消化吸收功能下降。热应激使畜禽蛋白质消化和氨基酸吸收发生改变[1],使肉鸡蛋白质分解代谢和糖异生加强,蛋白质合成减弱[2]。改善环境高温下动物热应激,提高热应激动物氮利用率、降低氮排放是畜牧业面临的重大课题[3]。已有报道表明,益生菌(probiotics,PRO)和功能性寡糖有良好的抗热应激作用[4]。纤维寡糖(cello-oligosaccharide,COS)是一种新型的功能性寡糖,由2~7个吡喃型葡萄糖单元通过β-1,4糖苷键连接。纤维寡糖可由纤维素降解而制备,农业废弃物如秸秆、甘蔗渣和苜蓿残渣等均是丰富的纤维素来源,利用其生产纤维寡糖具有较高的环境效益和经济效益[5]。纤维寡糖作为功能性寡糖家族中的新成员,对肉鸡应用效果的报道很少。本文旨在研究益生菌和纤维寡糖对热应激条件下肉鸡营养物质消化、肠黏膜氨基酸转运载体mRNA表达和氮排放的影响,旨在为益生菌和纤维寡糖在肉鸡上的应用提供科学依据。

1 材料与方法 1.1 试验材料及试验动物

益生菌:中国农业科学院饲料研究所提供的复合菌,其成分包括地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis,1.0×107 CFU/g)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis,1.0×107 CFU/g)、植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum,1.0×108 CFU/g)。纤维寡糖:中国农业科学院饲料研究所提供,纤维寡糖含量80%以上。试验动物选用罗斯(Ross)308肉鸡。参照NRC(1994)肉鸡营养需要配合成粉状全价料,基础饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。

表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础) Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (DM basis) %
1.2 试验设计与饲养管理

将900羽21日龄体重为(750±50) g的Ross 308肉鸡随机分为5个组,分别为热中性(thermoneutralzone,TN)组、热应激(heat stress,HS)组、益生菌(HS+PRO)组、纤维寡糖(HS+COS)组、合生素(HS+SYN,SYN=PRO+COS)组,每个组设6个重复,每个重复30羽。TN和HS组饲喂基础饲粮,HS+PRO组为热应激+0.15%益生菌,HS+COS组为热应激+0.15%纤维寡糖,HS+SYN组为热应激+0.15%益生菌+0.15%纤维寡糖。饲养试验期为21 d。TN组鸡舍温度为22 ℃,热应激模型参照Sohail等[4]和李文立等[6]的模型:每天08:00—18:00鸡舍温度为33 ℃,18:00—次日08:00鸡舍温度为22 ℃。鸡舍相对湿度在70%~80%。鸡自由采食和饮水。

1.3 测定指标及方法 1.3.1 生长性能

试验开始前记录鸡初始体重,试验期内每天以重复为单位记录试验鸡采食量,计算平均日采食量(average daily feed intake,ADFI)、平均日增重(average daily gain,ADG)和料重比(feed to gain ratio,F/G)。 1.3.2 肠黏膜氨基酸转运载体mRNA表达

饲养试验结束后,每个重复选取肉鸡2羽屠宰,取近十二指肠端的空肠,在冰冷生理盐水中漂洗内容物后,滤纸吸干液体,钝性刀面刮取肠黏膜,待分析氨基酸转运载体mRNA表达量。利用Trizol Reagent试剂盒(Invitrogen公司)提取总RNA,检测总RNA提取质量,然后运用反转录聚合酶链式反应(PCR)将总RNA反转录成cDNA。反转录及定量PCR试剂盒购自大连宝生物工程有限公司。通过ABI 7500荧光定量PCR仪(Applied Biosys-tems公司)对肠黏膜cDNA进行定量。目的和内参基因引物根据冯定远等[7]的方法进行设计(引物序列信息见表2),采用2-ΔΔCt相对定量法对定量结果进行计算分析。

表2 引物序列信息 Table 2 Information of primer sequence
1.3.3 营养物质表观消化率和氮平衡指标

饲养试验结束后7 d,全收粪法收集粪尿排泄物,试验期共计7 d,其中预试期3 d,正试期4 d。试验以重复为单位,每个重复2只,每天将收集的粪尿立即置入冰箱中密封保存。将每天的粪尿充分混匀后,每个样品中加10% 盐酸(HCl) 10 mL固氮,待收集结束后将粪尿混合均匀并取200 g置于烘箱中65 ℃烘干以测定粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维、粗灰分含量,另取200 g置于冰箱中冷冻保存以测定尿酸(UA)、氨态氮(NH3-N)含量。粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维、粗灰分含量按照张丽英[8]的方法测定。氨态氮、尿酸含量均采用南京建成生物工程研究所的试剂盒测定。

1.3.4 鸡舍氨气浓度及及排泄物脲酶活性

试验期每天测量各组鸡舍氨气浓度。氨气浓度测定采用沃赛特氨气检测仪(DR95C-NH3)定时在鸡舍均匀分布点测定,每个鸡舍每个重复的正中间布1个点,测定距地面0.6和0.9 m高度的氨气浓度,取平均值,计算日平均氨气浓度。

饲养试验结束后7 d,全收粪法收集粪尿排泄物,排泄物中脲酶活性根据步长英[9]的方法测定,主要步骤是称取适量样品于比色管中,先用尿素磷酸盐缓冲液处理,恒温水浴摇匀后,加入0.1 mol/L HCl溶液,最后用氢氧化钠标准溶液滴定至pH为4.70。

1.4 数据统计与分析

数据以“平均值±标准误”表示,采用SPSS 17.0统计软件,用one-way ANOVA进行程序分析,各组间平均值采用LSD法进行多重比较,P<0.05表示差异显著。

2 结 果 2.1 益生菌和纤维寡糖对热应激肉鸡生长性能的影响

由表3可知,与TN组相比,HS组肉鸡ADG和ADFI分别显著降低10.65%(P<0.05)和8.04%(P<0.05)。与HS组相比,HS+SYN组肉鸡F/G显著降低4.21%(P<0.05),单独添加益生素或者纤维寡糖对肉鸡ADG、ADFI和F/G均无显著影响(P>0.05)。

表3 益生菌和纤维寡糖对热应激肉鸡生长性能的影响 Table 3 Effects of PRO and COS on growth performance of broilers underheat stress
2.2 益生菌和纤维寡糖对热应激肉鸡营养物质表观消化率的影响

由表4可知,与TN组相比,HS组肉鸡粗蛋白质和粗纤维表观消化率显著下降(P<0.05)。与HS组相比,HS+PRO、HS+COS、HS+SYN组粗蛋白质表观消化率均显著升高(P<0.05);HS+SYN组肉鸡粗纤维表观消化率显著升高(P<0.05),且与TN组无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表4 益生菌和纤维寡糖对热应激肉鸡营养物质表观消化率的影响 Table 4 Effects of PRO and COS on nutrient apparent digestibility of broilers under heat stress %
2.3 益生菌和纤维寡糖对热应激肉鸡肠黏膜氨基酸转运载体mRNA表达的影响

由表5可知,与TN组相比,HS组肠黏膜基础氨基酸运载体(rBAT)、y+L氨基酸运载体-2(y+LAT2)、阳离子氨基酸运载体-1(CAT1)和阳离子 氨基酸运载体-4(CAT4)mRNA表达量均显著降低(P<0.05)。与HS组相比,仅HS+SYN组氨基酸转运载体rBAT mRNA表达量显著升高(P<0.05)。

表5 益生菌和纤维寡糖对热应激肉鸡肠黏膜氨基酸转运载体mRNA表达的影响 Table 5 Effects of PRO and COS on mRNA expression of amino acid transporters in intestinal mucosa of broilers under heat stress
2.4 益生菌和纤维寡糖对热应激肉鸡氮平衡的影响

由表6可知,与TN组相比,HS组肉鸡氮摄入量和氮沉积量显著降低(P<0.05),氮排泄量、氮排泄率以及粪便氨态氮和尿酸含量显著提高(P<0.05)。与HS组相比,HS+PRO、HS+COS、HS+SYN组肉鸡氮排泄量、氮排泄率均显著降低(P<0.05),氮沉积量显著升高(P<0.05);HS+PRO和HS+SYN组肉鸡排泄物氨态氮含量显著降低(P<0.05);HS+SYN组肉鸡排泄物尿酸含量显著降低(P<0.05)。

表6 益生菌和纤维寡糖对热应激肉鸡氮平衡的影响 Table 6 Effects of PRO and COS on nitrogen balance of broilers under heat stress
2.5 益生菌和纤维寡糖对热应激肉鸡鸡舍氨气浓度和排泄物脲酶活性的影响

由表7可知,与TN组相比,HS组肉鸡鸡舍氨气浓度和排泄物脲酶活性均显著提高(P<0.05)。与HS组相比,HS+COS和HS+SYN组鸡舍氨气浓度和排泄物脲酶活性显著降低(P<0.05),且HS+SYN组鸡舍氨气浓度与TN组无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表7 益生菌和纤维寡糖对热应激肉鸡鸡舍氨气浓度和排泄物脲酶活性的影响 Table 7 Effects of PRO and COS on ammonia concentration in chicken house and excreta urease activity of broilers under heat stress
3 讨 论

热应激对肉鸡肠道消化吸收功能的影响已有较多报道。Dibner等[10]报道,热应激使肉鸡肠上皮细胞对DL-蛋氨酸的吸收率显著降低。Geraert等[11]报道,32 ℃热应激组肉鸡体蛋白质沉积率显著低于22 ℃组。杨全明等[12]发现,肉鸡的蛋白质摄入量、干物质排泄量、氮排泄量和尿酸排泄量均与温度呈显著负相关。Larbier等[13]的试验表明,肉鸡对豆饼和菜籽饼的真蛋白质消化率和真氨基酸消化率均在高温下降低。本试验结果表明,热应激使肉鸡粗蛋白质和粗纤维表观消化率均降低;单独添加益生菌和纤维寡糖或组合添加使肉鸡粗蛋白质和粗纤维表观消化率不同程度提高,其中HS+SYN组粗蛋白质和粗纤维表观消化率均提高至与TN组无显著差异。结果提示,益生菌和纤维寡糖不同程度地缓解了热应激给肉鸡带来的不良影响,两者组合添加效果优于单独添加。益生菌可改善肠黏膜形态[14]、促进饲料养分消化吸收已有较多报道[15]。关于纤维寡糖在畜禽上的研究报道很少,徐露蓉等[16]研究表明,在生长猪饲粮中添加纤维寡糖可刺激结肠肠道有益菌的增殖并抑制有害菌的增殖,改善肠黏膜屏障。本试验中纤维寡糖改善热应激肉鸡消化率,可能也和其改善肉鸡肠道微生态有关。

肠腔中营养物质的吸收,主要依赖于上皮细胞刷状缘和基底膜不同的载体转运系统,这些转运系统由不同的转运载体所组成,转运载体的数量和活性受到激素、饲粮营养及神经内分泌等因素的调控[7]。本文检测了肉鸡氨基酸转运载体CAT1、CAT4、rBATy+LAT2 mRNA的表达量,CAT1(系统y+)和CAT4(系统y+)的主要功能是维持细胞内碱性氨基酸代谢的正常水平,而rBAT(系统b0,+)与y+LAT2(系统y+ L)分别位于肠上皮细胞的刷状缘和基底膜,负责碱性氨基酸的吸收和转出[7]。本试验发现,热应激使肠黏膜氨基酸转运载体rBATy+LAT2、CAT1和CAT4 mRNA表达下调,说明热应激导致肉鸡肠道对氨基酸的吸收能力下降。本试验中,HS+SYN组饲粮显著提高了空肠刷状缘rBAT mRNA表达,而对于基底膜的y+LAT2 mRNA的表达量没有影响,提示可能益生菌和纤维寡糖这2种添加剂协同作用对肠腔面生理的影响较大。

家禽排泄物中含氮物质主要包括尿酸和菌体蛋白以及少量的尿素、氨态氮和内源氮。本试验表明,热应激使肉鸡氮摄入量和氮沉积量降低,氮排泄量提高;饲粮中添加益生菌和纤维寡糖,可降低肉鸡氮排泄量及排泄率,增加氮沉积量,表明益生菌和纤维寡糖提高了热应激肉鸡对氮的利用率。尿酸是鸡排泄物中最重要的氨生成的前体,脲酶可使排泄物中的含氮物质分解产生氨气。步长英[9]报道,饲粮中添加芽孢杆菌显著降低14日龄和28日龄肉鸡排泄物中脲酶活性。本研究表明,热应激使粪便氨态氮和尿酸含量以及鸡舍氨气浓度增加,HS+COS和HS+SYN组鸡舍氨气浓度显著降低,且HS+SYN组鸡舍氨气浓度与TN组无显著差异,说明益生菌和纤维寡糖这2种添加剂协同作用能更好地增强小肠对蛋白质的消化吸收以及对排泄物的固氮作用,降低氨气散发量。

4 结 论

热应激降低了肉鸡营养物质表观消化率和肠黏膜氨基酸转运载体mRNA表达,增加了氮排泄和鸡舍氨气浓度,提高了排泄物脲酶活性。益生菌和纤维寡糖不同程度地改善了热应激引起的上述不良影响,两者组合添加效果优于单独添加。

参考文献
[1]OSTROWSKI MEISSNER H T.The physiological and biochemical responses of broilers exposed to short-term thermal stress[J]. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A:Physiology,1981,70(1):1-8. (1)
[2]TEMIM S,CHAGNEAU A M,PERESSON R,et al.Chronic heat exposure alters protein turnover of three different skeletal muscles in finishing broiler chickens fed 20% or 25% protein diets[J]. The Journal of Nutrition,2000,130(4):813-819. (1)
[3]陈燕,冯京海,张敏红,等.环境高温与饲粮粗蛋白质水平对肉鸡生产性能、氮代谢和氮排放的影响[J]. 动物营养学报,2013,25(10):2254-2265. (1)
[4]SOHAIL M U,IJAZ A,YOUSAF M S,et al.Alleviation of cyclic heat stress in broilers by dietary supplementation of mannan-oligosaccharide and Lactobacillus-based probiotic:dynamics of cortisol,thyroid hormones,cholesterol,C-reactive protein,and humoral immunity[J]. Poultry Science,2010,89(9):1934-1938. (2)
[5]刘程程.β-葡聚糖酶水解紫花苜蓿制备纤维寡糖的研究[D]. 硕士学位论文.北京:中国农业科学院,2011:2-8. (1)
[6]李文立,路静,孙振钧,等.谷氨酰胺对热应激肉鸡抗氧化性能的影响[J]. 动物营养学报,2011,23(4):695-702. (1)
[7]冯定远,谭会泽,王修启,等.木聚糖酶对肉鸡肠道碱性氨基酸转运载体mRNA表达的影响[J]. 畜牧兽医学报,2008,39(3):314-319. (3)
[8]张丽英.饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术[M]. 3版.北京:中国农业大学出版社,2007:52-78. (1)
[9]步长英.丝兰皂甙、芽孢杆菌对肉鸡生产性能、氮代谢和排泄物氨气散发量的影响[D]. 硕士学位论文.泰安:山东农业大学,2008:40-49. (2)
[10]DIBNER J J,ATWELL C A,IVEY F J.Effect of heat stress on 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio) butanoic acid and DL-methionine absorption measured in vitro[J]. Poultry Science,1992,71(11):1900-1910. (1)
[11]GERAERT P A,PADILHA J C F,GUILLAUMIN S.Metabolic and endocrine changes induced by chronic heat exposure in broiler chickens:growth performance,body composition and energy retention[J]. British Journal of Nutrition,1996,75(2):195-204. (1)
[12]杨全明,吴庆鹉,余振华.环境温度对肉用仔鸡尿酸排泄及氮代谢影响的研究[J]. 畜牧兽医学报,1994,25(2):109-115. (1)
[13]LARBIER M,CHAGNEAU A M,GERAERT P A.Influence of ambient temperature on true digestibility of protein and amino acids of rapeseed and soybean meals in broilers[J]. Poultry Science,1993,72(2):289-295. (1)
[14]徐子涵,许丽.不同剂型乳酸菌对雏鸡生长性能和小肠黏膜形态的影响[J]. 动物营养学报,2011,23(10):1812-1818. (1)
[15]胡顺珍,张建梅,谢全喜,等.复合微生态制剂对肉鸡生产性能、肠道菌群、抗氧化指标和免疫功能的影响[J]. 动物营养学报,2012,24(2):334-341. (1)
[16]徐露蓉,栾兆双,胡彩虹,等.饲粮中添加纤维寡糖对生长猪生长性能、结肠菌群和肠黏膜通透性的影响[J]. 动物营养学报,2013,25(6):1293-1298. (1)