动物营养学报    2019, Vol. 31 Issue (5): 2076-2087    PDF    
饲料加工工艺与复合维生素添加量对生长育肥猪生长性能、血液指标及营养物质表观消化率的影响
段海涛1,2 , 李军国1,3 , 秦玉昌4 , 李俊1,3 , 杨洁1,3 , 董颖超1,3     
1. 中国农业科学院饲料研究所, 北京 100081;
2. 河南牧业经济学院动物科技学院, 郑州 450046;
3. 农业部饲料生物技术重点实验室, 北京 100081;
4. 中国农业科学院北京畜牧兽医研究所, 北京 100081
摘要: 本试验旨在研究饲料加工工艺与复合维生素添加量对生长育肥猪生长性能、血液指标及营养物质表观消化率的影响。试验选用80头30 kg的"杜×长×大"三元杂交试验猪,随机分为4组,每组5个重复,每重复4头猪,进行14周的饲养试验(生长期6周、育肥期8周)。对照组饲粮采用普通加工工艺生产,配方中添加正常剂量的复合维生素(生长期350 mg/kg、育肥期200 mg/kg,作为复合维生素添加量A组);试验组饲粮均采用高效调质低温制粒工艺生产,其中试验1组复合维生素添加量与对照组相同,同时作为复合维生素添加量A组,试验2组和试验3组复合维生素添加量分别较对照组降低20%和40%(试验2组:生长期280 mg/kg、育肥期160 mg/kg,作为复合维生素添加量B组;试验3组:生长期210 mg/kg、育肥期120 mg/kg,作为复合维生素添加量C组)。结果显示:1)生长期,高效调质低温制粒工艺组颗粒硬度及淀粉糊化度显著高于普通加工工艺组(P < 0.05);高效调质低温制粒工艺组的末重及平均日增重高于普通加工工艺组,但差异不显著(P>0.05);高效调质低温制粒工艺组的粗蛋白质、干物质表观消化率均显著高于普通加工工艺组(P < 0.05);不同复合维生素添加量组间生长性能差异不显著(P>0.05),但B组的粗蛋白质、干物质表观消化率显著高于A组及C组(P < 0.05)。2)育肥期,高效调质低温制粒工艺组颗粒硬度显著高于普通加工工艺组(P < 0.05);高效调质低温制粒工艺组的末重显著高于普通加工工艺组(P < 0.05);高效调质低温制粒工艺组的粗蛋白质、干物质表观消化率均显著高于普通加工工艺组(P < 0.05);高效调质低温制粒工艺组血清免疫球蛋白A(IgA)和葡萄糖(GLU)含量及谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)活性显著高于普通加工工艺组(P < 0.05);各生长性能指标在不同复合维生素添加量组间均差异不显著(P>0.05),但B组的干物质表观消化率显著高于A组及C组(P < 0.05),B组的血清免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量显著高于C组(P < 0.05),A组的血清ALT、AST活性显著高于B组及C组(P < 0.05)。由此可见,采用高效调质低温制粒工艺生产生长育肥猪饲粮,颗粒饲料加工质量及营养物质表观消化率优于普通饲料加工工艺,且配方中减少复合维生素添加量对生长育肥猪的生长性能无显著影响。
关键词: 饲料加工工艺    维生素    生长育肥猪    生长性能    
Effects of Feed Processing Technology and Multivitamin Additive Amount on Growth Performance, Blood Indexes and Nutrient Apparent Digestibility of Growing and Finishing Pigs
DUAN Haitao1,2 , LI Junguo1,3 , QIN Yuchang4 , LI Jun1,3 , YANG Jie1,3 , DONG Yingchao1,3     
1. Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;
2. College of Animal and Technology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
3. Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China;
4. Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of feed processing technology and multivitamin additive amount on growth performance, blood indexes and nutrient apparent digestibility of growing and finishing pigs. Eighty Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire three-way cross pigs with the body weight of 30 kg were randomly divided into 4 groups with 5 replicates in each group and 4 pigs in each replicate. The feeding trial lasted for 14 weeks, including a 6-week growing period and a 8-week fattening period. The diet of control group was pelleted by ordinary processing technology, and a normal dose of multivitamins was added to the formula [350 mg/kg in the growing period and 200 mg/kg in the fattening period, as group A for multivitamin additive amount]; the diets of test groups were pelleted by high-efficiency condition and low-temperature pelleted processing technology. The multivitamin additive amount of test group 1 was similar to that of the control group, which was also used as group A for multivitamin additive amount. The multivitamin additive amounts of test groups 2 and 3 were reduced by 20% [280 mg/kg in the growing period and 160 mg/kg in the fattening period, as group B for multivitamin additive amount] and 40% [210 mg/kg in the growing period and 120 mg/kg in the fattening period, as group C for multivitamin additive amount] based on the control group, respectively. The results showed as follows: 1) during the growing period, the pellet hardness and starch gelatinization degree of the high-efficiency condition and low-temperature pelleted processing technology group were significantly higher than those of the ordinary processing technology group (P < 0.05), and the final weight and average daily gain (ADG) of the high-efficiency condition and low-temperature pelleted processing technology group were higher than those of the ordinary process group, but the differences were not significant (P>0.05). The apparent digestibility of crude protein and dry matter of the high-efficiency condition and low-temperature pelleted processing technology group was significantly higher than that of the ordinary processing technology group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in growth performance indexes among groups with different multivitamin additive amounts (P>0.05), but the apparent digestibility of crude protein and dry matter of the group B was significantly higher than that of the groups A and C (P < 0.05). 2) During the fattening period, the pellet hardness of the high-efficiency condition and low-temperature pelleted processing technology group was significantly higher than that of the ordinary processing technology group (P < 0.05), the final weight of the high-efficiency condition and low-temperature pelleted processing technology group was significantly higher than that of the ordinary processing technology group (P < 0.05), the apparent digestibility of crude protein and dry matter of the high-efficiency condition and low-temperature pelleted processing technology group was significantly higher than that of the ordinary processing technology group (P < 0.05), and the contents of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and glucose (GLU) and the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in serum of the high-efficiency condition and low-temperature pelleted processing technology group were significantly higher than those of the ordinary processing technology group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in growth performance indexes among groups with different multivitamin additive amounts (P>0.05), but the apparent digestibility of dry matter of the group B was significantly higher than that of the groups A and C (P < 0.05). Moreover, the serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) content of the group B was significantly higher than that of the group C (P < 0.05), and the serum ALT and AST activities of the group A were significantly higher than those of the groups B and C (P < 0.05). It can be seen that the diets of growing and fattening pigs adopt high-efficiency condition and low-temperature pelleted processing technology, the pellet feed processing quality and apparent digestibility of nutrients are better than the diets produced by ordinary processing technology, and the decrease of multivitamin additive amount in feed formula has no significant effects on the growth performance of growing and finishing pigs.
Key words: feed processing technology    vitamin    growing and finishing pigs    growth performance    

维生素是机体为维持正常生理功能而必须从食物中获得的一类微量有机物质,在生长、代谢、发育过程中发挥着重要的作用[1-4]。饲粮中常添加维生素以满足动物营养需要,然而,目前饲料加工过程常为湿热加工处理,饲粮配方中的热敏性饲料成分在饲料加工过程中其生物学活性将受到影响,目前往往采用过量添加的方式来弥补饲料加工过程中的损失,以期达到预期的效果,但这种方式成本高、浪费大。采用高效调质冷却后再低温制粒的畜禽饲料生产新工艺可克服这个难题,最大程度保留热敏性物质的活性。

段海涛等[5]研究了饲料加工工艺及维生素添加量对肉鸡生长性能及屠宰性能的影响,结果发现肉鸡饲粮采用高效调质低温制粒工艺,颗粒饲料的加工质量优于普通饲料加工工艺,且配方中减少维生素添加量对肉鸡生长性能和屠宰性能的影响与普通饲料加工工艺无显著差异,即高效调质低温制粒工艺可节约维生素使用量。

然而,饲料加工工艺与维生素添加量对猪生长性能影响的研究却较少,且已有研究液较少考虑到饲料加工工艺对维生素含量的影响。因此,本试验综合考虑饲料加工工艺类型及维生素添加量对猪生长性能的影响,对照组采用普通畜禽饲料加工工艺,配方中添加正常剂量复合维生素,试验组采用高效调质低温制粒工艺,减少配方中复合维生素添加量,对试验组与对照组猪生长性能、血液指标及营养物质表观消化率进行对比分析,旨在证明采用高效调质低温制粒工艺加工饲料可以减少维生素的添加量且不影响猪的生长性能,可达到节约维生素等热敏性饲料原料使用量的目的。

1 材料与方法 1.1 试验设计

试验共设4个组,对照组饲粮采用普通加工工艺生产,调质时间约为30 s,调质温度为80 ℃;3个试验组饲粮采用高效调质低温制粒工艺生产,调质时间约为30 s,高温调质温度为80 ℃,熟化粉状料冷却后添加预混料等热敏性饲料添加剂低温制粒,调质时间约为30 s,低温调质温度为60 ℃。对照组饲粮添加正常剂量的复合维生素(生长期350 mg/kg、育肥期200 mg/kg,作为复合维生素添加量A组),试验1组饲粮复合维生素添加量与对照组相同,同时作为复合维生素添加量A组,试验2组和试验3组饲粮复合维生素添加量分别较对照组降低20%和40%(试验2组:生长期280 mg/kg、育肥期160 mg/kg,作为复合维生素添加量B组;试验3组:生长期210 mg/kg、育肥期120 mg/kg,作为复合维生素添加量C组)。试验所用基础饲粮组成及营养水平见表 1,复合维生素组成见表 2

表 1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础) Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (air-dry basis)
表 2 复合维生素组成 Table 2 Multivitamin composition
1.2 试验动物与分组

试验选用胎次一致且体重(30 kg)相近的“杜×长×大”三元杂交试验猪,按照体重相近和性别比例分为4个组,每组5个重复,每个重复4头猪,进行14周的饲养试验(生长期6周,育肥期8周)。饲养试验在中国农业科学院南口养殖基地进行。试验期间猪只自由采食、自由饮水,保持猪舍清洁和通风,并定期消毒。

1.3 饲粮样品采集

对照组在制粒工段调质前和制粒机出料口各取样3次,试验组在大料混合料调质后,低温制粒调质前和制粒机出料口各取样3次,湿热粉料、颗粒料摊开变凉后采用“四分法”逐渐缩减至2 kg,装入自封袋中于4 ℃冰箱保存待测。

1.4 检测指标与方法 1.4.1 淀粉糊化度

样品的淀粉糊化度参照熊易强[6]介绍的简易酶法测定。

1.4.2 颗粒硬度

颗粒硬度参照《饲料检验化验员》[7]中颗粒饲料硬度的测定方法检测。

1.4.3 颗粒耐久性指数(PDI)

PDI参照Thomas等[8]的方法测定,具体如下:取500 g筛分后的颗粒饲料装入回转箱内,以50 r/min回转10 min,停止后取出样品,称取颗粒饲料重量(m1)。

1.4.4 生长性能指标

分别于试验第6周与第14周结束前1天晚上开始控料,自由饮水,使试验猪空腹24 h,于第6周与第14周末早上逐只称重,以重复为单位计算各组试验猪的平均体重。准确记录每天的耗料量,出现死猪时截料称重,计算各阶段总耗料量。

1.4.5 血液指标

于试验第14周末,每组随机抽取4头猪,颈静脉空腹采集血液5~10 mL,分别存放于抗凝管(用于制备血浆)及促凝管(用于制备血清)中,3 000 r/min离心5 min,制备血清与血浆,分别测定血清中总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、球蛋白(GLB)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)及葡萄糖(GLU)含量与谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)活性,以及血浆尿素氮(UN)含量,所用仪器为科华ZYKHB-1280全自动生化仪。

1.4.6 营养物质表观消化率

分别在试验第6周与第14周结束前的最后3 d采集新鲜的粪样,将采集的粪样混合均匀,加入10%的盐酸固氮处理,然后于65 ℃的烘箱内干燥72 h,室内回潮24 h制成风干样,将风干样粉碎后过40目筛,保存待测。

营养物质表观消化率采用内源指示剂法测定,用4 mol/L盐酸不溶灰分作为内源指示剂。

式中:a为饲粮中该营养物质含量(%);b为粪中该营养物质含量(%);c为饲粮中盐酸不溶灰分含量(%);d为粪中盐酸不溶灰分含量(%)。

盐酸不溶灰分含量按照盐酸消煮法测定,粗蛋白质含量参照GB/T 6432—1994通过凯氏定氮法测定,干物质含量参照GB/T 6435—2006测定。

1.5 数据处理与分析

试验数据以平均值±标准差形式表示。采用软件SAS 9.2进行2×3双因子试验统计分析,加工工艺对试验结果的影响采用配对法t检验,维生素添加量对试验结果的影响采用单因素方差分析,用Duncan氏法多重比较检验组间差异显著性,显著性水平为P<0.05。

2 结果 2.1 饲料加工工艺对生长育肥猪颗粒饲料加工质量的影响

表 3为饲料加工工艺对生长猪颗粒饲料加工质量的影响,由表中数据可知,普通加工工艺组颗粒硬度及淀粉糊化度显著低于高效调质低温制粒工艺组(P<0.05)。

表 3 饲料加工工艺对生长猪颗粒饲料加工质量的影响 Table 3 Effects of feed processing technology on pellet feed processing quality of growing pigs

表 4为饲料加工工艺对育肥猪颗粒饲料加工质量的影响,由表中数据可知,普通加工工艺组颗粒硬度显著低于高效调质低温制粒工艺组(P<0.05)。

表 4 饲料加工工艺对育肥猪颗粒饲料加工质量的影响 Table 4 Effects of feed processing technology on pellet feed processing quality of finishing pigs
2.2 饲料加工工艺与复合维生素添加量对生长育肥猪生长性能的影响

表 5为饲料加工工艺与复合维生素添加量对生长猪生长性能的影响,由表中数据可知,高效调质低温制粒工艺组生长猪末重高于普通加工工艺组,料重比略低于普通加工工艺组,但2组间差异均不显著(P>0.05);生长猪的各生长性能指标在不同复合维生素添加量组间均差异不显著(P>0.05),但B组生长性能略好于其余2组。

表 5 饲料加工工艺与复合维生素添加量对生长猪生长性能的影响 Table 5 Effects of feed processing technology and multivitamin additive amount on growth performance of growing pigs

表 6为饲料加工工艺与复合维生素添加量对育肥猪生长性能的影响,由表中数据可知,高效调质低温制粒工艺组育肥猪末重显著高于普通加工工艺组(P<0.05);育肥猪的各生长性能指标在不同复合维生素添加量组间均差异不显著(P>0.05),但B组的末重高于其余2组,料重比略低于其余2组。

表 6 饲料加工工艺与复合维生素添加量对育肥猪生长性能的影响 Table 6 Effects of feed processing technology and multivitamin additive amount on growth performance of finishing pigs

表 7为饲料加工工艺与复合维生素添加量对生长育肥猪生长性能的影响,由表中数据可知,高效调质低温制粒工艺组生长育肥猪末重显著高于普通加工工艺组(P<0.05),料重比低于普通加工工艺组,但差异不显著(P>0.05);不同复合维生素添加量组之间,B组末重高于其余2组,料重比略低于其余2组,但差异均不显著(P>0.05)。

表 7 饲料加工工艺与复合维生素添加量对生长育肥猪生长性能的影响 Table 7 Effects of feed processing technology and multivitamin additive amount on growth performance of growing and finishing pigs
2.3 饲料加工工艺与复合维生素添加量对生长育肥猪营养物质表观消化率的影响

表 8为饲料加工工艺与复合维生素添加量对生长猪营养物质表观消化率的影响,由表中数据可知,高效调质低温制粒工艺组的粗蛋白质、干物质表观消化率均显著高于普通加工工艺组(P<0.05);不同复合维生素添加量组间,B组的粗蛋白质、干物质表观消化率显著高于A组及C组(P<0.05)。

表 8 饲料加工工艺与复合维生素添加量对生长猪营养物质表观消化率的影响 Table 8 Effects of feed processing technology and multivitamin additive amount on nutrient apparent digestibility of growing pigs

表 9为饲料加工工艺与复合维生素添加量对育肥猪营养物质表观消化率的影响,由表中数据可知,高效调质低温制粒工艺组的粗蛋白质、干物质表观消化率与普通加工工艺组无显著差异(P>0.05);不同复合维生素添加量组间,B组的干物质表观消化率显著高于A组及C组(P<0.05),A组、B组及C组间粗蛋白质表观消化率差异不显著(P>0.05)。

表 9 饲料加工工艺与复合维生素添加量对育肥猪营养物质表观消化率的影响 Table 9 Effects of feed processing technology and multivitamin additive amount on nutrient apparent digestibility of finishing pigs
2.4 饲料加工工艺与复合维生素添加量对育肥猪血液指标的影响

表 10表 11为饲料加工工艺与复合维生素添加量对育肥猪血液指标的影响,由表中数据可知,普通加工工艺组血清IgA、GLU含量与ALT、AST活性显著高于高效调质低温制粒工艺组(P<0.05),其余指标2组间差异不显著(P>0.05);不同复合维生素添加量组间,B组血清IgM含量显著高于C组(P<0.05),A组血清ALT、AST活性显著高于其余2组(P<0.05)。

表 10 饲料加工工艺与复合维生素添加量对育肥猪血清TP、ALB、GLB、IgG、IgM和IgA含量的影响 Table 10 Effects of feed processing technology and multivitamin additive amount on serum TP, ALB, GLB, IgG, IgM and IgA contents of finishing pigs
表 11 饲料加工工艺与复合维生素添加量对育肥猪血清ALT、AST活性与GLU含量及血浆UN含量的影响 Table 11 Effects of feed processing technology and multivitamin additive amount on serum ALT, AST activities and GLU content and plasma UN content of finishing pigs
3 讨论 3.1 饲料加工工艺与复合维生素添加量对颗粒饲料加工质量的影响

合理的配方、优质的饲料原料,只有在性能可靠的加工设备和科学的工艺流程下才能生产出优质的饲料,一旦配方确定,加工工艺是影响颗粒饲料加工质量的重要因素[9-10]。目前,畜禽饲料加工工艺主要采用普通畜禽饲料加工工艺、大料膨胀(膨化)低温制粒工艺、二次制粒工艺及清洁粉状料加工工艺,其中大料膨胀(膨化)低温制粒工艺及二次制粒工艺常应用于乳猪料生产,孙杰[11]曾系统地对比分析了断奶仔猪料加工工艺对颗粒饲料加工质量及断奶仔猪生长性能的影响,研究发现,饲料加工工艺的不同对颗粒饲料加工质量及断奶仔猪生长性能具有显著影响。清洁粉状料加工工艺常应用于蛋鸡料生产,杨德川等[12]介绍,在畜禽饲料生产中清洁粉状料加工工艺逐渐得到推广使用,采用该工艺可生产优质蛋产品。本试验中,对照组饲粮采用普通畜禽饲料加工工艺生产,试验组饲粮采用大料高效调质低温制粒工艺生产,结果发现高效调质低温制粒工艺组的淀粉糊化度显著高于普通加工工艺组。影响颗粒饲料加工质量的核心因素在于淀粉的凝胶化和蛋白质的黏结性[13-14],由粗蛋白质表观消化率可知,高效调质低温制粒工艺组蛋白质变性程度较大,淀粉糊化度较高,因此该组颗粒饲料加工质量优于普通加工工艺组。

3.2 饲料加工工艺与复合维生素添加量对生长育肥猪生长性能的影响

维生素在机体生长、代谢、发育过程中发挥重要作用,参与机体代谢及免疫[15-17]。单胃动物体内一般不能合成维生素,在生产过程中需要从饲料中摄取。饲料加工虽然可以提高原料的利用率,但也将对维生素造成较大程度的破坏[18]。Lewis等[19]曾研究了调质温度及调质时间对维生素保留率的影响,结果发现,调质温度对维生素的保留率呈弱显著性,调质温度为88 ℃时维生素保留率弱显著低于调质温度为77 ℃。不仅调质温度、调质时间对维生素保留率具有显著影响,饲料加工工艺对维生素保留率同样具有显著影响。严芳芳[20]曾系统研究了不同加工工艺及加工工段对鱼类饲料维生素保留率的影响,结果发现,制粒工艺中维生素C晶体损失率达71%,其中调质工段维生素损失率最高。石永峰[21]报道,一般情况下,饲料调质稳定达到90 ℃时,就会导致大多数维生素的活性降低10%。本试验中,A组复合维生素添加量为厂家推荐添加剂量,采用普通畜禽饲料加工工艺,复合维生素添加量最低组为C组,采用高效调质低温制粒工艺。由试验结果可知,高效调质低温制粒工艺组生长育肥猪的到末重高于普通加工工艺组;复合维生素添加量B组生长育肥猪的末重高于其余2组,这可能是因为高效调质低温制粒工艺生产的颗粒饲料加工质量优于普通畜禽饲料加工工艺,同时,该工艺减少了热敏性饲料原料损失率,但复合维生素添加量过少可能引起生长性能下降[18, 22-24],这与试验结果中颗粒饲料加工质量及营养物质表观消化率相对应。由此可知,采用高效调质低温制粒工艺一定程度上可以减少维生素预混料的使用量。

3.3 饲料加工工艺与复合维生素添加量对育肥猪血液指标的影响

动物血液指标与机体代谢、营养状况及疾病有密切关系,当发生生理或病理变化时,能够第一时间从血液指标中反映出来[25-26]。TP的主要成分是ALB和GLB,血清TP含量是机体蛋白质代谢旺盛与否的重要依据,主要反映肝脏合成功能的高低[27-28]。本试验中,血清TP、ALB及GLB含量2种加工工艺组间以及3个复合维生素添加量组间差异均不显著,表明饲料加工工艺与复合维生素添加量均未对育肥猪肝脏合成功能产生影响。ALT和AST是动物体内参与转氨基作用活性最高的2种酶类,其活性的改变往往是肝脏受损的一种表现[29]。本试验中高效调质低温制粒工艺组血清ALT和AST活性均显著低于普通加工工艺组,表明高效调质低温制粒工艺生成的颗粒饲料对肝脏具有保护作用。血清中IgG、IgA及IgM含量是机体体液免疫能力的体现,IgG是动物血清中含量最高的免疫球蛋白,在初级免疫反应中是最重要的抗体;IgM主要在感染初期发挥免疫作用[30]。本试验中高效调质低温制粒工艺组血清IgA含量显著低于普通加工工艺组,表明普通畜禽饲料加工工艺生成的颗粒饲料引起机体的免疫反应,其颗粒饲料加工质量低于高效调质低温制粒工艺生成的颗粒饲料。血浆UN含量的高低代表机体利用蛋白质效率的高低,血清GLU含量的高低代表机体利用糖效率的高低[31]。本试验中高效调质低温制粒工艺组血清GLU含量低于普通加工工艺组,但2种加工工艺组血清GLU含量均处于正常范围(3.9~6.1 mmol/L)内,表明机体对2种加工工艺生成的颗粒饲料中糖和蛋白质的利用率无显著差异,机体组织器官未表现受损症状。

4 结论

① 与普通畜禽饲料加工工艺相比,采用高效调质低温制粒工艺生产生长育肥猪饲粮可节约维生素的使用量,且颗粒饲料加工质量及营养物质表观消化率得到提高,同时生长育肥猪的生长性能无显著差异。

② 从营养物质表观消化率及生长性能方面看,采用高效调质低温制粒工艺后复合维生素添加量可降低20%,即复合维生素添加量由普通畜禽饲料加工工艺的生长期350 mg/kg、育肥期200 mg/kg降低为高效调质低温制粒工艺的生长期280 mg/kg、育肥期160 mg/kg。

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