动物营养学报    2016, Vol. 28 Issue (6): 1789-1795    PDF (1121 KB)    
不同水平柚叶饲粮对生长肉兔血清生化指标、消化和免疫功能的影响
田刚1, 谢文梅1, 余冰1, 陈航1, 蔡景义1, 张凯2, 刘汉中2     
1. 四川农业大学动物营养研究所, 动物抗病营养教育部重点实验室, 成都 611130;
2. 四川省草原科学研究院草食家畜研究所, 成都 611333
摘要: 本试验旨在研究不同水平柚叶饲粮对生长肉兔生理机能的影响,进一步评估柚叶作为家兔饲料原料的可行性。选取120只遗传背景相同、健康的35日龄法国伊拉商品兔,适应7 d后,按体重[(1 179.25±53.74) g]相近原则随机分为4组,每组10个重复,每个重复(笼)3只。对照组饲喂不含柚叶的基础饲粮,试验组分别饲喂含6%(Ⅰ组)、12%(Ⅱ组)和18%(Ⅲ组)柚叶的试验饲粮,4种饲粮的能、氮和纤维含量基本相等。试验期28 d。结果发现:1)除Ⅲ组血清球蛋白含量显著高于对照组和Ⅱ组(P<0.05),Ⅱ组血清球蛋白含量显著低于Ⅰ组(P<0.05)以及Ⅲ组白球比显著低于Ⅱ组(P<0.05)外,其余血清生化指标各组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。2)饲粮中添加柚叶对生长肉兔消化器官发育指标无显著影响(P>0.05)。除试验组后期丙酸比例及Ⅲ组中期盲肠内容物pH和氨态氮浓度显著低于对照组(P<0.05)以及Ⅱ组中期pH显著高于Ⅲ组(P<0.05)外,其余盲肠发酵参数各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。3)除Ⅲ组血清免疫球蛋白A水平显著低于对照组和Ⅰ组(P<0.05)以及Ⅰ组血清免疫球蛋白A水平显著高于对照组和Ⅱ组(P<0.05)外,其余免疫指标各组间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。由此得出,生长肉兔自由采食含6%~18%柚叶的饲粮4周,不明显负面影响血清生化指标、消化及免疫功能,进一步提示柚叶可作为家兔的饲料原料使用。
关键词: 生长肉兔     柚叶     血清生化指标     消化功能     免疫功能    
Effects of Diets Containing Different Levels of Pummelo Leaves on Serum Biochemical Indices, Digestion and Immune Functions of Growing Rabbits
TIAN Gang1, XIE Wenmei1, YU Bing1, CHEN Hang1, CAI Jingyi1, ZHANG Kai2, LIU Hanzhong2     
1. Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
2. Institute of Grass-Feeding Livestock, Sichuan Academy of Grassland Science, Chengdu 611333, China
Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of diets containing different levels of pummelo leaves on physiological function of growing rabbits, and to evaluate the feasibility of pummelo leaves used as rabbit feed ingredient. One hundred and twenty healthy and 35-day-old French IRA rabbits had same genetic background were used in this study. After adaptation period (7 d), these rabbits were randomly divided into four groups based on similar body weight [(1 179.25±53.74) g], ten replicates in each group and three rabbits in each replicate. Growing rabbits in four groups were fed different diets that had similar nitrogen, energy and fiber and the levels of pummelo leaves in the diets were 0 (control group), 6% (group Ⅰ), 12% (group Ⅱ) and 18% (group Ⅲ), respectively. The experimental period lasted for 28 d. The results showed as follow: 1) serum globulin content of growing rabbits in group Ⅲ was significantly higher than that in control group and group Ⅱ (P<0.05), serum globulin content in group II was significantly lower than that in groupⅠ (P<0.05), and serum albumin/globulin in group Ⅲ was significantly lower than that in groupⅡ (P<0.05), while the other serum biochemical indices did not have significant differences among four groups (P>0.05). 2) No significant differences were detected among four groups in the development indices of digestive organs of growing rabbits (P>0.05). The propionic acid ratio of caecal contents in experimental groups was significantly higher than that in control group in the later stage (P<0.05), the pH and ammoniacal nitrogen concentration of caecal contents in group Ⅲ was significantly lower than those in control group in the mid-term (P<0.05), and the pH of caecal contents in group Ⅱ was significantly higher than that in group Ⅲ in the mid-term (P<0.05), while there were no significant differences in other caecal fermentation parameters among four groups (P>0.05). 3) Serum immunoglobulin A level of growing rabbits in group Ⅲ was significantly lower than that in control group and group Ⅰ (P<0.05), and serum immunoglobulin A level in group Ⅰ was significantly higher than that in control group and group Ⅱ (P<0.05), while there were no significant differences in other immune indices among four groups (P>0.05). In conclusion, growing rabbits are fed diets containing a certain amount of pummelo leaves for 4 weeks and there are no obvious adverse effects on serum biochemical indices, digestive and immune functions of them, pummelo leaves can be used as raw material in rabbit diets.
Key words: growing rabbits     pummelo leaves     serum biochemical indices     digestive function     immune function    

我国柚叶年产量估计达百万吨[1-2],但大部分被焚烧或任其自然腐烂,这既浪费了资源又污染了环境。研究发现,柚叶纤维组成合理,粗蛋白质含量与苜蓿草粉接近[3],且所含的柚皮苷等类黄酮化合物具有降血脂[4-5]和提高免疫力[4]等作用,是家兔的潜在饲料原料。研究表明,家兔的血液生理生化指标[6-7]、消化器官发育[7-12]与功能[7-9,11-17]及免疫功能[15,18-19]等均受饲粮组成影响。已有研究发现,含12%柚叶的饲粮可提高生长肉兔的生长性能,平均日采食量(average daily feed intake,ADFI)、平均日增重(average daily gain,ADG)和饲料转化率分别较对照组提高了5.16%、9.53%和7.74%,且生长肉兔饲喂含18%以内柚叶的饲粮可不同程度地改善饲粮养分全肠表观消化率和屠宰性能(尤以12%柚叶最佳)[20],但含柚叶的饲粮是否会影响生长肉兔的生理机能目前尚未见报道。因此,本试验深入研究了不同水平柚叶饲粮对生长肉兔血清生化指标、消化和免疫功能的影响,为综合评估柚叶作为家兔饲料原料使用的可行性进一步积累资料。

1 材料与方法 1.1 试验设计

采用单因素试验设计,适应期(7 d)后将120只遗传背景相同、健康的35日龄断奶法国伊拉商品兔按体重相近[平均体重为(1 179.25±53.74)g]的原则随机分为4组(每组10个重复,每个重复3只),分别饲喂含0(对照组)、6%(Ⅰ组)、12%(Ⅱ组)和18%(Ⅲ组)柚叶的4种消化能(分别为10.62、10.72、11.00和11.21 MJ/kg)、粗蛋白质(分别为17.52%、16.77%、16.93%和17.04%)、粗纤维含量(分别为11.96%、12.93%、11.94%和10.87%)基本相等的试验饲粮28 d。柚叶来源及养分含量与试验饲粮组成及营养水平均参见文献[20],饲粮均为直径为2.50 mm的颗粒料。

1.2 饲养管理

试兔饲养于四川农业大学动物营养研究所教学科研试验基地兔舍内的60 cm×60 cm×45 cm的金属网笼内,舍内温度(22.93±2.47)℃,相对湿度(75.53±9.12)%,自然光照和通风。动物常规免疫接种和管理,日喂4次(08:00、12:00、16:00和20:00),自由采食和饮水。

1.3 检测指标与方法 1.3.1 样品采集

于试验第15天早晨(08:00)称重,然后从各组选取4只与本组平均体重相近的试兔,心脏采血5 mL,3 000 r/min离心15 min,收集血清,分装于EP管中,-20 ℃保存,用于测血清常规生化指标和部分免疫指标。动物采血后,耳缘静脉注射空气致死,解剖取样(胃、胃内容物、小肠、盲肠、盲肠内容物、肝脏、脾脏和胸腺)并称重,同时测盲肠内容物pH。试验第29天早晨(08:00)各组另选4只动物采样(未采血),操作同上。

1.3.2 指标测定 1.3.2.1 血清生化指标

血清总蛋白(total protein,TP)、球蛋白(globulin,GLB)、白蛋白(albumin,ALB)、尿素氮(urea nitrogen,UN)、葡萄糖(glucose,GLU)、肌酐(creatinine,CR)、甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、高密度脂蛋白(high density lipoprotein,HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(low density lipoprotein,LDL)和极低密度脂蛋白(very low density lipoprotein,VLDL)含量均采用比色法测定,血清谷丙转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、谷草转氨酶(aspartate transaminase,AST)和碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)活性均采用酶比色法测定。上述指标委托四川省雅安市人民医院和四川农业大学动物医院采用罗氏P800模块生化分析仪测定。

1.3.2.2 消化器官发育指标
1.3.2.3 盲肠发酵参数

盲肠内容物pH在其取出后立即用pH-3B型酸度计测定[21];总挥发性脂肪酸(total volatile fatty acid,TVFA)含量在所测盲肠内容物经过前处理后用瓦里安CP-3800型气相色谱仪测定[22];氨态氮(NH3-N)浓度采用比色法在波长700 nm条件下测定[23]

1.3.2.4 免疫指标

血清免疫球蛋白A(immunoglobulin A,IgA)、免疫球蛋白G(immunoglobulin G,IgG)、免疫球蛋白M(immunoglobulin M,IgM)水平采用购自诺渊公司的酶联免疫分析试验试剂盒测定。

1.4 数据处理与统计分析

数据用Excel 2003处理,用SPSS 19.0统计软件进行方差分析和Duncan氏法多重比较。结果以平均值±标准差表示,P>0.05表示差异不显著,P<0.05表示差异显著。

2 结果与分析 2.1 不同水平柚叶饲粮对生长肉兔血清生化指标的影响

表 1可知,除Ⅲ组血清GLB含量显著高于对照组和Ⅱ组(P<0.05),Ⅱ组血清GLB含量显著低于Ⅰ组(P<0.05)以及Ⅱ组血清白球比(A/G)显著高于Ⅲ组(P<0.05)外,其他血清生化指标各组间无显著差异(P>0.05),但从数值上看试验组血清TG和VLDL含量低于及TP、ALB和HDL含量高于对照组。

表 1 不同水平柚叶饲粮对生长肉兔血清生化指标的影响 Table 1 Effects of diets containing different levels of pummelo leaves on serum biochemical indices of growing rabbits
2.2 不同水平柚叶饲粮对生长肉兔消化器官发育指标和盲肠发酵参数的影响

表 2可知,整个试验期内,饲粮中添加柚叶对生长肉兔消化器官发育指标无显著影响(P> 0.05)。由表 3可知,试验组后期(即试验第29天)丙酸比例及Ⅲ组中期(即试验第15天)盲肠内容物pH和NH3-N浓度均显著低于对照组(P<0.05),Ⅲ组中期pH还显著低于Ⅱ组(P<0.05),而其他盲肠发酵参数组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表 2 不同水平柚叶饲粮对生长肉兔消化器官发育指标的影响 Table 2 Effects of diets containing different levels of pummelo leaves on development indices of digestive organs of growing rabbits
表 3 不同水平柚叶饲粮对生长肉兔盲肠发酵参数的影响 Table 3 Effects of diets containing different levels of pummelo leaves on caecal fermentation parameters of growing rabbits
2.3 不同水平柚叶饲粮对生长肉兔免疫指标的影响

表 4可知,除Ⅲ组血清IgA水平显著低于对照组和Ⅰ组(P<0.05),Ⅰ组血清IgA水平显著高于对照组和Ⅱ组(P<0.05)外,其余免疫指标各组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表 4 不同水平柚叶饲粮对生长肉兔免疫指标的影响 Table 4 Effects of diets containing different levels of pummelo leaves on the immune indices of growing rabbits
3 讨论 3.1 不同水平柚叶饲粮对生长肉兔血清生化指标的影响

血液是动物机体内环境的重要组成部分,受饲粮组成等因素影响,其成分的变化可反映机体的代谢情况和健康状况[8,24]。本试验发现,各组间大部分血清生化指标无显著差异,但试验组血清TG和VLDL含量低于对照组,而HDL含量高于对照组,这可能与柚叶中所含的柚皮苷有关。蓝松[25]通过研究发现柚叶中的柚皮苷含量约为1%,且嫩叶中含量高于老叶。Seo等[5]报道,柚皮苷能够显著提高大鼠血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量及其在TC中所占的比例,并降低TG含量;而杨颖等[26]和Chanet等[27]报道,柚皮苷对高脂血症大鼠血脂含量无显著影响。本试验还发现,试验组血清ALB和TP含量高于对照组,这与饲粮中添加苜蓿草粉的试验结果[7]类似。同时,本试验中18%柚叶组血清GLB含量显著高于对照组和12%柚叶组,而血清ALT、AST活性与对照组无显著差异,提示饲粮中添加高剂量(18%)柚叶是否会影响生长肉兔肝功能仍有待进一步研究。本试验结果表明,饲粮中添加一定量的柚叶对生长肉兔血清生化指标无明显负面影响,甚至可促进蛋白质代谢,改善动物生长。

3.2 不同水平柚叶饲粮对生长肉兔消化器官发育与功能的影响

消化器官及其内容物的相对比例是评估家兔消化器官发育的重要指标之一[8-9,28]。本试验发现,饲粮中添加柚叶对生长肉兔消化器官的发育并无明显不利影响,这与Maertens等[29]关于饲粮中添加菊苣渣的报道类似。盲肠是家兔最重要的消化器官之一,其内环境状况对饲粮养分的消化利用和肠道健康均有重要影响[7-9,11-17];盲肠内容物pH、TVFA含量和NH3-N浓度是评价盲肠发酵的重要指标,受家兔年龄、生理状态和饲粮组成等影响[7-9,11-17]。本试验发现,饲粮中添加6%、12%和18%的柚叶都对盲肠发酵功能无明显不利影响,甚至有一定改善作用。其具体原因尚不清楚,可能与柚叶中所含的柚皮苷有关,有待进一步研究。本试验结果与Prasad等[14]和Volek等[12]关于饲粮中分别添加桑叶和菊苣根可提高肉兔盲肠TVFA含量并降低pH的报道相似。本试验结果表明,饲粮中添加一定量的柚叶对生长肉兔消化器官发育和功能无不良影响,不会影响动物生长潜力的发挥,与添加柚叶不显著影响生长肉兔平均日增重、饲料系数等的结果[20]相一致。

3.3 不同水平柚叶饲粮对生长肉兔免疫功能的影响

免疫器官指数和血液免疫球蛋白水平是反映机体免疫状况的重要指标[30-32]。本试验发现,各组间免疫器官指数无显著差异,其原因尚不清楚,可能与各组饲粮所含纤维组分、活性成分等基本一致有关。陈继红[7]报道,肉兔脾脏和胸腺指数随饲粮中苜蓿草粉添加量增加而呈上升趋势;Chao等[10]和陶志勇[15]报道,家兔胸腺和脾脏指数随饲粮中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维水平提高呈递增趋势。本试验还发现,6%柚叶组血清IgA水平显著高于对照组,提示饲粮中添加适量柚叶对生长肉兔免疫功能有一定提高作用。这与已有的一些类似报道[33-34]基本一致。刘可园等[33]报道,肉兔血清IgA和IgG水平随饲粮中大蒜茎秆添加量的增加呈升高趋势;Zhu等[34]报道,血清IgG水平随饲粮中纤维与淀粉比值降低而减少。本试验结果表明,饲粮中添加一定量的柚叶对生长肉兔免疫功能无明显不良影响。

4 结论

综上所述,本试验条件下生长肉兔自由采食含6%~18%柚叶的饲粮4周,不明显负面影响血清生化指标、消化器官发育与功能及免疫功能,甚至还有一定改善作用,结合前期生长试验结果,进一步表明柚叶可作为家兔的饲料原料用于实际生产。

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