动物营养学报    2019, Vol. 31 Issue (3): 1061-1071    PDF    
黄梁木的抗菌消炎作用研究进展
李晓琳, 陈婷, 习欠云, 张永亮     
华南农业大学动物科学学院, 国家生猪种业工程技术中心, 广东省动物营养调控重点实验室, 广州 510642
摘要: 黄梁木,又称团花树,作为阿育吠陀疗法中使用的一种药用木本植物而被许多印度医学文献提及。有不少文献报道称黄梁木富含生物碱、黄酮、萜类以及单宁等活性物质,具有抗菌、消炎和止泻等作用,在维持动物健康方面具有潜在的利用价值。本综述目的在于对黄梁木植物化学成分和药理特性进行整理,为开发该植物提取物作为替代抗生素的抗菌或消炎性饲料添加剂提供理论基础。
关键词: 黄梁木     抗菌     消炎     肠道健康    
Research Progress on Antibacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser
LI Xiaolin, CHEN Ting, XI Qianyun, ZHANG Yongliang     
Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control in Guangdong, National Pig Breeding Engineering Technology Center, Animal Science College, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
Abstract: Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser is a medicinal woody plant used in Ayurvedic therapy and mentioned in many Indian medical literatures. It has been reported in many literatures that Neolamarckia cadamba is rich in alkaloids, flavones, terpenes, tannins and other active substances and has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and anti-diarrhea effects, thus it has potential uses for maintaining animal health. The purpose of this review is to collate the chemical constituents and pharmacological properties of the plant and to provide a theoretical basis for the development of the plant extract as an antibacterial or anti-inflammatory feed additive as an alternative to antibiotics.
Key words: Neolamarckia cadamba     antibacterial     anti-inflammatory     intestinal health    

黄梁木[Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser],茜草科团花属植物,是一种中等大小的落叶树,高度为20~40 m,周长2.0~2.5 m,引种至我国后主要分布在广东、广西和云南等省区,是园林绿化、退耕还林和天然林保护工程的主要造林树种之一[1],通常作为观赏植物或用作木材和造纸。同时,黄梁木也是优良的蜜源树种、饲料树种和药材树种[2],该植物在印度传统医学中常用于治疗糖尿病、腹泻、发烧、炎症、咳嗽、呕吐、伤口和溃疡等各种疾病[3]。黄梁木因生长速度极快,在1972年的世界林业大会上,被各国专家公认为“奇迹式的树木”,其10年龄以前的团花树,年平均高度增长2~3 m、直径增长4.5~5.5 cm,每年每公顷生长量可达80~90 m3,是全国罕见的速生型用材树种[4],同时具有良好的适应性和经济效益[5]。在过去的几年中,其作为木本饲料因生长快速、高蛋白质、高生物产量以及富含次生化合物等特殊功能而受到关注[6]。本综述旨在挖掘黄梁木对畜牧业潜在的利用价值,探讨黄梁木作为新型饲料原料或加工成为饲料添加剂的可行性。

1 黄梁木的营养价值及饲养效果

相比银合欢和紫花苜蓿等传统饲料原料,黄梁木叶除具有药用价值外,其粗蛋白质含量高且含水量低,因此具有作为反刍动物和非反刍动物饲料开发潜力[7-8]。谢艺潇等[9-10]针对黄梁木叶蛋白质提取工艺进行优化,通过超声波处理能高效提取黄梁木叶片中的粗蛋白质且提取率达10.15%,而纤维素酶法在最优提取工艺下能达到29.88%。Pal等[11-12]对比多种水果的营养成分,发现成熟的黄梁木果在钙、铁、镁、锌和铜等微量元素含量上有较大的优势,磷元素含量则较低,并表明该果实有丰富的蛋白质和脂肪可用于改善人们的营养状况。汪胜楠等[13]发现青贮黄梁木(细枝和树叶)50%替代青贮全株玉米可显著提高乐至黑山羊的平均采食量、眼肌面积以及屠宰肉中氨基酸含量,同时显著降低其料重比和失水率,且对其余屠宰指标均无不良影响。Chen等[14]用30%黄梁木叶饲喂金鲳鱼,结果表明黄梁木叶对金鲳鱼肠道细菌的代谢功能有影响,且其肠道细菌可能参与了营养代谢。但是要注意黄梁木通常含有一些抗营养成分,如单宁和皂苷可能会降低其适口性和营养价值。此外,He等[6]研究乳酸菌和纤维素酶对黄梁木青贮品质影响的试验中发现乳酸菌的添加可降低叶片青贮的pH、缩合单宁含量和微生物数量,而加入纤维素酶可随着乙酸浓度、细胞壁组分和单宁含量的降低而增加微生物数量和蛋白质组分。由此可见,黄梁木作为饲料资源极具潜力,现针对其抗菌与消炎作用,总结国内外关于黄梁木各部位功效及相关成分的研究进展,为黄梁木作为饲料资源的深入研究与开发提供参考和指导。

2 黄梁木的化学组成

国内对于黄梁木的研究相对比较缺乏,而在国外,尤其是黄梁木原产地印度则有较多对其各部位进行理化分析和药用价值挖掘的研究。Savithramma等[15]对黄梁木叶片进行水煮法处理并分析其滤液成分,显示含有蒽醌类、香豆素、大黄素、脂肪酸、黄酮、无色花色苷、木质素、酚类、还原糖和皂甙等物质。黄梁木叶和果实被证明有单宁、皂苷、黄酮类化合物和萜类化合物的存在[16],而韦宏[17]从黄梁木树皮中检测出含有环烯醚萜类成分,如马钱素甙元、马钱素、马钱酸、8-表金吉甙、当药甙和3’-O-咖啡酰当药甙。此外,研究人员通过大量试验从黄梁木叶、枝、树皮、花和果实分离出多种化学成分,主要包括类固醇类、脂肪类和还原性糖,此外还具有抗菌消炎活性的吲哚类生物碱[18-20]、萜类化合物[21-22]、皂苷类[23]、黄酮类[22, 24]、单宁[19-20]、酚类[18, 22]、绿原酸和β-谷甾醇[25](表 1)。

表 1 黄梁木各部位提取的化学成分 Table 1 Chemical composition in each part of Neolamarckia cadamba[26]
3 黄梁木的药理活性

由黄梁木各部位化学分析提示其可能具有广泛的生物活性,黄梁木全株均有药用价值,对多种疾病有一定程度的缓解效果(表 2)。黄梁木含有的多种黄酮类和生物碱,具有抗氧化、抗糖尿病等活性,而其提取物中的萜类化合物被证明对抗肿瘤、镇痛、抗腹泻以及驱虫有一定效果[18, 27]。其中,黄梁木树皮被报道具有止血、解热、助消化、利尿、祛痰、通便和止吐等功效[28]

表 2 黄梁木各部位的药理活性 Table 2 Pharmacological activity in each part of Neolamarckia cadamba

为探索黄梁木所含生物活性物质及其作用机理,科研人员对黄梁木提取物进行分离纯化及活性研究。Tahia等[29]研究表明,黄梁木树皮具有明显的自由基清除、细胞毒素、膜稳定、溶栓、中枢及周边镇痛作用和轻度抗菌潜力。除树皮外,黄梁木其他部位也有被报道有特定药理学作用。Alam等[30]用剂量为500 mg/kg的黄梁木花乙醇提取物饲喂用蓖麻油诱导腹泻的小鼠,发现其腹泻抑制率达60.60%,能与标准药物洛派丁胺媲美(63.63%),并认为其抗腹泻特性可能是由于吲哚生物碱、烯醚萜、三萜类和皂苷类的存在。

对黄梁木的毒理学研究表明,它有可能会引起高剂量的急性毒性[31]。对此,Poonam等[32]用2 000 mg/kg剂量的黄梁木树皮石油醚或酒精提取物,及Mondal等[33]使用最高剂量为3 000 mg/kg的黄梁木树皮甲醇提取物饲喂小鼠,小鼠在14 d观察期内均无死亡。此外,在Acharyya等[34]的小鼠降糖试验中,黄梁木根的水或甲醇提取物各剂量组(100、200和400 mg/kg)均没有试验对象死亡报告。Prathibhakumari等[35]使用黄梁木果水提物对瑞士白化病给药后发现其安全剂量高达2 000 mg/kg。

4 黄梁木的抗菌作用

黄梁木已被大量文献证实具有抗菌能力。黄梁木提取物中含有黄酮类化合物、生物碱和萜类化合物[68],而这些次生代谢物的存在可能是抑制微生物生长的原因[69]。Umachigi等[55]在黄梁木全株(树皮、叶、花和果实)的乙醇和水浸提物中观察到显著的抗菌活性,其中最敏感的是金黄色葡萄球菌,其次是奇异变形杆菌、大肠埃希菌、微球菌、黑曲霉、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、白念珠菌、构巢曲霉、黄曲霉和枯草芽孢杆菌,初步认为其抗菌活性可能是由于萜烯的存在。

在黄梁木诸多抗菌研究中,针对黄梁木果实抗菌能力的报道最多。Prasad等[70]发现黄梁木果实丙酮和甲醇提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌具有抑菌活性。同时,黄梁木成熟和未成熟果实的水、乙醇、甲醇提取物对大肠杆菌、绿脓杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌均有良好的抑制效果,提取物所含的萜类物质被推测为主要抗菌成分[65, 71-72]。Datar等[73]对比黄梁木成熟与未成熟果实对食物产生病原菌(如芽孢杆菌、沙门氏菌)的抑制作用,发现成熟的黄梁木果实乙醇提取物显示出更好的抗菌效果,而在未成熟的黄梁木果实中则是乙酸乙酯提取物最低抑菌浓度(MIC)值更低。对此,Sanadhya等[21]证实黄梁木果实具有明显的抗菌活性,是因为其含有环烯醚萜苷类生物活性化合物。黄梁木未成熟果实的抗菌作用可能通过对细菌细胞膜的渗透作用,导致遗传物质渗漏,同时抑制糖和氨基酸摄取以发挥抗菌作用[74]。关于抗真菌方面,Mishra等[75]发现黄梁木果实醇提物和热水提取物抑制真菌效果最好,而其乙酸乙酯提取物对待测真菌病原体均无活性。由上述报道可知黄梁木果实的抗菌效果可能受其成熟程度、提取溶剂选择的影响。

除果实外,黄梁木树皮和叶也被发现具有抗菌能力。Rafshanjani等[66]研究得黄梁木茎皮氯仿提取物对小孢子虫、大肠杆菌和绿脓杆菌有显著的抑制活性,其抑制直径分别为24.1、22.3和22.1 mm。而真菌方面,Patel等[76]发现黄梁木叶水提取物对白念珠菌和熏烟色曲菌的抑制区域为22和26 mm,乙醇提取物为23和25 mm,而树皮水提取物抑制区域为18和20 mm,乙醇提取物为17和18 mm,由此推断黄梁木叶抗菌活性高于树皮且水浸提效果略优于乙醇提取。此外,黄梁木叶石油醚提取物对伤寒沙门氏菌具有较好抑制活性,而对于大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌则是氯仿和丙酮提取物抑菌效果更佳[64]。Rajesh等[77]证实黄梁木叶己烷提取物抗菌活性最高,乙酸乙酯提取物次之,乙醇提取物最低。Khandelwal等[78]发现黄梁木叶热水浸提物对细菌的显著抑制作用可能与多种化合物(单宁酸、皂苷、萜类、黄酮类和类固醇)协同作用有关。此外,Donpaul等[79]比较黄梁木嫩枝叶和愈伤组织甲醇提取物的抗菌活性,发现前者抗菌活性明显高于后者,表明自然环境对生长中植物施加各种压力,刺激它们产生更多的次生代谢物。

同时也有研究比较了黄梁木和其他多种药用植物的抗菌活性,发现黄梁木均有较好表现。Mishra等[80]收集21种印度树种,体外研究植物抗菌物质抑制引起尿路感染的病原体效果,发现黄梁木叶甲醇提取物对9种泌尿系病原体有较好的抑制效果。同样,Dubey等[81]研究印度土著使用的20种药用植物,发现黄梁木乙醇提取物对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌、不动杆菌、大肠杆菌、克雷伯氏菌、变形杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌和霍乱弧菌均有一定的抑制作用,而其水提物仅对大肠杆菌和变形杆菌起抗菌作用。然而一篇关于印度本土植物抗菌活性评估的文献[82]表明,黄梁木的水和甲醇提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌有抑制作用,而对大肠杆菌不显示抑制作用。

综上所述,黄梁木各部位均有一定的抗菌活性,对细菌如金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、绿脓杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和真菌如白念珠菌、黑曲霉等有较强抑制作用。另外,黄梁木的水、乙醇、甲醇提取物抗菌效果一般优于氯仿、石油醚提取物,根据溶剂流动相极性(水>甲醇>乙醇>氯仿>石油醚)分析,可能是因为黄梁木中萜类、酚类、生物碱、皂苷、黄酮类、多糖及单宁等活性抗菌成分更容易地被提取到极性大的溶剂中。

5 黄梁木的消炎作用

黄梁木树皮、叶、果实均被报道证实具有消炎作用。Dolai等[24]利用蛋白变形和人源红细胞(HRBC)膜稳定方法测定黄梁木树皮体外消炎,结果表明黄梁木树皮提取物具有一定的消炎活性,甲醇提取物消炎活性最高,乙酸乙酯次之,水合正丁醇最低。体内消炎方面,Dietrich等[83]证实从黄梁木树皮分离出的2种三萜苷对环磷酰胺诱导的出血性膀胱炎具有消炎作用。Mondal等[33]用剂量为600 mg/kg的黄梁木树皮甲醇提取物饲喂注射卡拉胶后的小鼠,消炎效果可媲美标准药物阿斯匹林(200 mg/kg),且与Hass等[84]的试验结果相符(标准药物吲哚美辛10 mg/kg)。Chandrashekar等[67]发现黄梁木茎皮甲醇提取物在急性炎症模型中能有效抑制组胺产生的水肿,而在慢性炎症模型中,其作用机制可能是细胞迁移使受伤部位积累胶原和黏多糖。

关于黄梁木其他部位的消炎作用研究也有报道,如Das等[22]发现黄梁木根的乙醇提取物除表现较强的HRBC膜稳定活性外,在体内消炎试验上,该提取物在200和400 mg/kg剂量下能抑制大鼠被卡拉胶诱导的前爪水肿且降低前炎症因子(白细胞介素-10和白细胞介素-4)水平。黄梁木果提取物具有良好的膜稳定性活性,抑制了低渗溶液和热诱导的溶血[85]。Pant等[86]报道黄梁木叶甲醇和乙醇提取物对人红细胞膜具有明显的膜稳定作用,而且乙醇提取物(200 μg/mL)对低渗诱导的变性显示出与阳性对照标准消炎药物双氯芬酸(100 μg/mL)相似的抑制活性。同时,Gupta等[23]发现黄梁木叶中含有粗皂苷,它能显著降低注射肝炎疫苗后小鼠腹腔中巨噬细胞水平,从而达到消炎作用。

富含类黄酮和其他酚类物质的食物和水果能降低炎症和其他疾病的风险[87],而黄梁木叶和果实已被证实含有类黄酮和多酚。此外,黄梁木提取物的消炎活性也可能归因于绿原酸,β-谷甾醇和三萜烯糖苷等消炎化合物的存在。综上所述,黄梁木树皮、叶和果实具有较强的消炎活性,但其消炎成分和效果存在差异。

6 小结

黄梁木的抗糖尿病活性、保肝作用、降血脂活性、抗氧化活性、创面愈合活性以及驱虫活性等功效已受到医学领域的重视。本综述针对黄梁木提取物分析发现黄梁木多个部位具有抗菌和消炎作用,加上这种天然的植物提取物具有副作用少、疗效高、成本低等优点,预示从黄梁木中提取有效活性成分作为新一代抗生素替代物进行开发研究前景广阔。随着技术的不断完善,黄梁木中很多有效成分得到分离纯化和结构鉴定,但是对于其中起抗菌和消炎作用的活性物质种类及其作用原理还不甚清楚,有必要做进一步的研究。同时,开发黄梁木及其提取物为成熟的饲料产品前仍需要大量研究提供理论基础,比如改进加工工艺和使用方法,确定添加剂量和饲养效果,最终投入到动物生产中,以提高养殖业经济效益,保障动物源性食品安全,促进养殖业向绿色无公害发展。

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