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张开心, 张克英, 丁雪梅, 白世平, 王建萍, 彭焕伟, 曾秋凤. 菜籽粕肉鸭标准回肠可消化氨基酸含量预测模型[J]. 动物营养学报, 2020, 32(6): 2663-2673.
ZHANG Kaixin, ZHANG Keying, DING Xuemei, BAI Shiping, WANG Jianping, PENG Huanwei, ZENG Qiufeng. Prediction Equations of Standardized Ileal Digestible Amino Acid Contents of Rapeseed Meal of Meat Ducks[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2020, 32(6): 2663-2673.
菜籽粕肉鸭标准回肠可消化氨基酸含量预测模型
张开心

,
张克英
,
丁雪梅
,
白世平
,
王建萍
,
彭焕伟
,
曾秋凤

四川农业大学动物营养研究所, 动物抗病营养教育部、农业部、四川省重点实验室, 成都 611130
收稿日期: 2019-12-11
基金项目: 现代农业产业技术体系专项(CARS-42-10);"十三五"国家重点研发计划(2017YFD0502005)
摘要: 本试验旨在通过逐步回归法,以菜籽粕化学成分、蛋白质溶解度(PS)及赖氨酸(Lys):粗蛋白质(CP)等为指标建立肉鸭菜籽粕标准回肠可消化氨基酸含量的预测模型。采用套算法进行代谢试验,选用22个不同来源的菜籽粕,试验饲粮菜籽粕替代比例为15%。选用1 168只1日龄肉公鸭,随机分为23个组(每组6个重复,每个重复8只肉鸭)和1个无氮饲粮组(每组8个重复,每个重复8只肉鸭)。所有饲粮均添加0.5%二氧化钛(TiO2)作为外源指示剂。16~18日龄开始饲喂试验饲粮,试验期3 d。结果表明:1)22种菜籽粕的Lys:CP的变化范围为0.028~0.074,且随着菜籽粕PS增加而增加。2)22种菜籽粕标准回肠可消化CP、必需氨基酸、非必需氨基酸和总氨基酸含量差异显著(P < 0.05)。3)标准回肠可消化CP和Lys含量分别为226.9~288.6 g/kg[平均值254.6 g/kg;变异系数(CV)17.3%]和5.61~18.83 g/kg(平均值13.97 g/kg;CV 30.45%)。4)中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量(R2=0.809 2,P < 0.001)、Lys:CP(R2=0.948 2,P < 0.001)和PS(R2=0.654 2,P < 0.001)是一元线性回归法预测标准回肠可消化Lys含量较好的预测因子。5)根据菜籽粕常规养分(干物质、CP、粗灰分、NDF、粗脂肪和酸性洗涤纤维)含量并结合PS和Lys:CP,利用多元回归模型预测出的标准回肠可消化Lys、精氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、苏氨酸、缬氨酸、苯丙氨酸、组氨酸、天冬氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、半胱氨酸、酪氨酸和脯氨酸的决定系数(R2)为0.736 7~0.992 6(P < 0.001),拟合度高。结果提示,根据菜籽粕常规养分含量结合热加工敏感指标(PS和Lys:CP)可成功预测肉鸭菜籽粕标准回肠可消化氨基酸含量。
关键词:
菜籽粕 标准回肠可消化氨基酸含量 预测方程 肉鸭
Prediction Equations of Standardized Ileal Digestible Amino Acid Contents of Rapeseed Meal of Meat Ducks
ZHANG Kaixin

,
ZHANG Keying
,
DING Xuemei
,
BAI Shiping
,
WANG Jianping
,
PENG Huanwei
,
ZENG Qiufeng

Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
Abstract: This study is conducted to establish prediction models to estimate standardized ileal digestible amino acid content in rapeseed meal for meat ducks based on chemical components, protein solubility (PS) and lysine (Lys):crude protein (CP) by stepwise regression analysis. A substitution method was used in the metabolic experiment, rapeseed meal from 22 different sources were selected, and the replacement ratio of rapeseed meal in experimental diet was 15%. A total of 1 168 one-day-old male meat ducks were randomly allotted to 23 groups (6 replicates per group, 8 ducks per replicate) and one nitrogen-free diet group (6 replicates per group, 8 ducks per replicate). Titanium dioxide (0.5%) was added in all diets as an indigestible marker. Ducks were fed experimental diets during 16 to 18 days of age, and the experiment lasted for 3 days. The results showed as follows: 1) the Lys:CP varied from 0.028 to 0.074 in 22 kinds of rapeseed meal, which increased with the PS of rapeseed meal increased. 2) The contents of standardized ileal digestible CP, essential amino acid, nonessential amino acid and total amino acid in 22 kinds of rapeseed meal were significantly different (P < 0.05). 3) The content of standardized ileal digestible CP and Lys were 226.9 to 288.6 g/kg [mean value 254.6 g/kg; coefficient of variation (CV) 17.3%] and 5.61 to 18.83 g/kg (mean value 13.97g/kg; CV 30.45%). 4) The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content (R2=0.809 2, P < 0.001), Lys:CP (R2=0.948 2, P < 0.001) and PS (R2=0.654 2, P < 0.001) were suitable predictors to establish the equation of standardized ileal digestible Lys content when using univariate linear regression. 5) The coefficient of determination (R2) varied from 0.736 7 to 0.992 6 (P < 0.001) for predictive equations of standardized ileal digestible content of Lys, arginine, isoleucine, leucine, threonine, valine, phenylalanine, histidine, aspartic acid, serine, glutamate, glycine, alanine, cysteine, tyrosine and proline based on conventional nutrient (dry matter, CP, ash, NDF, ether extract and acid detergent fiber) contents combined with PS and Lys:CP by multiple stepwise regression, which had high fitting degrees. These results indicate that using conventional nutrient content combined with heat processing sensitive index (PS and Lys:CP) can successfully predict the standardized ileal digestible amino acid content in rapeseed meal for meat ducks.
Key words:
rapeseed meal standardized ileal digestible amino acid content predictive equation meat ducks
菜籽粕是肉鸭饲料中常用的蛋白质原料,但因品种、栽培环境、提油工艺的不同导致不同来源或不同批次的菜籽粕化学成分和回肠氨基酸利用率存在极大的差异[1-4]。准确评估出不同来源菜籽粕的标准回肠可消化氨基酸含量是确保菜籽粕在肉鸭配合饲料中精准应用以达到降低饲料成本和降低氮排放的关键。Kim等[5]指出,用体内法评定饲料原料的营养价值是一个费时、费财、费力的过程。因此,如何利用菜籽粕的化学成分通过回归模型预测肉鸭菜籽粕标准回肠可消化氨基酸的含量是一个亟需解决的问题。研究证实,标准回肠氨基酸消化率对家禽而言能够很好反映家禽对饲料原料中的氨基酸消化利用效率[6]。Adewole等[7]研究报道,酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)在预测双低菜籽粕肉鸡标准回肠氨基酸消化率时是一个好的预测因子。利用酸性洗涤不溶氮(ADIN)和赖氨酸(Lys):粗蛋白质(CP)可成功预测菜籽粕猪标准回肠氨基酸消化率[8-9]。本团队前期的研究也发现,利用菜籽粕常规成分及蛋白质溶解度(PS)可成功预测肉鸭菜籽粕标准回肠氨基酸消化率[10]。Eklund等[11]指出,如果能够快速准确预测出不同来源菜籽粕标准回肠可消化氨基酸含量用于饲料配方设计,饲料工厂将会从中获利。但目前尚未见有关于肉鸭菜籽粕标准回肠可消化氨基酸含量的预测方程的报道。因此,本试验旨在前期评定出22种菜籽粕肉鸭标准回肠氨基酸消化率的基础上,通过计算获得22种菜籽粕标准回肠可消化氨基酸含量,再通过逐步回归法,以菜籽粕常规养分含量、PS及Lys : CP等为指标,建立肉鸭菜籽粕标准回肠可消化氨基酸含量的预测方程,为菜籽粕高效快速精准利用及动态数据库的构建提供数据支撑。
1 材料与方法
1.1 菜籽粕来源及化学成分分析
根据菜籽粕PS < 20%(n=4)、20%≤PS < 40%(n=4)、40%≤PS < 60%(n=5),60%≤PS < 80%(n=4),PS≥80%(n=5)5个梯度作为标准来选择试验菜籽粕,共选择了22种菜籽粕,其具体表观特性及化学成分组成见本团队Zhang等[10]发表的论文。简单描述如下:本试验22种菜籽粕的颜色随着菜籽粕PS的增加由深褐色到青黄色,形状变化无规律,有粉状、颗粒、瓦片状和圆柱状等。22种菜籽粕的常规化学成分和抗营养因子含量分别为:干物质(DM)91.55%[88.34%~94.23%,变异系数(CV)2.14%]、CP 36.43%(32.04%~38.75%,CV 4.31%)、粗脂肪(EE)7.56%(1.92%~14.70%,CV 49.23%)、粗灰分(Ash)7.66%(6.94%~13.27%,CV 17.03%)、粗纤维(CF)12.89%(9.44%~17.32%,CV 16.50%)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)36.45%(24.22%~53.74%,CV 24.57%)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)13.40%(7.24%~18.57%,CV 24.15%)、硫甙(GS)22.74 μmol/g(3.21~82.04 μmol/g,CV 86.84%)、异硫氰酸酯(ITC)2.18 mg/g(0.18~6.80 mg/g,CV 90.19%)、唑烷硫酮(OZT)1.12 mg/g(0.15~2.82 mg/g,CV 81.98%)和PS 53.31%(15.06%~98.08%,CV 52.62%)。22种菜籽粕的必需氨基酸(EAA)含量分别为:Lys 2.07%(1.03%~2.71%,CV 24.19%)、蛋氨酸(Met)0.49%(0.33%~0.65%,CV 15.17%)、精氨酸(Arg)2.33%(1.81%~2.89%,CV 12.62%)、异亮氨酸(Ile)1.55%(1.24%~1.97%,CV 10.67%)、亮氨酸(Leu)2.80%(2.34%~3.19%,CV 7.54%)、苏氨酸(Thr)1.76%(1.46%~2.90%,CV 16.30%)、缬氨酸(Val)1.90%(1.58%~2.17%,CV 7.98%)、苯丙氨酸(Phe)1.55%(1.27%~1.75%,CV 7.95%)和组氨酸(His)0.98%(0.85%~1.10%,CV 6.72%)。非必需氨基酸(NEAA)含量分别为:天冬氨酸(Asp)2.75%(2.29%~3.19%,CV 9.57%)、丝氨酸(Ser)1.67%(1.42%~1.91%,CV 7.45%)、谷氨酸(Glu)7.11%(5.97%~8.08%,CV 7.01%)、甘氨酸(Gly)2.05%(1.70%~2.31%,CV 7.56%)、丙氨酸(Ala)1.72%(1.48%~1.95%,CV 6.90%)、半胱氨酸(Cys)0.39%(0.24%~0.60%,CV 30.83%)、酪氨酸(Tyr)1.16%(0.95%~1.33%,CV 7.65%)和脯氨酸(Pro)2.31%(1.99%~2.59%,CV 6.82%)。
1.2 试验设计与饲粮
试验采用套算法,22个菜籽粕原料均替代基础饲粮的15%配制试验饲粮。选用1 168只1日龄肉公鸭,随机分为23个组(每组6个重复,每个重复8只肉鸭)和1个无氮饲粮组(每组8个重复,每个重复8只肉鸭)。在肉鸭1~14日龄饲喂基础饲粮(19.5%CP、12.12 MJ/kg代谢能、0.80%钙、0.41%有效磷),其营养水平参考我国《肉鸭饲养标准》(NY/T 2122—2012)。肉鸭16~18日龄分别饲喂基础饲粮(对照组)、试验饲粮(试验组)和无氮饲粮(无氮饲粮组),试验期3 d。所有饲粮均添加0.5%二氧化钛(TiO2)作为外源指示剂。
1.3 饲养管理、样品分析、样品采集、指标测定及菜籽粕肉鸭标准回肠氨基酸消化率
本试验的饲养管理、样品分析、样品采集、指标测定和菜籽粕肉鸭标准回肠氨基酸消化率结果见本团队Zhang等[10]发表的论文。不同来源菜籽粕的必需氨基酸Lys、Met、Arg、Ile、Leu、Thr、Val、Phe和His的标准回肠消化率平均值分别66.21%(CV 9.13%)、90.74%(CV 4.79%)、81.42%(CV 2.57%)、75.80%(CV 2.77%)、80.47%(CV 2.61%)、73.35%(CV 4.38%)、76.11%(CV 2.82%)、82.94%(CV 2.45%)和82.54%(CV 2.58%);非必需氨基酸Asp、Ser、Glu、Gly、Ala、Cys、Tyr和Pro的标准回肠消化率平均值分别为73.97%(CV 4.57%)、77.51%(CV 3.19%)、82.91%(CV 3.56%)、75.01%(CV 4.69%)、78.84%(CV 4.27%)、79.78%(CV 4.18%)、79.59%(CV 3.05%)和80.71%(CV 3.28%)。
菜籽粕标准回肠可消化某种氨基酸含量=菜籽粕该氨基酸含量×菜籽粕标准回肠该氨基酸消化率。
1.4 统计分析
原始数据经Excel 2010初步处理,采用SAS 9.0统计软件的一般线性模型(GLM)程序对试验数据进行单因素方差分析,平均值用LSD法进行多重比较;对菜籽粕的化学成分与标准回肠可消化氨基酸含量进行相关性分析;采用一元或多元回归分析建立菜籽粕标准回肠可消化氨基酸含量预测方程,以决定系数(R2)和P值作为评定参数。P<0.05为差异显著,P<0.01为差异极显著。
2 结果与分析
2.1 22种菜籽粕Lys:CP及肉鸭标准回肠可消化氨基酸含量
从表 1和表 2可以看出,22种菜籽粕的Lys : CP变化范围为0.028~0.074,且随着菜籽粕PS增加而增加。22种菜籽粕肉鸭标准回肠可消化CP(254.6 g/kg;CV 17.3%)、必需氨基酸(120.0 g/kg;CV 10.45%)、非必需氨基酸(152.1 g/kg;CV 8.03%)及总氨基酸(272.1 g/kg;CV 8.77%)含量差异显著(P < 0.05)。其中,CV>10%的肉鸭标准回肠可消化氨基酸有Lys(5.61~18.83 g/kg;CV 30.45%)、Met(2.94~5.93 g/kg;CV 15.81%)、Arg(13.84~24.05 g/kg;CV 13.64%)、Ile(9.24~14.66 g/kg;CV 10.90%)、Thr(9.87~20.96 g/kg;CV 16.30%)、Asp(16.33~23.97 g/kg;CV 10.74)和Cys(1.85~4.89 g/kg;CV 32.80%)。菜籽粕中肉鸭标准回肠可消化氨基酸含量最高的是Glu(58.95 g/kg),其次是Lue(22.55 g/kg)。
表 1(Table 1)
表 1 22种菜籽粕肉鸭标准回肠可消化必需氨基酸含量
Table 1 Standard ileal digestible essential amino acid contents of 22 kinds of rapeseed meal of meat ducks g/kg
样品编号 Sample numbers |
蛋白质溶解度 PS |
赖氨酸:粗蛋白质 Lys:CP |
赖氨酸 Lys |
蛋氨酸 Met |
精氨酸 Arg |
异亮氨酸 Ile |
亮氨酸 Leu |
苏氨酸 Thr |
缬氨酸 Val |
苯丙氨酸 Phe |
组氨酸 His |
总必需氨基酸 Total EAA |
1 |
15.06 |
0.034 |
7.84 |
4.41 |
15.00 |
10.86 |
21.22 |
11.54 |
13.36 |
12.59 |
7.69 |
104.5 |
2 |
15.93 |
0.028 |
5.61 |
4.59 |
13.84 |
11.24 |
21.78 |
11.23 |
13.93 |
13.08 |
6.86 |
102.2 |
3 |
17.69 |
0.038 |
8.72 |
4.62 |
18.93 |
11.85 |
24.62 |
13.65 |
15.40 |
13.82 |
8.43 |
120.0 |
4 |
19.83 |
0.037 |
7.43 |
4.56 |
15.37 |
10.19 |
21.18 |
11.60 |
13.06 |
12.06 |
7.29 |
102.7 |
5 |
23.67 |
0.049 |
11.18 |
4.42 |
17.42 |
10.15 |
21.35 |
12.65 |
13.34 |
11.77 |
7.63 |
109.9 |
6 |
25.79 |
0.046 |
10.31 |
4.48 |
17.59 |
11.24 |
21.35 |
11.77 |
13.22 |
12.23 |
7.67 |
109.9 |
7 |
27.72 |
0.044 |
9.07 |
4.55 |
17.98 |
11.25 |
21.96 |
12.51 |
13.98 |
12.30 |
7.69 |
111.3 |
8 |
34.95 |
0.054 |
13.25 |
4.70 |
19.33 |
13.13 |
23.92 |
20.96 |
15.82 |
13.68 |
8.38 |
133.2 |
9 |
45.45 |
0.059 |
13.14 |
2.94 |
18.67 |
12.44 |
23.14 |
13.47 |
15.10 |
12.84 |
7.84 |
119.6 |
10 |
49.50 |
0.057 |
12.49 |
3.03 |
15.61 |
9.24 |
18.44 |
9.87 |
11.73 |
10.55 |
7.07 |
98.0 |
11 |
53.87 |
0.074 |
18.77 |
5.93 |
21.70 |
14.66 |
24.99 |
13.73 |
16.03 |
13.78 |
9.02 |
138.6 |
12 |
55.77 |
0.068 |
18.61 |
5.49 |
21.96 |
14.02 |
25.31 |
14.17 |
16.68 |
14.62 |
9.22 |
140.1 |
13 |
59.26 |
0.066 |
17.88 |
3.82 |
21.01 |
12.41 |
24.09 |
13.75 |
15.61 |
13.35 |
8.51 |
130.4 |
14 |
60.42 |
0.067 |
17.30 |
4.07 |
19.77 |
11.73 |
22.72 |
12.80 |
14.64 |
12.72 |
8.17 |
123.9 |
15 |
65.81 |
0.073 |
18.83 |
4.61 |
21.30 |
12.53 |
24.87 |
13.97 |
15.78 |
13.99 |
9.11 |
135.0 |
16 |
68.87 |
0.071 |
18.00 |
3.59 |
20.46 |
11.82 |
23.17 |
13.42 |
14.86 |
12.94 |
8.55 |
126.8 |
17 |
70.73 |
0.064 |
15.04 |
3.99 |
18.09 |
10.13 |
20.28 |
11.40 |
13.16 |
11.43 |
7.56 |
111.1 |
18 |
85.86 |
0.065 |
17.40 |
4.63 |
19.56 |
11.42 |
22.07 |
12.36 |
14.25 |
12.30 |
8.58 |
122.6 |
19 |
89.72 |
0.066 |
17.63 |
4.56 |
21.48 |
12.30 |
24.01 |
13.13 |
15.13 |
13.50 |
8.75 |
130.5 |
20 |
92.60 |
0.069 |
16.43 |
4.41 |
17.80 |
11.71 |
20.62 |
11.42 |
13.77 |
11.89 |
7.89 |
115.9 |
21 |
96.24 |
0.067 |
15.62 |
4.14 |
21.42 |
11.02 |
21.80 |
12.56 |
14.06 |
12.04 |
8.02 |
120.7 |
22 |
98.08 |
0.060 |
16.74 |
5.38 |
24.05 |
12.66 |
23.17 |
12.01 |
15.19 |
14.50 |
8.52 |
132.2 |
P值P-value |
|
|
< 0.05 |
< 0.05 |
< 0.05 |
< 0.05 |
< 0.05 |
< 0.05 |
< 0.05 |
< 0.05 |
< 0.05 |
< 0.05 |
均值标准误SEM |
|
|
0.41 |
0.10 |
0.32 |
0.25 |
0.42 |
0.29 |
0.29 |
0.23 |
0.11 |
2.32 |
平均值Mean value |
53.31 |
0.057 |
13.97 |
4.41 |
19.02 |
11.73 |
22.55 |
12.91 |
14.46 |
12.82 |
8.11 |
120.00 |
标准差SD |
28.05 |
0.014 |
4.25 |
0.70 |
2.59 |
1.28 |
1.76 |
2.10 |
1.22 |
1.03 |
0.65 |
12.54 |
变异系数CV/% |
62.62 |
24.560 |
30.45 |
15.81 |
13.64 |
10.90 |
7.79 |
16.30 |
8.41 |
8.01 |
8.03 |
10.45 |
最大值Maximum value |
98.08 |
0.074 |
18.83 |
5.93 |
24.05 |
14.66 |
25.31 |
20.96 |
16.68 |
14.62 |
9.22 |
140.10 |
最小值Minimum value |
15.06 |
0.028 |
5.61 |
2.94 |
13.84 |
9.24 |
18.44 |
9.87 |
11.73 |
10.55 |
6.86 |
98.03 |
|
表 1 22种菜籽粕肉鸭标准回肠可消化必需氨基酸含量
Table 1 Standard ileal digestible essential amino acid contents of 22 kinds of rapeseed meal of meat ducks g/kg
|
表 2(Table 2)
表 2 22种菜籽粕肉鸭标准回肠可消化粗蛋白质和非必需氨基酸含量
Table 2 Standard ileal digestible crude protein and non-essential amino acid contents of 22 kinds of rapeseed meal of meat ducks g/kg
样品编号 Sample numbers |
蛋白质溶解度 PS |
赖氨酸:粗蛋白质 Lys:CP |
天冬氨酸 Asp |
丝氨酸 Ser |
谷氨酸 Glu |
甘氨酸 Gly |
丙氨酸 Ala |
半胱氨酸 Cys |
酪氨酸 Tyr |
脯氨酸 Pro |
总非必需氨基酸 Total NEAA |
总氨基酸 Total AA |
标准回肠可消化粗蛋白质 SID-CP |
1 |
15.06 |
0.034 |
17.73 |
12.35 |
56.78 |
14.05 |
12.24 |
2.08 |
8.46 |
17.88 |
141.6 |
246.1 |
261.6 |
2 |
15.93 |
0.028 |
17.71 |
11.66 |
56.83 |
13.75 |
12.72 |
1.85 |
8.87 |
17.71 |
141.1 |
243.3 |
248.7 |
3 |
17.69 |
0.038 |
21.38 |
13.94 |
68.83 |
16.84 |
15.19 |
2.09 |
9.35 |
21.02 |
168.6 |
288.7 |
252.5 |
4 |
19.83 |
0.037 |
17.56 |
11.48 |
59.79 |
14.43 |
12.81 |
2.18 |
8.15 |
18.44 |
144.8 |
247.6 |
230.2 |
5 |
23.67 |
0.049 |
19.02 |
12.22 |
57.61 |
14.87 |
13.44 |
2.06 |
8.50 |
18.09 |
145.8 |
255.7 |
237.8 |
6 |
25.79 |
0.046 |
18.69 |
12.32 |
54.74 |
14.24 |
12.39 |
2.11 |
9.24 |
16.99 |
140.7 |
250.6 |
253.1 |
7 |
27.72 |
0.044 |
19.84 |
11.99 |
57.69 |
15.31 |
13.45 |
1.89 |
9.11 |
18.07 |
147.4 |
258.6 |
228.6 |
8 |
34.95 |
0.054 |
20.41 |
13.25 |
60.37 |
15.61 |
13.85 |
3.03 |
9.64 |
19.40 |
155.6 |
288.7 |
262.3 |
9 |
45.45 |
0.059 |
21.36 |
12.89 |
60.40 |
16.71 |
14.31 |
3.44 |
9.38 |
19.55 |
158.0 |
277.6 |
226.9 |
10 |
49.50 |
0.057 |
16.33 |
10.47 |
46.87 |
12.21 |
11.19 |
2.06 |
7.33 |
15.90 |
122.4 |
220.4 |
230.7 |
11 |
53.87 |
0.074 |
21.80 |
14.59 |
61.33 |
16.47 |
14.69 |
4.89 |
10.30 |
20.12 |
164.2 |
302.8 |
259.0 |
12 |
55.77 |
0.068 |
23.56 |
14.82 |
66.61 |
17.10 |
15.15 |
4.64 |
10.29 |
20.98 |
173.2 |
313.2 |
283.1 |
13 |
59.26 |
0.066 |
22.42 |
14.39 |
60.00 |
16.04 |
14.36 |
4.38 |
10.06 |
19.57 |
161.2 |
291.7 |
274.9 |
14 |
60.42 |
0.067 |
20.46 |
13.15 |
55.89 |
15.32 |
13.41 |
4.01 |
9.44 |
18.08 |
149.8 |
273.7 |
264.4 |
15 |
65.81 |
0.073 |
22.67 |
14.78 |
62.73 |
16.96 |
14.64 |
4.63 |
10.12 |
20.12 |
166.7 |
301.6 |
265.8 |
16 |
68.87 |
0.071 |
21.48 |
13.84 |
58.94 |
15.85 |
13.75 |
4.35 |
9.62 |
19.12 |
157.0 |
283.8 |
264.7 |
17 |
70.73 |
0.064 |
18.16 |
11.99 |
51.69 |
13.97 |
12.52 |
3.25 |
8.54 |
16.92 |
137.0 |
248.1 |
240.6 |
18 |
85.86 |
0.065 |
19.71 |
13.23 |
60.92 |
15.29 |
13.49 |
3.49 |
8.89 |
19.17 |
154.2 |
276.8 |
274.0 |
19 |
89.72 |
0.066 |
23.23 |
13.78 |
59.93 |
16.00 |
14.05 |
3.57 |
9.92 |
18.99 |
159.5 |
290.0 |
277.0 |
20 |
92.60 |
0.069 |
18.45 |
11.88 |
54.67 |
14.08 |
12.51 |
2.72 |
8.46 |
17.16 |
139.9 |
255.9 |
247.0 |
21 |
96.24 |
0.067 |
21.77 |
12.86 |
60.65 |
16.23 |
13.92 |
3.85 |
8.96 |
18.47 |
156.7 |
277.4 |
229.7 |
22 |
98.08 |
0.060 |
23.97 |
13.34 |
63.53 |
16.10 |
13.48 |
2.67 |
9.90 |
18.17 |
161.2 |
293.4 |
288.6 |
P值P-value |
|
|
< 0.05 |
< 0.05 |
< 0.05 |
< 0.05 |
< 0.05 |
< 0.05 |
< 0.05 |
< 0.05 |
< 0.05 |
< 0.05 |
< 0.05 |
均值标准误SEM |
|
|
0.49 |
0.28 |
0.86 |
0.29 |
0.31 |
0.05 |
0.22 |
0.25 |
2.67 |
4.93 |
14.4 |
平均值Mean value |
53.31 |
0.057 |
20.35 |
12.96 |
58.95 |
15.34 |
13.53 |
3.15 |
9.21 |
18.63 |
152.1 |
272.1 |
254.6 |
标准差SD |
28.05 |
0.014 |
2.18 |
1.17 |
4.72 |
1.26 |
1.01 |
1.03 |
0.77 |
1.32 |
12.21 |
23.87 |
44.1 |
变异系数CV/% |
62.62 |
24.560 |
10.74 |
9.02 |
8.00 |
8.23 |
7.49 |
32.80 |
8.34 |
7.07 |
8.03 |
8.77 |
17.3 |
最大值Maximum value |
98.08 |
0.074 |
23.97 |
14.82 |
68.83 |
17.10 |
15.19 |
4.89 |
10.30 |
21.02 |
173.2 |
313.2 |
288.6 |
最小值Minimum value |
15.06 |
0.028 |
16.33 |
10.47 |
46.87 |
12.21 |
11.19 |
1.85 |
7.33 |
15.90 |
122.4 |
220.4 |
226.9 |
|
表 2 22种菜籽粕肉鸭标准回肠可消化粗蛋白质和非必需氨基酸含量
Table 2 Standard ileal digestible crude protein and non-essential amino acid contents of 22 kinds of rapeseed meal of meat ducks g/kg
|
2.2 菜籽粕化学成分与肉鸭标准回肠可消化氨基酸含量的相关系数
从表 3可以看出,菜籽粕中CP与除了Lys和Cys以外所有的标准回肠可消化氨基酸含量呈正相关(P < 0.05或P < 0.01);EE与除了Met、Thr和Glu以外的所有的标准回肠可消化氨基酸含量呈负相关(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。PS与标准回肠可消化Lys、Arg和Cys含量,Lys:CP与标准回肠可消化Lys、Arg、Ile、His、Ser和Cys含量呈正相关(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。此外,菜籽粕的DM与标准回肠可消化Ser、Cys和Pro含量,NDF与标准回肠可消化Lys、Arg、His和Cys含量,ADF与标准回肠可消化Lys含量,Ash与标准回肠可消化Leu、Val、Ser、Glu、Gly、Ala、Tyr和Pro含量,ITC与标准回肠可消化Leu和Ala含量呈显著负相关(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。
表 3(Table 3)
表 3 菜籽粕化学成分与肉鸭标准回肠可消化氨基酸含量的相关系数
Table 3 Correlation coefficient among chemical components and standardized ileal digestible amino acid contents of rapeseed meal of meat ducks
项目 Items |
干物质 DM |
粗蛋白质 CP |
粗脂肪 EE |
蛋白质溶解度 PS |
粗纤维 CF |
中性洗 涤纤维 NDF |
酸性洗 涤纤维 ADF |
粗灰分 Ash |
硫葡萄糖甙 GS |
异硫氰酸酯 ITC |
恶唑烷硫酮 OZT |
赖氨酸:粗蛋白质 Lys:CP |
赖氨酸Lys |
-0.430 |
0.092 |
-0.630** |
0.761** |
-0.391 |
-0.854** |
-0.653** |
-0.049 |
0.026 |
0.065 |
0.276 |
0.964** |
蛋氨酸Met |
0.048 |
0.558* |
-0.008 |
0.051 |
-0.162 |
-0.175 |
-0.102 |
-0.381 |
0.171 |
-0.314 |
0.284 |
0.052 |
精氨酸Arg |
-0.255 |
0.571** |
-0.493* |
0.590** |
-0.444 |
-0.600** |
-0.333 |
-0.300 |
0.134 |
-0.091 |
0.100 |
0.611** |
异亮氨酸Ile |
-0.439 |
0.632** |
-0.611** |
0.164 |
-0.091 |
-0.289 |
-0.002 |
-0.393 |
-0.254 |
-0.474 |
0.324 |
0.448* |
亮氨酸Leu |
-0.419 |
0.791** |
-0.618** |
0.010 |
0.066 |
-0.083 |
0.179 |
-0.516* |
-0.335 |
-0.534* |
0.152 |
0.271 |
苏氨酸Thr |
0.008 |
0.467* |
-0.272 |
-0.190 |
0.195 |
0.191 |
0.400 |
-0.359 |
-0.359 |
-0.494 |
0.085 |
0.046 |
缬氨酸Val |
-0.444 |
0.730** |
-0.672** |
0.140 |
-0.008 |
-0.196 |
0.101 |
-0.477* |
-0.291 |
-0.489 |
0.187 |
0.394 |
苯丙氨酸Phe |
-0.323 |
0.832** |
-0.514* |
0.104 |
-0.045 |
-0.124 |
0.140 |
-0.425 |
-0.110 |
-0.401 |
0.074 |
0.228 |
组氨酸His |
-0.401 |
0.622** |
-0.615** |
0.352 |
-0.208 |
-0.465* |
-0.231 |
0.388 |
-0.152 |
-0.286 |
0.258 |
0.572** |
天冬氨酸Asp |
-0.308 |
0.731** |
-0.527* |
0.379 |
-0.287 |
-0.383 |
0.091 |
-0.400 |
-0.007 |
-0.242 |
0.101 |
0.433 |
谷氨酸Ser |
-0.470* |
0.683** |
-0.697** |
0.202 |
-0.033 |
-0.310 |
-0.057 |
-0.470* |
-0.299 |
-0.433 |
0.154 |
0.483* |
谷氨酸Glu |
-0.250 |
0.884** |
-0.403 |
-0.026 |
0.053 |
0.050 |
0.182 |
-0.573** |
-0.083 |
-0.309 |
0.129 |
0.029 |
甘氨酸Gly |
-0.380 |
0.798** |
-0.594** |
0.106 |
0.029 |
-0.124 |
0.124 |
-0.600** |
-0.254 |
-0.452 |
0.065 |
0.258 |
丙氨酸Ala |
-0.428 |
0.759** |
-0.619** |
-0.018 |
0.085 |
-0.037 |
0.188 |
-0.556* |
-0.322 |
-0.507* |
0.134 |
0.208 |
半胱氨酸Cys |
-0.609** |
0.245 |
-0.812** |
0.460* |
-0.027 |
-0.579** |
-0.366 |
-0.241 |
-0.387 |
-0.329 |
0.192 |
0.843** |
酪氨酸Tyr |
-0.334 |
0.711** |
-0.562* |
0.176 |
-0.064 |
-0.278 |
0.043 |
-0.521* |
-0.297 |
-0.487 |
0.128 |
0.421 |
脯氨酸Pro |
-0.452* |
0.755** |
-0.630** |
-0.103 |
0.181 |
0.050 |
0.210 |
-0.493* |
-0.380 |
-0.460 |
0.186 |
0.141 |
*:P < 0.05;* *:P < 0.01。 |
|
表 3 菜籽粕化学成分与肉鸭标准回肠可消化氨基酸含量的相关系数
Table 3 Correlation coefficient among chemical components and standardized ileal digestible amino acid contents of rapeseed meal of meat ducks
|
2.3 菜籽粕肉鸭标准回肠可消化氨基酸含量一元回归模型
从表 4可以看出,菜籽粕NDF含量(R2=0.809 2,P < 0.001),Lys : CP(R2=0.948 2,P < 0.001)和PS(R2=0.654 2,P < 0.001)是预测肉鸭标准回肠可消化Lys含量的较好预测因子。同时,NDF含量(R2=0.532 0,P < 0.001)和Lys : CP(R2=0.948 2,P < 0.001)可以较好预测肉鸭标准回肠可消化Arg含量,Lys : CP也可以较好预测肉鸭标准回肠可消化Ile、Val、His、Asp、Ser、Cys和Tyr含量(R2=0.184 4~0.713 6,P < 0.05)。
表 4(Table 4)
表 4 菜籽粕肉鸭标准回肠可消化氨基酸含量一元回归模型
Table 4 Linear regression models of standardized ileal digestible amino acid contents of rapeseed meal of meat ducks (n=22)
预测方程Prediction equations |
决定系数R2 |
P值P-value |
基于粗纤维Based on CF |
|
|
SID Lys=-1.192CF+29.333 |
0.354 8 |
0.003 |
SID Arg=-0.778CF+29.045 |
0.406 6 |
0.001 |
SID Asp=-0.457CF+26.239 |
0.197 5 |
0.038 |
基于中性洗涤纤维Based on NDF |
|
|
SID Lys=-0.427NDF+29.539 |
0.809 2 |
< 0.001 |
SID Arg=-0.211NDF+26.715 |
0.532 0 |
0.001 |
SID His=-0.043NDF+9.665 |
0.343 1 |
0.004 |
SID Asp=-0.124NDF+24.879 |
0.259 4 |
0.016 |
SID Cys=-0.075NDF+5.894 |
0.427 5 |
0.001 |
基于酸性洗涤纤维Based on ADF |
|
|
SID Lys=-0.832ADF+25.109 |
0.399 4 |
0.002 |
基于异硫氰酸酯Based on ITC |
|
|
SID Leu=-0.485ITC+23.593 |
0.249 3 |
0.041 |
基于赖氨酸:粗蛋白质Based on Lys:CP |
|
|
SID Lys=298.720 Lys:CP-3.067 |
0.948 2 |
< 0.001 |
SID Arg=140.448 Lys:CP+11.006 |
0.563 9 |
< 0.001 |
SID Ile=41.263 Lys:CP+9.374 |
0.200 4 |
0.037 |
SID Val=37.674 Lys:CP+12.311 |
0.184 4 |
0.046 |
SID His=31.421 Lys:CP+6.320 |
0.447 1 |
0.007 |
SID Asp=87.400 Lys:CP+15.366 |
0.307 7 |
0.007 |
SID Ser=44.988 Lys:CP+10.399 |
0.284 8 |
0.011 |
SID Cys=62.892 Lys:CP -0.439 |
0.713 6 |
< 0.001 |
SID Tyr=25.234 Lys:CP+7.767 |
0.207 9 |
0.033 |
基于蛋白质溶解度Based on PS |
|
|
SID Lys=0.123 PS+7.429 |
0.654 2 |
< 0.001 |
SID Arg=0.063 PS+15.646 |
0.467 3 |
0.005 |
SID His=0.011 PS+7.539 |
0.213 4 |
0.030 |
SID Asp=0.038 PS+18.341 |
0.234 1 |
0.023 |
SID Cys=0.020 PS+2.076 |
0.298 1 |
0.009 |
CF:粗纤维crude fiber;PS:蛋白质溶解度protein solubility;NDF:中性洗涤纤维neutral detergent fiber;ADF:酸性洗涤纤维acid detergent fiber;ITC:异硫氰酸酯isothiocyanate;Lys : CP:赖氨酸:粗蛋白质lysine:crude protein;SID:标准回肠可消化standardized ileal digestible;Lys:赖氨酸lysine;Arg:精氨酸arginine;Ile:异亮氨酸isoleucine;Val:缬氨酸valine;His:组氨酸histidine;Asp:天冬氨酸aspartic acid;Ser:丝氨酸serine;Cys:半胱氨酸cysteine;Tyr:酪氨酸tyrosine。 |
|
表 4 菜籽粕肉鸭标准回肠可消化氨基酸含量一元回归模型
Table 4 Linear regression models of standardized ileal digestible amino acid contents of rapeseed meal of meat ducks (n=22)
|
2.4 菜籽粕肉鸭标准回肠可消化氨基酸含量多元回归模型
从表 5可以看出,基于CP、Ash含量和PS、Lys : CP利用多元回归方程拟合出的R2值最高的是标准回肠可消化Lys含量(R2=0.992 6,P < 0.001),其次是基于DM、EE、Ash含量和Lys : CP回归出的标准回肠可消化Cys含量(R2=0.948 3,P < 0.001),基于CP、CF、ADF、Ash含量和Lys : CP回归出的标准回肠可消化Arg含量(R2=0.930 7,P < 0.001)和基于DM、EE、CF、Ash含量和PS回归出的标准回肠可消化Thr含量(R2=0.904 8,P < 0.001)。其他多元回归方程的标准回肠可消化Ile、Leu、Val、Phe、His、Asp、Ser、Glu、Gly、Ala、Tyr和Pro含量的R2变化范围为0.736 7~0.897 7(P < 0.001)。
表 5(Table 5)
表 5 菜籽粕肉鸭标准回肠可消化氨基酸含量多元回归模型
Table 5 Multiple regression models of standardized ileal digestible amino acid contents of rapeseed meal of meat ducks (n=22)
预测方程 Prediction equations |
决定系数 R2 |
P值 P-value |
SID Lys=0.556CP+0.017PS+0.161 Ash+29.526Lys:CP-24.967 |
0.992 6 |
< 0.001 |
SID Arg=0.560CP-0.418CF+0.179ADF-0.277Ash+140.855Lys:CP-4.454 |
0.930 7 |
< 0.001 |
SID Ile=0.490CP+0.109ADF+61.139Lys:CP-11.173 |
0.736 7 |
< 0.001 |
SID Leu=0.828CP+0.125ADF+94.113Lys:CP-15.851 |
0.814 3 |
< 0.001 |
SID Thr=-0.183DM-0.135EE-0.016PS-0.342CF-0.587Ash+40.067 |
0.904 8 |
< 0.001 |
SID Val=0.535CP+0.148ADF+73.479Lys:CP-11.219 |
0.819 5 |
< 0.001 |
SID Phe=-0.603DM+0.557CP+20.307Lys:CP+0.800 |
0.790 6 |
< 0.001 |
SID His=0.245CP+41.532Lys:CP-3.208 |
0.880 1 |
< 0.001 |
SID Asp=0.927CP+0.032PS-0.248CP+0.312ADF+82.642Lys:CP-20.799 |
0.897 7 |
< 0.001 |
SID Ser=0.223CP-0.194EE-0.230CF-0.287Ash+11.479 |
0.821 7 |
< 0.001 |
SID Glu=2.423CP+135.95Lys:CP-37.338 |
0.872 6 |
< 0.001 |
SID Gly=0.449CP+0.169ADF-0.200Ash+77.321Lys:CP-6.095 |
0.847 2 |
< 0.001 |
SID Ala=0.401CP+0.167ADF+63.790Lys:CP-6.914 |
0.755 3 |
< 0.001 |
SID Cys=-0.081DM-0.070EE-0.173Ash+52.843Lys:CP+9.417 |
0.948 3 |
< 0.001 |
SID Tyr=0.336CP+0.076ADF+41.802-6.406 |
0.800 3 |
< 0.001 |
SID Pro=0.6189CP+0.1490NDF+130.716Lys:CP-16.753 |
0.763 6 |
< 0.001 |
DM:干物质dry matter;CP:粗蛋白质crude protein;EE:粗脂肪ether extract;PS:蛋白质溶解度protein solubility;CF:粗纤维crude fiber;NDF:中性洗涤纤维neutral detergent fiber;ADF:酸性洗涤纤维acid detergent fiber;Lys : CP:赖氨酸:粗蛋白质lysine:crude protein;SID:标准回肠可消化standardized ileal digestible;Lys:赖氨酸lysine;Arg:精氨酸arginine;Ile:异亮氨酸isoleucine;Leu:亮氨酸leucine;Thr:苏氨酸threonine;Val:缬氨酸valine;Phe:苯丙氨酸phenylalanine;His:组氨酸histidine;Asp:天冬氨酸aspartic acid;Ser:丝氨酸serine;Glu:谷氨酸glutamate;Gly:甘氨酸glycine;Ala:丙氨酸alanine;Cys:半胱氨酸cysteine;Tyr:酪氨酸tyrosine;Pro:脯氨酸proline。 |
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表 5 菜籽粕肉鸭标准回肠可消化氨基酸含量多元回归模型
Table 5 Multiple regression models of standardized ileal digestible amino acid contents of rapeseed meal of meat ducks (n=22)
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3 讨论
3.1 PS和Lys:CP是衡量菜籽粕热加工质量的敏感指标
Araba等[12]提出,豆粕在0.2%氢氧化钾(KOH)溶液中的蛋白质溶解值称为PS,可以反映出豆粕热加工质量,当PS低于70%可能会降低豆粕对肉鸡的营养价值,PS低于65%表明豆粕热加工过度。菜籽粕烘烤过程通常在100~110 ℃下烘烤60~90 min,这个过程是导致Lys含量和菜籽粕中大部分氨基酸标准回肠消化率产生较大变异的主要原因[13]。Salazar-Villanea等[14]研究发现,随着烘烤时间的延长,菜籽粕PS逐渐下降。Lys : CP也是衡量普通菜籽粕和双低菜籽粕热加工敏感指标[9, 15-16],不同营养价值表给出的Lys : CP不同,如Buttery等[17]给出的Lys : CP的变化范围是0.051~0.055。而在本研究中,Lys : CP的变化范围是0.028~0.074。Eklund等[11]研究发现,随着菜籽粕热处理时间从48 min增加到93 min,Lys : CP从0.058下降到0.045。在菜籽粕脱溶和烘烤过程中,热蒸汽可促进美拉德反应从而降低了菜籽粕中Lys含量[18]。从Lys : CP变异幅度来看,我国菜籽粕的品种和加工过程十分复杂,对饲料厂而言菜籽粕的质量是比较难以控制的。
3.2 菜籽粕肉鸭标准回肠可消化氨基酸含量的预测方程
准确评估饲粮或饲料原料中可利用蛋白质和氨基酸的含量是防止饲粮蛋白质供应过量导致环境污染或缺乏影响畜禽生产性能的关键[19]。本研究发现,当进行一元线性回归分析时,NDF含量、Lys : CP或PS可成功预测菜籽粕标准回肠可消化Lys含量;当进行多元回归分析时,菜籽粕常规化学成分含量结合热敏感指标(PS和Lys : CP)可成功预测菜籽粕标准回肠可消化Lys、Arg、Ile、Leu、Thr、Val、Phe、His、Asp、Ser、Glu、Gly、Ala、Cys、Tyr和Pro含量,相关参数符合统计学意义,预测方程拟合度较高。同时,我们也发现PS、Lys : CP以及CP、Ash、NDF、EE、ADF和DM含量是较好的预测因子。本研究结果与Cozannet等[9]研究结果一致,Cozannet等[9]研究也发现,Lys : CP可成功预测玉米酒精糟猪标准回肠可消化Lys含量。同时,Lys : CP也可成功而准确预测不同来源菜籽粕猪标准回肠可消化Lys含量[11]。饲粮成分如纤维和抗营养因子可以降低蛋白质消化继而影响氨基酸的吸收利用[20]。Frikha等[21]发现,豆粕的标准回肠CP和Lys消化率与豆粕CP含量及PS呈正相关,与NDF含量无关。类似的,Adewole等[7]研究也发现,利用NDF预测菜籽粕肉鸡标准回肠可消化氨基酸含量的回归模型R2(0.01~0.29)很低,而ADF可以较好预测菜籽粕肉鸡标准回肠可消化氨基酸含量。但丁鹏等[22]研究发现,NDF可成功预测28日龄肉鸡菜籽粕Lys、Met和色氨酸的标准回肠消化率及14日龄肉鸡菜籽粕色氨酸的标准回肠氨基酸消化率。万海峰[23]研究发现,NDF和中性洗涤不溶氮可作为预测肉鸭菜籽粕Met和Lys含量的有效性评价指标,但NDF并不能作为预测玉米酒精糟氨基酸含量放入有效性评价指标。以上结果提示,菜籽粕标准回肠可消化氨基酸含量预测方程的建立及预测因子受畜禽品种、生长阶段、原料质量、原料化学组成、加工过程以及氨基酸消化率评定方式等的影响,进一步说明不同畜禽建立出的预测方程是不能通用的。
4 结论
① 利用NDF含量、Lys : CP或PS通过一元回归方程可成功准确预测不同来源菜籽粕肉鸭标准回肠可消化Lys含量,拟合度高,其预测方程分别为:标准回肠可消化Lys=-0.427NDF+29.539 (R2=0.809 2,P < 0.001);标准回肠可消化Lys=298.720Lys : CP-3.067 (R2=0.948 2,P < 0.001);标准回肠可消化Lys=0.123PS+7.429 (R2=0.654 2, P < 0.001)。
② 多元回归时,菜籽粕的CP、Ash、NDF、EE、ADF和DM含量以及PS和Lys : CP是预测不同来源菜籽粕肉鸭标准回肠可消化氨基酸含量的准确且必需的预测因子,通过这些预测因子建立的多元回归模型拟合度高。其中,菜籽粕必需氨基酸Lys和Thr标准回肠可消化含量多元预测方程分别为:标准回肠可消化Lys=0.556CP+0.017PS+0.161Ash+29.526Lys : CP-24.967 (R2=0.992 6,P < 0.001)和标准回肠可消化Thr=-0.183DM-0.135EE-0.016PS-0.342CF-0.587Ash+40.067 (R2=0.904 8,P < 0.001)。
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