动物营养学报    2018, Vol. 30 Issue (7): 2519-2528    PDF    
饲粮中添加表皮生长因子对断奶仔猪血清生化指标、血清游离氨基酸和小肠黏膜水解氨基酸含量的影响
朱繁1,2, 王丽霞3, 贾杏林1, 尹佳3, 杨焕胜2,3, 印遇龙2,3     
1. 湖南农业大学动物医学院, 长沙 410128;
2. 中国科学院亚热带农业生态研究所, 中国科学院亚热带农业生态过程重点实验室, 长沙 410125;
3. 湖南师范大学生命科学学院, 动物营养与人体健康实验室, 长沙 410081
摘要: 本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加表皮生长因子(EGF)对断奶仔猪血清生化指标、血清游离氨基酸和小肠黏膜水解氨基酸含量的影响。选取体重相近、健康的21日龄断奶仔猪42头,随机分成3组,每组14个重复,每个重复1头仔猪。Ⅰ组为对照组,饲喂基础饲粮;Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加200和400 μg/kg EGF的试验饲粮。试验期为14 d。结果表明:1)饲粮中添加EGF对断奶仔猪平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比没有显著影响(P>0.05)。2)断奶后7 d,Ⅱ组血清尿酸含量显著高于Ⅰ组(P < 0.05),而Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组血清免疫球蛋白A含量显著低于Ⅰ组(P < 0.05)。断奶后14 d,Ⅲ组血清肌酐含量显著低于Ⅰ组(P < 0.05),且Ⅲ组血清谷草转氨酶/谷丙转氨酶值显著低于Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组(P < 0.05)。饲粮中添加EGF对断奶仔猪血清尿素氮、葡萄糖、总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白、免疫球蛋白M、免疫球蛋白G、胰岛素样生长因子-1、生长激素含量,白蛋白/球蛋白,谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶活性没有显著影响(P>0.05)。3)断奶后7 d,Ⅱ组血清牛磺酸、丙氨酸、瓜氨酸和组氨酸含量显著低于Ⅲ组(P < 0.05),Ⅱ组血清精氨酸、谷氨酸和丝氨酸含量显著低于Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组(P < 0.05),各组之间其他血清氨基酸含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。4)断奶后14 d,与Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组比,Ⅱ组空肠黏膜缬氨酸和回肠黏膜半胱氨酸含量显著升高(P < 0.05),Ⅱ组空肠黏膜丝氨酸、谷氨酸、丙氨酸、半胱氨酸、异亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸和组氨酸含量也有升高趋势(P < 0.10)。综上所述,饲粮中添加高剂量EGF能够降低断奶仔猪血清免疫球蛋白A等生化指标含量,而饲粮中添加低剂量EGF能够降低血清和小肠黏膜部分氨基酸含量。
关键词: EGF     断奶仔猪     血清生化指标     氨基酸     肠道    
Effects of Dietary Epidermal Growth Factor on Serum Biochemical Indices, Serum Free Amino Acid and Intestinal Mucosal Hydrolytic Amino Acid Contents of Weaned Piglets
ZHU Fan1,2, WANG Lixia3, JIA Xinglin1, YIN Jia3, YANG Huansheng2,3, YIN Yulong2,3     
1. Animal Medical School of Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;
2. Key Laboratory of Subtropical Agricultural Ecological Process of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sub-Tropical Agricultural Ecology Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China;
3. Animal Nutrition And Human Health Laboratory, Life Sciences College, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
Abstract: The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of dietary epidermal growth factor (EGF) on serum biochemical index, serum free amino acid and intestinal mucosal hydrolytic amino acid contents of weaned piglets. Forty-two healthy piglets with similar body weight were weaned at 21 days of age and randomly assigned into 3 groups with 14 replicates per group and 1 piglet per replicate. Piglets in group Ⅰ (control group) were fed a basal diet, and the others in groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ were fed the basal diet supplemented with 200 and 400 μg/kg EGF, respectively. The experiment lasted for 14 days. The results showed as follows:1) dietary supplemented with EGF had no significant effects on average daily gain, average daily feed intake and feed to gain ratio of weaned piglets (P>0.05). 2) After weaning 7 days, the serum uric acid content in group Ⅱ was significantly higher than that in group Ⅰ (P < 0.05), the serum immunoglobulin A content in groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ was significantly lower than that in group Ⅰ (P < 0.05). After weaning 14 days, the serum creatinine content in group Ⅲ was significantly lower than that in group Ⅰ (P < 0.05), the serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase/glutamic-pyruvic transaminase value in group Ⅲ was significantly lower than that in groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ (P < 0.05). Dietary supplemented with EGF had no significant effects on serum urea nitrogen, glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, immunoglobulin M, immunoglobulin G, insulin-like growth factor-1, growth hormone contents, and albumin/globulin and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activities of weaned piglets (P>0.05). 3) After weaning 7 days, the contents of taurine, alanine, citrullinine and histidine in serum in group Ⅱ were significantly lower than those in group Ⅲ (P < 0.05), the contents of arginine, glutamate and serine in serum in group Ⅱ were significantly lower than those in groups Ⅰ and Ⅲ (P < 0.05), and there were no significant differences on other serum amino acid contents among all groups (P>0.05). 4) After weaning 14 days, compared with groups Ⅰand Ⅲ, the contents of valine in jejunum mucosa and cysteine in ileum mucosa in group Ⅱ were significantly increased (P < 0.05), and the contents of serine, glutamic acid, alanine, cysteine, isoleucine, phenylalanine and histidine in jejunum mucosa in group Ⅱ were tended to be decreased (P < 0.10). In conclusion, dietary supplemented with high dose EGF can reduce serum immunoglobulin A and other biochemical indices contents, while dietary supplemented with low dose EGF can reduce the contents of some amino acid in serum and intestinal mucosa.
Key words: EGF     weaned piglets     serum biochemical indices     amino acids     intestine    

仔猪早期隔离断奶技术已在当代养猪业得到广泛应用[1-4],因为仔猪早期断奶不但可以缩短母猪的繁殖周期,增加母猪年分娩次数和分娩栏舍利用率,还能够降低母源疾病向仔猪垂直传播,改善仔猪健康状况和提高生长性能[2-5]。然而,早期断奶仔猪消化系统尚未发育成熟,断奶应激常会导致仔猪消化功能紊乱、抗病能力减弱、生长迟缓,甚至造成断奶仔猪死亡,给养猪业造成重大经济损失。表皮生长因子(epidermal growth factor,EGF)是一种由53个氨基酸组成的单链多肽,主要由颌下腺、十二指肠布路纳氏(Brunner)腺和胰腺等分泌并释放至十二指肠液、唾液、胰液、血液和乳汁中[6-7]。EGF是一种在母乳中发现的含量最高且对仔猪肠道发育具有重要调节作用的肽类物质[7-9]。研究表明,EGF通过与肠黏膜受体结合能够改善早期断奶仔猪肠道形态结构、营养物质消化吸收和生长性能[9-15]。饲粮中添加外源EGF可降低断奶仔猪腹泻率[16],提高免疫力[14]和生长性能[16-17],促进肠道发育[12, 18-19]

然而,目前国内外有关EGF对断奶仔猪肠道氨基酸组成、血清游离氨基酸含量以及血清生化指标的影响鲜有报道。本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加EGF对断奶仔猪血清游离氨基酸含量、肠道黏膜氨基酸组成和血清生化指标的影响,旨在为EGF在生猪养殖中进一步推广和应用奠定理论基础。

1 材料与方法 1.1 试验动物和分组设计

选取体重为(6.40±0.44) kg的21日龄“杜×长×大”断奶仔猪42头,随机分成3组,每组14个重复,每个重复1头仔猪。Ⅰ组(对照组)饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮,Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组分别在基础饲粮中添加200和400 μg/kg EGF。基础饲粮组成及营养水平见表 1,EGF预混剂以喷雾干燥卵黄抗体为载体,含量为4 000 mg/kg,由赛法特(长沙)生物技术有限公司提供。

表 1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础) Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis)
1.2 饲养管理

试验在中国科学院亚热带农业生态研究所动物房进行,饲养前动物房先后使用NaOH水溶液及菌毒敌消毒液浸泡消毒,然后用清水冲净后彻底干燥。栏舍为封闭式漏缝地板,仔猪单栏饲养,自由采食,鸭嘴式饮水器自由饮水。每头仔猪使用单独的小桶盛装饲料且以每天第1次喂料前与当天饲料桶内和料槽内饲料的重量差作为当天的采食量,每7 d称量1次体重,用以计算平均日采食量、平均日增重和料重比。观察仔猪的食欲精神状况,保持圈内自然通风。试验期14 d。

1.3 样品采集

试验第7天和第14天各组随机选取仔猪7头,前腔静脉采血10 mL后静脉(颈静脉)注射4%戊巴比妥钠溶液[1],仔猪麻醉后进行屠宰取样。仔猪屠宰后打开腹腔,取出胃肠道,按组织学把小肠划分为十二指肠、空肠和回肠,迅速取空肠中段和回肠中段黏膜样品,液氮速冻后于-80 ℃冷冻保存备用。血液样品室温静置2 h后,4 ℃、3 000 r/min离心10 min分离血清。然后将血清样品立即储存在-80 ℃冰箱中,用以分析氨基酸含量及血清生化指标。

1.4 测定指标与方法 1.4.1 血清生化指标

血清生化指标使用试剂盒测定,所用试剂盒购自湖南永和阳光生物科技股份有限公司,所用仪器为东芝全自动生化分析仪(TBA-120FR)。

1.4.2 血清游离氨基酸含量

取600 μL血清注入1.5 mL离心管中,随后加入等体积8%磺基水杨酸,充分混匀,4 ℃沉淀过夜。取出离心管10 000 r/min、4 ℃离心10 min。使用移液枪将上清吸出至新的1.5 mL离心管中,上清液经0.22 μm滤膜过滤后转移至上样瓶中,然后使用日立L-8900型氨基酸分析仪测定血清游离氨基酸含量。

1.4.3 黏膜水解氨基酸

黏膜样品经液氮研磨成粉末后取0.1 g装入安瓿瓶中,然后向安瓿瓶中加入10 mL浓度为6 mol/L的盐酸。随后用酒精喷灯将安瓿瓶封口,置于110 ℃烘箱中24 h,使样品充分酸水解。然后将安瓿瓶中水解液移至100 mL容量瓶中,用双蒸水冲洗安瓿瓶数次,用双蒸水定容至容量瓶至刻度线,充分摇匀。取1 mL定容后样品经0.45 μm滤膜过滤后加入上样瓶中,然后使用日立L-8900型氨基酸分析仪测定氨基酸含量。

1.5 数据处理与统计分析

所有试验数据采用SPSS 22.0软件进行方差分析, 结果以“平均值±标准差”表示,经F检验组间差异显著后再用Duncan氏法进行多重比较,以分析EGF对断奶仔猪血清生化指标、血清游离氨基酸和黏膜水解氨基酸含量的影响。P<0.05为差异显著,0.05≤P<0.10为差异有显著的趋势。

2 结果 2.1 饲粮中添加EGF对断奶仔猪生长性能和血清生化指标的影响

表 2可知,饲粮中添加EGF对断奶仔猪平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比没有显著影响(P>0.05)。

表 2 饲粮中添加EGF对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响 Table 2 Effects of dietary EGF on growth performance of weaned piglets

表 3可知,断奶后7 d,饲粮中添加EGF对断奶仔猪血清尿酸和免疫球蛋白A(IgA)含量有显著影响(P<0.05)。与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ组断奶仔猪血清尿酸含量显著升高(P<0.05),Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组断奶仔猪血清IgA含量显著降低(P<0.05)。断奶后14 d,饲粮中添加EGF对断奶仔猪血清肌酐含量、谷草转氨酶/谷丙转氨酶值有显著影响(P<0.05)。与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ组断奶仔猪血清肌酐含量显著降低(P<0.05);与Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组相比,Ⅲ组断奶仔猪血清谷草转氨酶/谷丙转氨酶值显著降低(P<0.05)。各组之间其余指标均无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表 3 饲粮中添加EGF对断奶仔猪血清生化指标的影响 Table 3 Effects of dietary EGF on serum biochemical indices of weaned piglets
2.2 饲粮中添加EGF对断奶仔猪血清游离氨基酸含量的影响

表 4可知,断奶后7 d,Ⅲ组断奶仔猪血清牛磺酸、丙氨酸、瓜氨酸和组氨酸含量显著高于Ⅱ组(P<0.05),但Ⅲ组与Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组与Ⅰ组之间没有显著差异(P>0.05)。与Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组相比,Ⅱ组断奶仔猪血清丝氨酸、谷氨酸和精氨酸含量显著降低(P<0.05),血清天冬氨酸和脯氨酸含量有降低趋势(P<0.10),各组之间其他血清氨基酸含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。断奶后14 d,Ⅱ组断奶仔猪血清血清瓜氨酸含量与Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组相比有升高趋势(P<0.10),各组之间其他血清氨基酸含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表 4 饲粮中添加EGF对断奶仔猪血清游离氨基酸含量的影响 Table 4 Effects of dietary EGF on serum free amino acid contents of weaned piglets
2.3 饲粮中添加EGF对断奶仔猪空肠和回肠黏膜水解氨基酸含量的影响

表 5可知,断奶后7 d,饲粮中添加EGF对断奶仔猪空肠黏膜水解氨基酸含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。断奶后14 d,Ⅱ组断奶仔猪空肠黏膜缬氨酸含量显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05);与Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组相比,Ⅱ组断奶仔猪空肠黏膜丝氨酸、谷氨酸、丙氨酸、组氨酸、半胱氨酸、异亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸含量有升高趋势(P<0.10);各组之间其他氨基酸含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表 5 饲粮中添加EGF对断奶仔猪空肠黏膜水解氨基酸含量的影响 Table 5 Effects of dietary EGF on jejunum mucosa hydrolytic amino acid contents of weaned piglets

表 6可知,断奶后7 d,饲粮中添加EGF对断奶仔猪回肠黏膜水解氨基酸含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。断奶后14 d,Ⅱ组断奶仔猪回肠黏膜半胱氨酸含量显著高于Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组(P<0.05),且Ⅱ组回肠黏膜组氨酸含量也有高于Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组的趋势(P<0.10),各组之间其他氨基酸含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表 6 饲粮中添加EGF对断奶仔猪回肠黏膜水解氨基酸含量的影响 Table 6 Effects of dietary EGF on ileum mucosa hydrolytic amino acid contents of weaned piglets
3 讨论 3.1 饲粮中添加EGF对断奶仔猪生长性能和血清生化指标的影响

血液是动物机体内环境的重要组成部分,是机体与外界环境以及体内各组织之间物质交换的媒介[20]。由于本试验的目的主要偏重于EGF对断奶仔猪生理代谢的影响,试验动物数量较小,虽然各组之间在生长性能上具有一定的差异,但是并没有统计学上的显著性。尿酸是嘌呤代谢的最终产物,先由嘌呤核苷酸水解成鸟嘌呤和腺嘌呤,随后经脱氨作用而生成黄嘌呤,再氧化形成尿酸[21]。猪体内含有的尿酸酶能将尿酸氧化成为尿囊素,随尿液排出体外,使血液中的尿酸含量始终维持稳定水平。在本次试验当中,200 μg/kg EGF组断奶7 d后仔猪血清中尿酸含量有短暂升高的情况,而400 μg/kg EGF组无此情况,说明EGF对断奶仔猪血清尿酸含量与添加剂量有关。由于EGF由小肽构成,不能被动物体吸收,主要作用于动物肠道黏膜。因此,饲粮中添加EGF可能通过调节仔猪肠道消化吸收或代谢功能影响机体嘌呤代谢,从而调节尿酸生成。笔者查阅前人对EGF的研究结果,未发现有关EGF影响机体尿酸生成的试验结果,后续试验有必要进一步阐明饲粮中添加EGF影响尿酸生成的内在机制。血液肌酐是检测肾功能的常用指标,其含量可反映肾小球滤过能力。与对照组相比,饲粮中添加400 μg/kg EGF能够显著降低断奶后14 d仔猪血清肌酐含量,表明饲粮中添加EGF可能会提高仔猪肾小球滤过能力。血清谷丙转氨酶/谷草转氨酶值是反映肝功能的指标,当干细胞受到损伤时,血清谷草转氨酶/谷丙转氨酶值会升高,饲粮中添加400 μg/kg EGF能够显著降低血清谷草转氨酶/谷丙转氨酶值,表明饲粮中添加EGF可能对肝脏具有保护作用。血清IgA含量是反映仔猪免疫能力的指标[22],与对照组相比,饲粮中添加200或400 μg/kg EGF能够显著降低断奶7 d仔猪血清IgA含量,表明EGF可能降低仔猪免疫反应。因此,饲粮中添加EGF能够调节仔猪机体代谢、肝肾功能和免疫能力,但是EGF的作用机制仍需进一步研究。

3.2 饲粮中添加EGF对断奶仔猪血清游离氨基酸及黏膜水解氨基酸含量的影响

血液中氨基酸的含量受多种因素影响,如环境、营养以及疾病等。由于血清游离氨基酸直接参与机体氨基酸的代谢及蛋白质沉积,所以其含量可用来反映动物营养状况[23]。肠道是一个高营养需求的组织,其能量消耗、蛋白质和氨基酸需求相对于组织重量远高于机体平均水平。一方面,肠道上皮细胞的快速更新需要大量营养物质合成细胞组分;另一方面,小肠上皮吸收营养物质需要消耗大量能量。饲粮中添加EGF能够调节仔猪肠道上皮细胞更新,从而增加肠道绒毛高度和隐窝深度。本试验结果表明:断奶后14 d,200 μg/kg EGF组空场和回肠黏膜大部分水解氨基酸含量高于对照组和400 μg/kg EGF组,而200 μg/kg EGF组血清大部分氨基酸含量低于对照组和400 μg/kg EGF组。因此,饲粮中添加低剂量EGF可能通过改善肠道形态结构增加黏膜氨基酸沉积,进而降低了血液氨基酸含量。进一步需要研究肠道氨基酸代谢与肠道上皮细胞更新之间的关系,以及饲粮中添加EGF对断奶仔猪氨基酸需要量的影响。

4 结论

饲粮中添加高剂量EGF能够降低血清IgA等生化指标含量,而饲粮中添加低剂量EGF能够降低血清和小肠黏膜部分氨基酸含量。

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