引用本文

陈甫,
刘帅杰,
朱风华,
高善颂,
朱连勤.
鸭油过氧化值对肉仔鸡生长和屠宰性能、脏器指数及血浆抗氧化、免疫、抗体指标的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2019, 31(3): 1111-1118.
CHEN Fu,
LIU Shuaijie,
ZHU Fenghua,
GAO Shansong,
ZHU Lianqin.
Effects of Peroxide Value of Duck Oil on Growth and Slaughter Performance, Organ Index and Plasma Antioxidant, Immune, Antibody Index of Broilers[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2019, 31(3): 1111-1118.
鸭油过氧化值对肉仔鸡生长和屠宰性能、脏器指数及血浆抗氧化、免疫、抗体指标的影响
陈甫
1
, 刘帅杰
1, 朱风华
2, 高善颂
1, 朱连勤
1
1. 青岛农业大学动物医学院, 青岛 266109;
2. 青岛农业大学动物科技学院, 青岛 266109
收稿日期: 2018-08-09
基金项目: 山东省现代农业产业技术体系家禽创新团队资助项目(SDAIT-11-07)
摘要: 本试验旨在探索鸭油过氧化值对肉仔鸡生长和屠宰性能、脏器指数及血浆抗氧化、免疫、抗体指标的影响。选择108只1日龄健康爱拔益加(AA)肉仔鸡,随机分为6组,每组3个重复,每个重复6只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,鸭油组分别在基础饲粮中添加3%过氧化值为3.8、17.0、30.0、43.0和56.0 meq/kg的鸭油。预试期7 d,正试期28 d。结果表明:1)30.0、43.0和56.0 meq/kg鸭油组的平均日增重显著低于对照组(P < 0.05),56.0 meq/kg鸭油组的料重比显著高于对照组(P < 0.05)。2)30.0、43.0和56.0 meq/kg鸭油组的脾脏、胸腺指数显著低于对照组(P < 0.05),43.0和56.0 meq/kg鸭油组的肾脏指数和各段小肠厚度显著低于对照组(P < 0.05),56.0 meq/kg鸭油组的肌胃指数指数显著低于对照组(P < 0.05)。3)15和35日龄时,30.0、43.0和56.0 meq/kg鸭油组的血浆过氧化氢酶、羟自由基活性和总抗氧化能力显著低于对照组(P < 0.05),血浆丙二醛含量显著高于对照组(P < 0.05);43.0和56.0 meq/kg鸭油组的血浆超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性显著低于对照组(P < 0.05)。4)15日龄时,30.0、43.0和56.0 meq/kg鸭油组的血浆白细胞介素(IL)-4、IL-6、免疫球蛋白(Ig)A、IgG含量显著低于对照组(P < 0.05),43.0和56.0 meq/kg鸭油组的血浆干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)、IL-2、IgM含量显著低于对照组(P < 0.05)。35日龄时,30.0、43.0和56.0 meq/kg鸭油组的血浆IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IgA、IgG、IgM含量显著低于对照组(P < 0.05),43.0和56.0 meq/kg鸭油组的血浆IFN-γ含量显著低于对照组(P < 0.05)。5)15日龄时,30.0、43.0和56.0 meq/kg鸭油组的血浆传染性法氏囊病毒抗体(IBDV-Ab)、新城疫病毒抗体(NDV-Ab)水平显著低于对照组(P < 0.05),43.0和56.0 meq/kg鸭油组的血浆H9N1禽流感病毒抗体(H9N1-Ab)水平显著低于对照组(P < 0.05)。35日龄时,43.0和56.0 meq/kg鸭油组的血浆IBDV-Ab、H9N1-Ab水平显著低于对照组(P < 0.05),56.0 meq/kg鸭油组的血浆NDV-Ab水平显著低于对照组(P < 0.05)。由此可见,高过氧化值鸭油能降低肉仔鸡的生长性能、抗氧化功能和免疫功能;饲粮中鸭油过氧化值应低于17.0 meq/kg。
关键词:
鸭油
过氧化值
肉仔鸡
生长
抗氧化
免疫
Effects of Peroxide Value of Duck Oil on Growth and Slaughter Performance, Organ Index and Plasma Antioxidant, Immune, Antibody Index of Broilers
CHEN Fu
1
, LIU Shuaijie
1, ZHU Fenghua
2, GAO Shansong
1, ZHU Lianqin
1
1. College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China;
2. College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
Abstract: This experiment was conducted to study the effects of peroxide value of duck oil on growth and slaughter performance, organ index and plasma antioxidant, immune, antibody index of broilers. A total of 108 healthy one-day-old Arbor Acres (AA) broilers were randomly divided into 6 groups with 3 replicates per group and 6 broilers per replicate. Broilers in the control group were fed a basal diet, and others in duck oil groups were fed basal diets supplemented with 3% duck oil with 3.8, 17.0, 30.0, 43.0 and 56.0 meq/kg peroxide values, respectively. The pre-experimental period lasted for 7 days, and the experimental period lasted for 28 days. The results showed as follows:1) the average daily gain of 30.0, 43.0 and 56.0 meq/kg duck oil groups was significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05), the feed to gain ratio of 56.0 meq/kg duck oil groups was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05). 2) The indexes of spleen, thymus of 30.0, 43.0 and 56.0 meq/kg duck oil groups were significantly lower than those of the control group (P < 0.05), the kidney index and small intestine thickness of 43.0 and 56.0 meq/kg duck oil groups were significantly lower than those of the control group (P < 0.05), the gizzard index of 56.0 meq/kg duck oil group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05). 3) On 15 and 35 days of age, the catalase, hydroxyl radicals activities and total antioxidant capacity in plasma of 30.0, 43.0 and 56.0 meq/kg duck oil groups were significantly lower than those of the control group (P < 0.05), and the plasma malondialdehyde content was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05); the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in plasma of 43.0 and 56.0 meq/kg duck oil groups were significantly lower than those of the control group (P < 0.05). 4) On 15 days of age, the contents of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, immunoglobulin (Ig)A and IgG in plasma of 30.0, 43.0 and 56.0 meq/kg duck oil groups were significantly lower than those of the control group (P < 0.05), and the contents of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IL-2 and IgM in plasma of 43.0 and 56.0 meq/kg duck oil groups were significantly lower than those of the control group (P < 0.05). On 35 days of age, the contents of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IgA, IgG and IgM in plasma of 30.0, 43.0 and 56.0 meq/kg duck oil groups were significantly lower than those of the control group (P < 0.05), and the plasma IFN-γ content of 43.0 and 56.0 meq/kg duck oil groups was significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05). 5) On 15 days of age, the levels of infectious bursal disease virus antibody (IBDV-Ab) and newcastle disease virus antibody (NDV-Ab) in plasma of 30.0, 43.0 and 56.0 meq/kg duck oil groups were significantly lower than those of the control group (P < 0.05), and the plasma H9N1 avian influenza virus antibody (H9N1-Ab) level of 43.0 and 56.0 meq/kg duck oil groups was significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05). On 35 days of age, the levels of IBDV-Ab and H9N1-Ab in plasma of 43.0 and 56.0 meq/kg duck oil groups were significantly lower than those of the control group (P < 0.05), and the plasma NDV-Ab level of 56.0 meq/kg duck oil group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05). It is concluded that high peroxide value of duck oil can decrease the growth performance, antioxidant function and immune function of broilers. The peroxide value of duck oil in diet should not be higher than 17.0 meq/kg.
Key words:
duck oil
peroxide value
broilers
growth
antioxidant
immune
油脂是一种优质的能量饲料,含有丰富的不饱和脂肪酸,现已广泛应用于饲粮中[1]。但油脂在储存加工过程中受温度、光照等多种因素的影响,易发生氧化酸败,产生许多毒性物质,降低饲粮的适口性和营养价值,影响动物的健康和生长性能[2]。鸭油作为能量饲料,不仅有利于农业废弃物的再利用,还能在一定程度上填补国内能量饲料缺口[3]。我国肉鸭养殖位居世界第一,鸭油产量巨大,是应用最为广范的饲用油脂,但其存在的问题也在不断暴露[3-4]。鸭油氧化对肉仔鸡健康以及生长性能的影响目前尚不清楚,而且我国至今缺乏指导科学使用饲用油脂的标准。鉴于此,本试验通过饲喂肉仔鸡不同过氧化值的鸭油,探究其对肉仔鸡生长和屠宰性能、脏器指数及血浆抗氧化、免疫、抗体指标的影响,以期为科学使用鸭油提供数据支撑。
1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
鸭油购于山东某饲料公司,过氧化值为3.8 meq/kg,并采用紫外线光照法制备高过氧化值(17.0、30.0、43.0和56.0 meq/kg)的鸭油。
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)、羟自由基(·OH)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)检测试剂盒购自南京建成生物工程研究所;免疫球蛋白(Ig)G、IgM、IgA、干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)、白细胞介素(IL)-2、IL-4、IL-6、新城疫病毒抗体(NDV-Ab)、传染性法氏囊病毒抗体(IBDV-Ab)和H9N1禽流感病毒抗体(H9N1-Ab)检测试剂盒购自武汉赛培生物科技有限公司。
1.2 试验设计和试验饲粮
选择108只1日龄健康爱拔益加(AA)肉仔鸡,随机分为6组,每组3个重复,每个重复6只鸡(公母各占1/2)。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,鸭油组分别在基础饲粮中添加3%过氧化值为3.8、17.0、30.0、43.0和56.0 meq/kg的鸭油。饲粮组成及营养水平见表 1。肉仔鸡采用网上平养,24 h光照模式,自由采食和饮水,常规免疫新流二联灭活苗和传染性法氏囊苗。预试期7 d,正试期28 d。
表 1(Table 1)
表 1 饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)
Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of diets (air-dry basis)
% |
项目 Items |
基础饲粮Basal diets |
|
3%鸭油饲粮3% duck oil diets |
1~21日龄 1 to 21 days of age |
22~35日龄 22 to 35 days of age |
|
1~21日龄 1 to 21 days of age |
22~35日龄 22 to 35 days of age |
原料Ingredients |
|
|
玉米Corn |
60.00 |
64.50 |
50.00 |
63.40 |
玉米蛋白粉Corn protein meal |
5.00 |
3.00 |
5.00 |
3.60 |
麦麸Wheat bran |
|
2.00 |
9.50 |
|
豆粕Soybean meal |
27.50 |
25.00 |
25.00 |
25.00 |
鱼粉Fish meal |
3.40 |
1.60 |
4.00 |
1.70 |
石粉Limestone |
1.50 |
1.70 |
1.20 |
1.00 |
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 |
1.50 |
1.20 |
1.30 |
1.30 |
DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met |
0.10 |
|
|
|
鸭油Duck oil |
|
|
3.00 |
3.00 |
预混料Premix |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
合计Total |
100.00 |
100.00 |
100.00 |
100.00 |
营养水平Nutrient levels |
|
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) |
12.15 |
13.06 |
12.15 |
13.06 |
粗蛋白质CP |
22.99 |
20.00 |
23.00 |
20.00 |
钙Ca |
1.00 |
0.90 |
1.00 |
0.90 |
磷P |
0.45 |
0.35 |
0.45 |
0.35 |
蛋氨酸Met |
0.50 |
0.38 |
0.50 |
0.38 |
赖氨酸Lys |
1.10 |
1.00 |
1.10 |
1.00 |
预混料每千克饲粮提供The premix provides the following per kg of diets:VA 1 500 IU,VD3 200 IU,VE 10.00 IU,VK3 0.5 mg,VB1 22 mg,VB2 8.5 mg,VB12 0.2 mg,叶酸folic acid 0.55 mg,烟酸nicotinic acid 35 mg,D-泛酸D-pantothenic acid 10 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 8 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 80 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 40 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 60 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.15 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.35 mg。 |
|
表 1 饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)
Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of diets (air-dry basis)
|
1.3 生长和屠宰性能测定
试验至肉仔鸡35日龄时,限饲12 h,以重复为单位称重,计算平均日增重和料重比。从每个重复中随机抽取3只鸡,称重后屠宰,记录屠体重、全净膛重、腿肌重、胸肌重,计算屠体率、全净膛率和胸腿肌率。计算公式如下:
平均日增重=[末重-初重]/试验天数;
料重比=总耗料量/总增重;
屠体率(%)=100×屠体重/活体重;
全净膛率(%)=100×全净膛重/屠体重;
胸腿肌率(%)=100×(腿肌重+胸肌重)/屠体重。
1.4 脏器指数和小肠厚度测定
试验至肉仔鸡35日龄时,屠宰后分离脾脏、胸腺、法氏囊、肝脏、心脏、肺脏、腺胃、肌胃、十二指肠、空肠和回肠,称重,计算脏器指数。用游标卡尺测定十二指肠、空肠和回肠肠壁厚度。
1.5 血浆抗氧化、免疫、抗体指标测定
试验至肉仔鸡15和35日龄时,限饲12 h后每个重复随机选取3只鸡,翅静脉应用肝素锂抗凝管采抗凝血,3 000 r/min离心10 min分离血浆,用于检测血浆SOD、CAT、·OH和GPx活性,MDA、IgG、IgM、IgA、IFN-γ、IL-2、IL-4、IL-6含量,T-AOC,NDV-Ab、H9N1-Ab、IBDV-Ab水平。
1.6 数据统计分析
采用Excel 2013对数据进行整理,采用SPSS 22.0软件进行单因素方差分析和Duncan氏法多重比较。结果用平均值±标准差表示,以P<0.05为差异显著性标准。
2 结果
2.1 鸭油过氧化值对肉仔鸡生长和屠宰性能的影响
如表 2所示,3.8 meq/kg鸭油组肉仔鸡的平均日增重显著高于对照组(P<0.05),料重比显著低于30.0、43.0和56.0 meq/kg鸭油组(P<0.05),屠体率显著高于43.0、56.0 meq/kg鸭油组(P<0.05),全净膛率显著高于56.0 meq/kg鸭油组(P<0.05)。17.0 meq/kg鸭油组肉仔鸡的料重比显著低于56.0 meq/kg鸭油组(P<0.05),平均日增重显著高于30.0、43.0和56.0 meq/kg鸭油组(P<0.05)。30.0、43.0 meq/kg鸭油组肉仔鸡的料重比显著低于56.0 meq/kg鸭油组(P<0.05),平均日增重显著高于56.0 meq/kg鸭油组(P<0.05)。
表 2(Table 2)
表 2 鸭油过氧化值对肉仔鸡生长和屠宰性能的影响
Table 2 Effects of peroxide value of duck oil on growth and slaughter performance of broilers
项目 Items |
对照组
Control group |
鸭油过氧化值Peroxide value of duck oil/(meq/kg) |
3.8 |
17.0 |
30.0 |
43.0 |
56.0 |
料重比F/G |
1.79±0.17bc |
1.54±0.11c |
1.71±0.21bc |
1.91±0.18b |
1.98±0.15b |
2.26±0.38a |
平均日增重ADG/g |
59.64±1.67b |
65.08±1.63a |
60.32±1.95b |
57.34±1.75c |
56.31±1.25c |
50.40±2.46d |
屠体率Slaughter rate/% |
89.04±0.05ab |
90.77±0.01a |
88.81±0.02ab |
87.36±0.02ab |
86.96±0.01b |
86.23±0.03b |
全净膛率 All eviscerated rate/% |
85.73±0.04ab |
86.68±0.03a |
84.28±0.04ab |
83.12±0.01ab |
82.48±0.04ab |
82.17±0.04b |
胸腿肌率 Chest and leg muscle rate/% |
54.83±0.02a |
55.16±0.02a |
54.84±0.09a |
53.74±0.06a |
53.65±0.04a |
52.86±0.06a |
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
|
表 2 鸭油过氧化值对肉仔鸡生长和屠宰性能的影响
Table 2 Effects of peroxide value of duck oil on growth and slaughter performance of broilers
|
2.2 鸭油过氧化值对肉仔鸡脏器指数和小肠厚度的影响
如表 3所示,3.8 meq/kg鸭油组的各脏器指数和各段小肠厚度与对照组之间差异不显著(P>0.05),30.0、43.0和56.0 meq/kg鸭油组的脾脏、胸腺指数显著低于对照组(P<0.05),43.0和56.0 meq/kg鸭油组的肾脏指数显著低于对照组(P<0.05),43.0和56.0 meq/kg鸭油组的各段小肠厚度显著低于对照组(P<0.05),56.0 meq/kg鸭油组的肌胃指数指数显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。
表 3(Table 3)
表 3 鸭油过氧化值对肉仔鸡脏器指数和小肠厚度的影响
Table 3 Effects of peroxide value of duck oil on organ index and small intestine thickness of broilers
项目 Items |
对照组
Control group |
鸭油过氧化值Peroxide value of duck oil/(meq/kg) |
3.8 |
17.0 |
30.0 |
43.0 |
56.0 |
脏器指数
Organ index/ (g/kg) |
脾脏Spleen |
1.92±0.20a |
2.03±0.20a |
1.87±0.14a |
1.58±0.14b |
1.51±0.19b |
1.25±0.24c |
胸腺Thymus |
3.16±0.65a |
3.31±0.31ab |
2.87±0.60abc |
2.77±0.12bc |
2.73±0.16bc |
2.63±0.18c |
法氏囊 Bursa of Fabricius |
1.78±0.35 |
1.76±0.31 |
1.64±0.28 |
1.57±0.34 |
1.50±0.26 |
1.46±0.17 |
肝脏Liver |
19.52±0.87 |
21.04±1.48 |
21.02±1.84 |
20.88±0.67 |
20.98±0.79 |
20.87±1.81 |
心脏Heart |
4.55±0.63 |
4.50±0.26 |
4.50±0.37 |
4.45±0.25 |
4.44±0.47 |
4.46±0.34 |
肺脏Lung |
5.22±0.62 |
5.48±0.92 |
5.37±0.68 |
5.38±0.87 |
5.36±0.54 |
5.26±0.74 |
腺胃Proventriculus |
2.73±0.33ab |
2.93±0.16a |
2.63±0.21ab |
2.53±0.47b |
2.55±0.23b |
2.47±0.28b |
肌胃Gizzard |
10.42±0.94ab |
11.27±0.95a |
9.91±1.38b |
9.46±1.12bc |
9.22±0.72bc |
8.56±0.96c |
肾脏Kidney |
5.91±0.85ab |
6.05±0.56a |
5.53±0.50ab |
5.29±0.32bc |
4.90±0.12cd |
4.56±0.31d |
十二指肠 Duodenum |
4.31±0.54ab |
4.50±0.32a |
4.23±0.68ab |
4.16±0.47ab |
3.97±0.52ab |
3.82±0.47b |
回肠Ileum |
5.45±0.25 |
5.75±0.42 |
5.38±0.49 |
5.41±0.92 |
5.24±0.67 |
5.18±0.51 |
空肠Jejunum |
8.39±0.69 |
8.47±0.69 |
8.09±0.76 |
8.00±0.88 |
7.91±0.52 |
7.73±1.07 |
小肠厚度
Small intestine thickness/mm |
十二指肠 Duodenum |
1.62±0.25a |
1.68±0.27a |
1.42±0.22ab |
1.39±0.26ab |
1.27±0.19b |
1.21±0.12b |
回肠Ileum |
1.21±0.25a |
1.22±0.12a |
1.15±0.16ab |
1.01±0.16ab |
0.98±0.17b |
0.95±0.07b |
空肠Jejunum |
1.56±0.15a |
1.57±0.26a |
1.47±0.14a |
1.33±0.23ab |
1.21±0.16b |
1.12±0.20b |
|
表 3 鸭油过氧化值对肉仔鸡脏器指数和小肠厚度的影响
Table 3 Effects of peroxide value of duck oil on organ index and small intestine thickness of broilers
|
2.3 鸭油过氧化值对肉仔鸡血浆抗氧化指标的影响
如表 4所示,3.8 meq/kg鸭油组35日龄时血浆SOD和GPx活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05);17.0、30.0、43.0和56.0 meq/kg鸭油组15日龄时血浆CAT活性、T-AOC和35日龄时血浆CAT、·OH活性、T-AOC显著低于对照组(P<0.05),15日龄时血浆MDA含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05);30.0、43.0和56.0 meq/kg鸭油组15日龄时血浆GPx、·OH活性显著低于对照组(P<0.05),35日龄时血浆MDA含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05);43.0和56.0 meq/kg鸭油组15日龄时血浆SOD活性和35日龄时血浆GPx、SOD活性显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。
表 4(Table 4)
表 4 鸭油过氧化值对肉仔鸡血浆抗氧化指标的影响
Table 4 Effects of peroxide value of duck oil on plasma antioxidant index of broilers
日龄 Days of age |
项目 Items |
对照组 Control group |
鸭油过氧化值Peroxide value of duck oil/(meq/kg) |
3.8 |
17.0 |
30.0 |
43.0 |
56.0 |
15 |
超氧化物歧化酶 SOD/(U/mL) |
21.75±0.43ab |
22.45±0.66a |
21.38±0.93bc |
21.00±0.47bc |
20.80±0.68c |
19.11±0.81d |
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 GPx/(U/mL) |
2 503±73a |
2 517±83a |
2 449±54a |
2 364±78b |
2 363±56b |
2 163±63c |
过氧化氢酶 CAT/(U/mL) |
0.54±0.01a |
0.53±0.01ab |
0.52±0.01b |
0.51±0.01c |
0.5±0.01c |
0.45±0.01d |
丙二醛 MDA/(nmol/mL) |
2.45±0.09c |
2.59±0.05c |
3.14±0.05b |
3.21±0.19b |
3.62±0.16a |
3.65±0.21a |
羟自由基 ·OH/(U/mL) |
455.4±9.2a |
455.3±6.7a |
454.7±6.5a |
433.1±5.1b |
415.4±5.6c |
397.6±7.7d |
总抗氧化能力 T-AOC/(U/mL) |
17.94±0.21a |
18.22±0.20a |
16.46±0.23b |
16.30±0.40b |
14.25±0.30c |
14.02±0.26c |
35 |
超氧化物歧化酶 SOD/(U/mL) |
21.40±0.73b |
23.50±0.35a |
21.52±0.92b |
21.25±0.54b |
20.12±0.32c |
16.70±0.41d |
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 GPx/(U/mL) |
2 401±79b |
2 506±92a |
2 382±77b |
2 398±98b |
2 047±58c |
1 922±42d |
过氧化氢酶 CAT/(U/mL) |
0.54±0.03a |
0.55±0.02a |
0.52±0.01b |
0.51±0.01bc |
0.49±0.01c |
0.46±0.02d |
丙二醛 MDA/(nmol/mL) |
2.80±0.44de |
2.42±0.10e |
3.26±0.07d |
4.62±0.15c |
6.69±0.60b |
8.82±0.53a |
羟自由基 ·OH/(U/mL) |
457.6±6.5a |
462.1±8.6a |
443.1±8.2b |
415.4±7.3c |
381.9±7.2d |
366.3±4.9e |
总抗氧化能力 T-AOC/(U/mL) |
17.62±0.34a |
17.18±1.80a |
16.17±0.20b |
15.98±0.10b |
14.61±0.34c |
13.55±0.31d |
|
表 4 鸭油过氧化值对肉仔鸡血浆抗氧化指标的影响
Table 4 Effects of peroxide value of duck oil on plasma antioxidant index of broilers
|
2.4 鸭油过氧化值对肉仔鸡血浆免疫指标的影响
如表 5所示,3.8 meq/kg鸭油组15和35日龄时血浆各免疫指标与对照组之间差异不显著(P>0.05),17.0、30.0、43.0和56.0 meq/kg鸭油组15日龄时血浆IL-4含量和35日龄时血浆IL-6、IgM含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),30.0、43.0和56.0 meq/kg鸭油组15日龄时血浆IL-6、IgA、IgG含量和35日龄时血浆IL-2、IL-4、IgA、IgG含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),43.0和56.0 meq/kg鸭油组15日龄时血浆IFN-γ、IL-2、IgM含量和35日龄时血浆IFN-γ含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。
表 5(Table 5)
表 5 鸭油过氧化值对肉仔鸡血浆免疫指标的影响
Table 5 Effects of peroxide value of duck oil on plasma immune index of broilers
日龄 Days of age |
项目 Items |
对照组 Control group |
鸭油过氧化值Peroxide value of duck oil/(meq/kg) |
3.8 |
17.0 |
30.0 |
43.0 |
56.0 |
15 |
干扰素-γ IFN-γ/(ng/L) |
158.2±10.2ab |
173.0±17.8a |
156.9±13.1ab |
147.8±17.9bc |
132.7±16.8cd |
125.9±18.7d |
白细胞介素-2 IL-2/(μg/mL) |
184.4±7.2ab |
188.3±6.6a |
178.5±9.0abc |
177.5±10.0bc |
170.1±5.6cd |
166.8±8.3d |
白细胞介素-4 IL-4/(ng/mL) |
84.18±4.81a |
87.04±5.06a |
77.87±5.66b |
76.68±4.58b |
67.43±2.50c |
65.07±1.28c |
白细胞介素-6 IL-6/(pg/mL) |
20.83±2.05ab |
19.79±2.06a |
18.09±1.75bc |
16.45±2.06cd |
15.10±1.26d |
14.90±1.58d |
免疫球蛋白A IgA/(μg/mL) |
8.44±0.51a |
8.68±0.63a |
7.98±0.84a |
6.91±0.26b |
6.69±0.49b |
5.74±0.60c |
免疫球蛋白G IgG/(μg/mL) |
81.91±9.75a |
87.33±9.71a |
78.83±8.27a |
64.33±7.53b |
61.10±5.90b |
59.23±3.88b |
免疫球蛋白M IgM/(μg/mL) |
3.64±0.24ab |
3.83±0.36a |
3.28±0.44bc |
3.21±0.45bc |
3.07±0.39cd |
2.76±0.21d |
35 |
干扰素-γ IFN-γ/(ng/L) |
152.6±19.2ab |
166.6±12.5a |
137.9±16.9b |
134.3±16.1bc |
108.6±9.5cd |
96.4±8.9d |
白细胞介素-2 IL-2/(μg/mL) |
180.9±7.3ab |
188.5±3.6a |
172.9±10.4bc |
167.0±9.4cd |
160.0±5.2de |
156.8±8.4e |
白细胞介素-4 IL-4/(ng/mL) |
83.39±6.42ab |
88.05±8.81a |
75.09±4.28bc |
72.46±7.20c |
68.65±8.95cd |
61.10±5.87d |
白细胞介素-6 IL-6/(pg/mL) |
19.71±1.31a |
20.54±1.11a |
16.29±2.40b |
13.22±1.45c |
13.09±0.92c |
11.77±1.55c |
免疫球蛋白A IgA/(μg/mL) |
8.56±0.83ab |
8.85±0.54a |
7.91±0.74b |
6.89±0.47c |
6.36±0.83c |
5.44±0.58d |
免疫球蛋白G IgG/(μg/mL) |
84.37±6.39ab |
88.98±3.44a |
78.72±6.29b |
71.45±2.88c |
65.96±3.52c |
58.75±5.50d |
免疫球蛋白M IgM/(μg/mL) |
3.74±0.28a |
3.95±0.35a |
3.37±0.31b |
3.21±0.25b |
2.84±0.30c |
2.48±0.34c |
|
表 5 鸭油过氧化值对肉仔鸡血浆免疫指标的影响
Table 5 Effects of peroxide value of duck oil on plasma immune index of broilers
|
2.5 鸭油过氧化值对肉仔鸡血浆抗体指标的影响
如表 6所示,3.8 meq/kg鸭油组15和35日龄时血浆H9N1-Ab水平显著高于对照组(P<0.05),17.0、30.0、43.0和56.0 meq/kg鸭油组15日龄时血浆IBDV-Ab水平显著低于对照组(P<0.05),30.0、43.0和56.0 meq/kg鸭油组15日龄时血浆NDV-Ab水平显著低于对照组(P<0.05),43.0和56.0 meq/kg鸭油组15和35日龄时血浆H9N1-Ab水平显著低于对照组(P<0.05),56.0 meq/kg鸭油组35日龄时血浆NDV-Ab水平显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。
表 6(Table 6)
表 6 鸭油过氧化值对肉仔鸡血浆抗体指标的影响
Table 6 Effects of peroxide value of duck oil on plasma antibody index of broilers
日龄 Days of age |
项目 Items |
对照组 Control group |
鸭油过氧化值Peroxide value of duck oil/(meq/kg) |
3.8 |
17.0 |
30.0 |
43.0 |
56.0 |
15 |
传染性法氏囊病毒抗体 IBDV-Ab/(ng/mL) |
12.51±0.52a |
13.02±0.78a |
11.65±0.79b |
11.26±0.79b |
11.10±0.59b |
10.85±0.57b |
新城疫病毒抗体 NDV-Ab/(pg/mL) |
1 250±86a |
1 295±56a |
1 260±85a |
1 161±64b |
1 149±66b |
1 079±65b |
H9N1禽流感病毒抗体 H9N1-Ab/(U/mL) |
23.27±0.63b |
24.13±0.24a |
23.05±0.45bc |
22.73±0.53bc |
22.47±0.40c |
22.48±0.50c |
35 |
传染性法氏囊病毒抗体 IBDV-Ab/(ng/mL) |
12.44±0.91ab |
13.02±0.57a |
11.79±0.86b |
11.56±0.90bc |
11.30±0.69c |
11.26±0.91c |
新城疫病毒抗体 NDV-Ab/(pg/mL) |
1 201±93ab |
1 296±72a |
1 112±83bc |
1 161±98b |
1 149±89bc |
1 046±67c |
H9N1禽流感病毒抗体 H9N1-Ab/(U/mL) |
23.44±0.43b |
24.09±0.19a |
23.26±0.8b |
23.13±0.28b |
22.51±0.31c |
22.01±0.17c |
|
表 6 鸭油过氧化值对肉仔鸡血浆抗体指标的影响
Table 6 Effects of peroxide value of duck oil on plasma antibody index of broilers
|
3 讨论
3.1 鸭油过氧化值对肉仔鸡生长和屠宰性能的影响
饲料中添加油脂可以改善饲料能量不足、促进动物生长和提高饲料转化效率[4-5]。油脂氧化会产生大量醛、酮和酸等有毒物质,一方面能降低饲粮的适口性,影响肉仔鸡的采食;另一方面能直接损伤消化道,降低生长性能和屠宰性能[6]。相似的是,本试验通过给肉仔鸡饲喂不同过氧化值的鸭油,发现优质鸭油能显著提高肉仔鸡的平均日增重,而高过氧化值鸭油能降低肉仔鸡的生长性能,而且鸭油过氧化值越高,肉仔鸡的料重比越高,平均日增重、屠体率或全净膛率越低。这进一步证明高过氧化值油脂能降低畜禽的生长和屠宰性能[7-8]。
3.2 鸭油过氧化值对肉仔鸡抗氧化功能的影响
血浆中SOD、GPx、CAT活性及T-AOC可以直接反映出肉仔鸡抗氧化功能,MDA和·OH含量能直接反映氧化损伤的程度。本试验结果表明,高过氧化值鸭油能使血浆中SOD、GPx、CAT活性及T-AOC降低,MDA含量升高,且35日龄时血浆SOD、GPx、CAT活性和T-AOC较15日龄时下降更多,MDA含量升高更多。这说明鸭油过氧化值越高,持续作用时间越长,氧化损伤越严重,对抗氧化功能影响越大。这进一步证明高过氧化值油脂能诱导产生氧化应激,降低机体的抗氧化功能[9-10]。
3.3 鸭油过氧化值对肉仔鸡免疫功能的影响
油脂过氧化值升高产生的过氧化物会引起免疫器官和免疫细胞损伤,引起免疫抑制[2]。本试验发现,3.8 meq/kg鸭油组能显著提高35日龄时血浆H9N1-Ab水平,而高过氧化值鸭油组(17.0、30.0、43.0和56.0 meq/kg鸭油组)血浆IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、INF-γ、IgG、IgM、IgA含量和NDV-Ab、IBDV-Ab、H9N1-Ab水平以及脾脏、胸腺指数均有所降低,而且作用时间越长血浆免疫指标水平和免疫器官指数也越低。这说明高过氧化值鸭油会损伤肉仔鸡的免疫系统,抑制免疫球蛋白和免疫因子的合成,降低肉仔鸡免疫抗体水平,影响免疫器官的发育,引起免疫抑制。
3.4 鸭油过氧化值对肉仔鸡脏器发育的影响
油脂氧化产生的过氧化物会诱发肠道、免疫器官等脏器损伤[2]。本试验发现,3.8 meq/kg过氧化值鸭油对肉仔鸡脏器指数无影响,而高过氧化值鸭油能降低脾脏、胸腺、腺胃、肌胃和肾脏等脏器指数,增加小肠厚度。这说明高过氧化值鸭油能刺激或损伤消化道和免疫器官,抑制某些免疫器官的发育,导致胃肠道黏膜变厚。
4 结论
高过氧化值鸭油能损伤肉仔鸡的胃肠道,抑制免疫器官发育,降低抗氧化和免疫功能,降低生长性能;饲粮中鸭油过氧化值应低于17.0 meq/kg。
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