动物营养学报  2014, Vol. 26 Issue (11): 3197-3202   PDF (1128 KB)    
早期断奶应激对仔猪肠黏膜屏障功能的影响及其监测与修复
王向荣1,2, 贺建华1, 戴求仲1,2 , 方热军1     
1. 湖南农业大学动物科技学院, 长沙 410128;
2. 湖南省畜牧兽医研究所, 长沙 410131
摘要:在养猪生产中,常用日增重来衡量断奶仔猪的健康和生长性能,而影响断奶仔猪日增重的主要因素是断奶时所面临的大量应激(饲粮改变、母仔分离、环境变化等)。断奶应激会使仔猪肠道发生组织形态学和生理学上的变化,如肠绒毛萎缩、隐窝增生、肠黏膜通透性增强等,这些变化会引起仔猪消化和吸收功能下降或免疫机能降低,最终导致腹泻和生长性能下降。本文针对早期断奶应激引起的仔猪肠黏膜结构和屏障功能的变化作一简要综述,总结了一些可以作为评价肠黏膜结构和功能的一些标记物,并列举了饲粮中可用来缓解断奶应激损伤的一些饲料原料或添加剂,以期为仔猪生产和断奶应激的研究提供参考。
关键词早期断奶     肠黏膜结构     屏障功能     仔猪    
Effects of Early Weaning Stress on Intestinal Barrier Function in Piglets and Its Monitoring and Repair
WANG Xiangrong1,2, HE Jianhua1, DAI Qiuzhong1,2 , FANG Rejun1     
1. College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;
2. Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Changsha 410131, China
Abstract: In pig production, daily gain commonly used to measure the health and growth performance of weaned piglets. At weaning, the piglets is subjected to myriad of stressors (the diet change, separation from mother and littermates, new environment and so on) which cause reduced daily gain. Associated with weaning are marked changes the histology and physiology of the intestinal, such as villous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia and increased permeability of the intestinal mucosa, which cause decreased digestive and absorptive capacity, immune functional decline, contribute to post-weaning diarrhoea and poor growth performance of the weaned pigs. The focus of this review paper was to describe how the early weaning stress impact intestinal mucosa structure and barrier functions in briefly, summarized some markers that could be used as evaluation of intestinal mucosa structure and barrier functions, and listed some feed ingredients or additives which could be used to relieve the damage of weaning stress, in order to provide some help to the production of piglets and study on early weaning stress.
Key words: early weaning     intestinal mucosa structure     barrier function     piglets    

在自然状态下,仔猪断奶是一个循序渐进的过程,平均时间超过17周[1, 2]。在许多规模化、集约化的猪场,为了提高母猪的繁殖率,往往运用早期断奶技术,将仔猪断奶时间提早到7~35日龄(欧盟要求不少于28日龄)[2, 3],从而提高母猪年产胎数。由此引起的应激是猪在整个生长过程中遇到的最大的应激之一,尤其在断奶后的第1天,能量摄入量不能满足需要,肠道完整性受损[4],免疫系统功能紊乱,肠上皮细胞严重氧化损伤[5, 6],仔猪的健康和生长受到影响[7]。因此,断奶后仔猪生长迟滞、腹泻等问题普遍存在[4]。虽然养殖环境、营养健康和饲养管理等技术水平的提高可减少断奶应激的不利影响[2, 4],但只有更深入地了解应激的生物学影响才能摸索出更为完善的克服断奶应激的策略[5]。本文对断奶应激如何影响仔猪肠黏膜结构和屏障功能进行了简要的综述,以期为寻找缓解和克服仔猪断奶应激的策略提供参考。

1 早期断奶应激对仔猪生理机能的影响 1.1 生长

仔猪断奶后,饲粮从易消化的、适口性好的液态母乳变成了难消化的、适口性差的固体饲料。因此,断奶初期采食量会下降,仔猪因为营养不良,短期内生长速度也会下降。采食量降低的程度和持续时间并不是固定不变的,断奶后第1周末,代谢能的摄入量是断奶前摄入母乳所含代谢能的60%~70%,之后约2周才能完全恢复断奶前代谢能摄入水平[8],生长性能也会随着采食量的降低而降低。仔猪断奶后的第1天,体重通常会下降100~250 g,损失掉的体重在断奶4 d后才能完全恢复[8]。另外,断奶后第1周的增重对上市日龄(上市体重约110 kg)有一定影响,断奶后第1周日增重超过227 g/d的仔猪比日增重只有0~150 g/d的仔猪上市日龄要早6~10 d[9]

1.2 腹泻

腹泻是仔猪断奶后的一个非常重要的临床症状,已有大量的研究阐明仔猪腹泻的病理生理学原理。最初,人们认为断奶仔猪的腹泻与肠道内容物或粪便中的大肠杆菌、猪痢疾蛇形螺旋体和产气荚膜梭菌等[10, 11, 12]病原微生物有关。但有试验表明,单纯的大肠杆菌或是其他病原微生物并不足以导致腹泻,而需要其他的因素一起参与[13]。1984年,Miller等[14]提出了“过敏理论”,随后陈代文等[15]进一步证实仔猪肠道对饲粮抗原过敏是仔猪断奶后腹泻的根本原因,过敏和耐受程度与饲粮类型有关。伍晓雄[16]认为断奶仔猪腹泻主要是断奶应激造成内分泌紊乱而引起肠道损伤,使胃肠道消化酶活性和吸收能力下降,导致腹泻发生,推测是应激源通过“下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴”和“交感-肾上腺髓质系统”引起的一系列神经内分泌反应。王莉等[17]则认为断奶仔猪腹泻与仔猪胃肠道的黏膜上皮和胃腺、肠腺内热应激蛋白70(HSP70)表达量有关。McLamb等[18]认为早期断奶应激会明显改变仔猪免疫和生理反应,但临床表现与是否受到病原菌感染有关。以上研究结果表明,断奶仔猪腹泻并不是由单一因素引起,而是由断奶应激引起的一系列复杂生理变化所致。

2 早期断奶应激对仔猪肠黏膜结构和屏障功能的影响

仔猪断奶后随着采食量的下降,断奶仔猪肠道结构和功能(肠道吸收和分泌功能、消化酶活性等)均发生生理学改变。Pluske等[19]认为,这种生理学改变会影响小肠的吸收能力,并影响饲料转化率。另有研究认为,断奶应激除了影响肠道的消化和吸收能力外,还影响肠黏膜屏障功能[20, 21]

2.1 仔猪肠黏膜结构

许多研究表明,断奶应激诱发仔猪小肠急性或持久性结构和功能改变主要表现在断奶后肠绒毛变短(萎缩)和隐窝深度增加[19, 20, 22]。Hampson[23]研究表明,21日龄断奶仔猪,断奶后第1天肠绒毛高度比断奶前迅速减少了25%~35%。断奶后绒毛萎缩的现象大约持续5 d,此时肠绒毛大约只有初始高度的1/2,未断奶的仔猪肠绒毛高度变化很小,在断奶11 d后对隐窝深度的影响基本恢复。栾兆双等[24]发现,断奶后7 d肠黏膜形态逐渐恢复,14 d肠形态基本恢复。Itoh等[25]和Prasad等[26]在小鼠上的研究认为,受损肠黏膜形态的恢复只是肠上皮细胞重新生长,在最初恢复阶段,重建的上皮细胞并未完全成熟,其功能也尚未完全恢复,新增殖的细胞需要通过细胞外基质的改造及深部细胞共同作用才能恢复正常结构和功能。栾兆双等[24]在断奶仔猪上的研究也表明,仔猪断奶后肠道屏障功能的恢复在形态学重建之后。

2.2 仔猪肠黏膜屏障功能

腹泻、感染和手术等应激状态会影响肠黏膜结构(黏膜萎缩、破损等),还会引发肠黏膜通透性增高、细菌和毒素移位等负面作用,导致暂时或较长时间的肠屏障损害。早期断奶应激跟其他应激状态一样,也会导致仔猪肠屏障功能损伤。Moeser等[21]研究认为,断奶应激诱发肠黏膜功能障碍由肠道促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子(CRF)受体介导,通过肠神经和前列腺素类合成路径来激活。Smith等[27]利用仔猪断奶应激模型评估了早期断奶应激对肠道屏障功能和肠道健康的影响,发现与晚断奶仔猪(23~28日龄断奶)相比,早断奶(15~21日龄断奶)会导致仔猪在5~9周龄出现持续性肠黏膜损伤。钱仲仓等[28]研究了21日龄断奶仔猪在21、22、25、28和35日龄的血清皮质醇、血浆D-乳酸含量和二胺氧化酶活性,得出结论:断奶应激导致仔猪肠屏障严重受损,肠黏膜通透性增加先于形态变化,恢复滞后于形态学重建,肠黏膜屏障功能更好地反映了断奶仔猪的肠道状态。

3 断奶仔猪肠黏膜结构与功能的监测与修复 3.1 监测

目前直接观察肠道结构和屏障功能仍较为困难,多采用间接方法进行监测。Montagne等[29]研究了仔猪在断奶后2周肠道在形态学、生理学和生态学上的时空变化规律,找到了断奶后肠道成熟的一些标记物,如肠绒毛高度、隐窝深度、消化酶活性、回肠葡萄糖的吸收和基底电阻、结肠内容物中乳酸杆菌和肠球菌数量、盲肠和结肠内容物pH等。肠绒毛高度、隐窝深度早已被普遍用来研究肠黏膜的结构[30]。肠黏膜屏障功能通常可从离子分泌、渗透性和黏液分泌等3个方面进行评价。钟武装等[31]研究认为,可溶性血清细胞间黏附分子-1(sICAM-1)、血浆D-乳酸含量和二胺氧化酶活性可间接反映肠黏膜屏障功能。另外,血清皮质醇含量、尿乳果糖与甘露醇比率[28]、尿乳果糖回收量[32]、小肠碱性磷酸酯酶活性[33]、小肠黏膜层黏连蛋白和Ⅳ型胶原含量等指标也常用来监测肠黏膜屏障功能。近年来,应用尤斯灌流室(Ussing chamber)系统来检测肠黏膜屏障功能的研究报道越来越多,主要监测通过肠黏膜上皮的同位素标记或荧光素标记的大分子物质比例及黏膜电参数[34],如:14C-甘露醇、3H-甘露醇、硫氰酸盐荧光素(FITC)右旋糖苷等的渗透率和跨膜电势(Vt),电荷流量(Isc),钳电压(Rt)等电参数[34]

为探索断奶应激对肠黏膜影响的可能机制,越来越多的研究者开始从分子生物学的角度展开研究,并认为早期断奶后仔猪肠道的通透性增加,肠屏障功能破坏,可能是断奶应激使得肠上皮细胞紧密连接蛋白Occludin mRNA表达量下降所致[35]。还有研究表明,肠黏膜上皮HSP70表达量增加可增加肠道对断奶应激的抵抗力[17]。Tao等[36]研究认为,断奶对仔猪小肠microRNA(miRNA)转录组有显著的影响,断奶后1、4和7 d,分别有16、98和22个miRNA出现差异表达,这些差异表达的miRNA与仔猪小肠的代谢、应激反应和免疫功能密切相关。

3.2 修复

在养猪生产中,通过减少断奶应激来提高仔猪采食和生长性能的方法有很多,如推迟断奶日龄、采用液态饲粮、调整饲粮配方和改善养殖环境等。推迟断奶日龄并在哺乳期补饲可提高断奶仔猪采食量,减少断奶应激的影响,但并不能提高小肠黏膜的功能[2]。Spreeuwenberg等[37]研究认为,断奶后的4 d内,饲粮组成(乳糖蛋白质比)并不是维持仔猪肠黏膜屏障功能的最重要因素,持续的低采食量和应激才是导致肠道屏障功能不良的罪魁祸首。其具体原因和机制虽不十分清楚,但可以肯定断奶应激是主要因素之一。许多研究者开展了肠黏膜结构和屏障功能损伤后肠黏膜修复、保护或干预的研究。谢天宇等[38]对肠黏膜免疫屏障的功能特点及一些保护性措施做了详细的综述,总结了添加益生菌、调控饲粮营养因子和预防应激等主要方法。

许多研究证实,一些饲料原料或添加剂对仔猪肠黏膜结构和屏障功能也具有积极作用。Moretó等[39]和Peace等[40]研究表明,血浆蛋白粉可降低断奶仔猪空肠黏膜通透性,改善小肠黏膜屏障功能,减少腹泻发生。蛋白质限制饲粮中补充游离氨基酸可提高肠道营养吸收、转运以及肠道健康[41]。饲粮补充精氨酸可对断奶应激所引起的代谢改变(如脂质代谢和氨基酸代谢)起到一定修复作用[42],还具有缓和氧化应激反应和抑制炎症性细胞因子表达的作用[43]。还有研究发现N-乙酰-半胱氨酸也具有缓解断奶引起的肠黏膜损伤的作用[44]。胡彩虹等[45]研究认为高剂量氧化锌有阻止上皮细胞渗透增加,保护肠黏膜屏障功能的作用。进一步研究发现,饲粮中以氧化锌蒙脱石混合物的形式补充500或750 mg/kg的锌,对提高断奶仔猪肠黏膜完整性、提高胰腺和小肠内容物中消化酶活性等方面的作用与以氧化锌形式补充2 000 mg/kg锌的效果相当[46]。另外,益生菌[47, 48]、乳铁蛋白[49]、壳聚糖[50]等也能改善断奶应激对肠黏膜结构和功能的影响。

4 小 结

断奶应激会损伤仔猪肠黏膜结构和屏障功能,而在损伤后恢复过程中,肠黏膜功能的恢复滞后于肠道形态结构的恢复。目前多采用间接方法或指标来监测肠道结构和功能的变化。因此,今后在研究断奶应激对仔猪肠道的影响时,应更关注肠黏膜的屏障功能,还应寻找更快速、有效地监测肠黏膜结构和屏障功能的标记物或指标,更深入地探索断奶应激对肠黏膜结构和屏障功能损伤的机理,最终才能建立能有效缓解断奶应激的方案,从而提高仔猪生产效率。

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