动物营养学报    2020, Vol. 32 Issue (6): 2930-2940    PDF    
泥鳅苗期形态、生长及消化道发育组织学研究
高淼 , 张文平 , 周秋白 , 张正洲 , 王自蕊 , 王颖     
江西农业大学动物科学技术学院, 南昌 330045
摘要: 本试验运用形态学和组织学方法研究了仔、稚和幼鳅(1~70日龄)的形态、生长及消化道组织的发育情况。取1 500尾由同一对亲鳅孵化出的仔鳅,共分为3个重复,每个重复500尾,饲养70 d。结果表明:1)泥鳅体长(L)和体重(W)的关系为:W=0.008 8L3.019 8(R2=0.994 0)。2)刚孵出的仔鳅体色透明,具外鳃,带有卵黄囊,消化道为1条闭合的直形管道,由单层柱状上皮细胞组成。3日龄时仔鳅卵黄囊近消失,消化道中出现食物残迹,肛门与外界相通。5日龄稚鳅外鳃显现退化,鳃骨膜向后延伸,出现内鳃丝,肠道内黏膜皱褶明显增加,前、中肠可见清晰的纹状缘。15~25日龄幼鳅外鳃完全消失,前、中和后肠组织结构差异明显,前肠的肌肉层壁变厚、黏膜皱褶加深,中肠黏膜皱褶较前肠短,前、中肠内纹状缘明显,后肠黏膜皱褶平缓,黏膜上皮层薄而透明,黏膜下层分布丰富的微血管网。综上,泥鳅属于等速生长类型;3日龄仔鳅从内源性营养转化为外源性营养;4~15日龄仔稚鳅肠道消化和气呼吸的功能尚不完善;16~25日龄幼鳅的肠道结构发育基本完成,消化功能已经趋于完善,后肠具有较完善的气呼吸的功能,结合泥鳅肠道发育提供适口的饵料,利用好鳃和肠道气呼吸双功能有利于提高仔稚鳅成活率。
关键词: 泥鳅    仔稚鳅生长    外鳃    消化道组织结构    肠道气呼吸    
Histological Study on Morphology, Growth and Digestive Tract Development of Loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) at Seedling Stage
GAO Miao , ZHANG Wenping , ZHOU Qiubai , ZHANG Zhengzhou , WANG Zirui , WANG Ying     
College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
Abstract: In this paper, morphological and histological methods were used to study the morphology, growth and digestive tract tissue development of larvae, juvenile and juvenile loach (1 to 70 days of age). A total of 1 500 larvae hatched from the same pair of loach were selected and divided into 3 replicates, each with 500 larvae. The feeding period was 70 d. Results showed as follows: 1)the relationship between body length (L) and body weight (W) of loach was as follows: W=0.008 8L3.019 8(R2=0.994 0). 2) The newly hatched loach had a transparent body color, and had outer gill and yolk sac. The digestive tract was a closed straight canal, which was composed of monolayer columnar epithelial cells. At 3 days of age, the yolk sac of larvae loach nearly disappeared. Food residue appeared in the digestive tract, and the anus communicated with the external environment. The outer gill of larvae at 5 days of age appeared degeneration, the gill periosteum extended backward, and the inner gill filaments appeared. Folds of intestinal mucosa increased significantly, and clear striated border could be seen in the anterior intestine and middle intestine. From 15 to 25 days of age, the outer gill disappeared completely, the tissue structure of the anterior intestine, middle intestine and posterior intestine was significantly different. The muscular wall of the anterior intestine became thicker and the mucosal folds deepened, and the mucosal folds of the middle intestine were shorter than those of the anterior intestine. The striated border of the anterior intestine and middle intestine was obvious. The folds of the posterior intestine mucosa were smooth. The mucosal epithelium was thin and transparent, and the submucosa was rich in microvascular network. In conclusion, loach belongs to constant growth type. At 3 days of age, juvenile loach take nourishment from endogenous nutrition to exogenous nutrition. Intestinal digestion and gas breathing function are not complete from 3 to 15 days of age juvenile loach. While intestinal structure development from 15 to 25 days of age juvenile loach is basically completed, and the digestive function has tended to be completed. Posterior intestine has a more complete gas breathing function. Combined with intestinal development of loach to provide palatability bait. Making good use of the dual functions of gill and intestinal gas breathing is beneficial to improve the survival rate of juvenile loach.
Key words: loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)    juvenile loach growth    outer gill    digestive tract structure    intestinal gas breath    

泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)隶属于鲤形目(Cypriniformes),鲤亚目(Cyprinoidei),鳅科(Cobitidae),花鳅亚科(Cobitinae),泥鳅属(Misgurnus)[1]。泥鳅体前部呈圆形,后部稍侧扁,头小,口小、下位、马蹄形,眼小,无眼下刺,须5对。鳞极其细小,埋于皮下,体背部及两侧灰黑色,有小的黑斑点,头部和各鳍上亦有黑色斑点,背鳍和尾鳍膜上的斑点排列成行,尾柄基部上方有一明显的黑斑,其他各鳍灰白色,腹部为乳白色。泥鳅是一种生活在稻田、溪流和沟渠中的小型淡水硬骨鱼,广泛分布于欧亚大陆[2],耐低氧,除了用鳃呼吸之外,还可以用皮肤和肠道进行辅助呼吸。因其高蛋白质、低脂肪且味道鲜美而深受消费者的青睐,素有“水中人参”之美誉。

鱼类的消化道与食物的消化、吸收和生长、发育等重要生命活动紧密相关。通过对鱼类消化道的组织和形态学研究是理解和认识鱼类摄食、消化和吸收等生理现象的途径之一[3]。国内外许多的学者已经对多种鱼类消化道的形态学和组织学进行过深入的研究[4],如日本鲟(Charybdis)[5]、中华刺鳅(Sinobdella sinensis)[6]、黄唇鱼(Bahaba flavolabiata)[7]、褐菖鲉(Sebastiscus marmoratus)[8]、拟赤梢鱼(Pseudaspius leptocephalus)[9]、云南盘鳇(Discogobio yunnanensis)[10]和细鳞鲑(Brachymystax lenok)[11]等。刘亚秋等[3]系统研究了1~50日龄大鳞副泥鳅的消化系统,孙德兴等[12]研究了3~11日龄泥鳅消化器官发育情况。

目前关于泥鳅的研究主要集中在胚胎发育和遗传育种等方面[3],对泥鳅的幼体生长及消化系统发育和组织结构的系统研究较少。近年来,随着市场上泥鳅需求量的增多,人工养殖规模的不断扩大,泥鳅的苗种需求量也在增加,但是泥鳅苗种时期的高死亡率是制约泥鳅行业发展的一个重要因素。因此,开展泥鳅消化道组织学研究对提高泥鳅苗种时期的成活率具有非常重要的理论意义和实践意义[12]。本研究运用形态学和组织学对仔、稚和幼鳅(1~70日龄)形态、生长及消化道组织的发育情况进行系统的研究,旨在为通过匹配适宜的饵料和投喂技术,进而提高苗种成活率的措施提供理论基础。

1 材料与方法 1.1 试验设计及样品采集

试验用的泥鳅仔鱼取自江西农业大学特种水产养殖基地,共1 500尾,为同一对亲鳅的受精卵于2018年8月24日孵化出膜的仔鱼,共分3个重复,每个重复为1个100 L的水族箱(1.0 m×0.2 m×0.5 m),每箱500尾。3日龄仔鳅开始投喂小球藻、轮虫和枝角类幼体,15日龄开始投喂丰年虾和粉料,25日龄后完全投喂泥鳅专用配合饲料粉料,饲养70 d。

仔鳅出膜24 h为1日龄,按照日龄采集样品。每天17:00—18:00随机采取25~30尾,用游标卡尺和分析天平(精确度为0.000 1 g)测其体长和体重。再随机取2尾用Bouin’s固定液进行10~15 min固定,然后用80%的酒精进行冲洗直至冲洗掉样品上的固定液,用80%的酒精保存样品。

1.2 样品处理与制片

每次取的样品均用石蜡进行包埋,切片厚度为5~7 μm, 分别用横向和纵向2种方式进行连续切片,后用苏木精-伊红(HE)进行染色,中性树胶封片[4]

1.3 样品观察与拍照

制作好的切片在BM2000光学显微镜下观察,DC2000数码相机拍照。

1.4 数据统计与分析

测得的数值用Excel 2016进行分析统计。

2 结果与分析 2.1 仔、稚、幼鳅生长及形态学特点

刚孵化出来的仔鳅体色透明,带有卵黄囊,3日龄卵黄囊近消失。从1日龄仔鳅[体长(3.30±0.04) mm、体重(0.67±0.10) mg)]到70日龄幼鳅[体长(56.18±0.39) mm、体重(1 512.80±25.10) mg],体长和体重的增长规律分别为:L=-0.000 3d2+0.847 6d-0.108 9(R2=0.991 5)(图 1)、W=-0.000 4d4+0.042 9d3-1.042d2+7.852 2d(R2=0.990 1)(图 2);体长与体重之间关系(模型W=aLb,b值接近于3,仔稚鳅属于等速生长类型)为W=0.008 8L3.019 8(R2=0.994 0)(图 3)。式中:W为体重;L为体长;d为日龄。1日龄时,仔鱼消化道为1条直形的管道,口和肛门已初具雏形,但是没有与外界相通(图 4-A);1日龄时,外鳃形成,外鳃上可以观察到血流,其长度和数量达到最大值(图 5-A)。3日龄时,仔鳅身体透明,可见口和肛门伸张,开口摄食和排泄,显微镜下观察可见肠道内充满食糜(图 4-B)。5日龄时,外鳃明显缩短,鳃骨膜向后延伸,出现内鳃丝(图 5-B)。15日龄时,稚鳅的肠道结构和肠气呼吸初具形成(图 4-C);外鳃完全消失,鳃骨膜达到足以覆盖鳃腔的长度(图 5-C)。

图 1 仔稚鳅体长随日龄的变化曲线 Fig. 1 Change curve of body length of larval and juvenile loach with days of age
图 2 仔稚鳅体重随日龄的变化 Fig. 2 Change curve of body weight of larval and juvenile loach with days of age
图 3 仔稚鳅体重与体长的变化曲线 Fig. 3 Change curve of body weight and body length of larval and juvenile loach
A:1日龄1 day of age;B:3日龄3 days of age;C:15日龄15 days of age;AO:肛门anal opening;E:眼eye;YS:卵黄囊yolk sac;IN:肠道intestinal。 图 4 仔稚鳅消化道形态学变化 Fig. 4 Morphological changes of digestive tract of larval and juvenile loach
A:1日龄1 day of age;B:3日龄3 days of age;C:15日龄15 days of age;OG:外鳃outer gill;IGF:内鳃丝internal gill filament。 图 5 仔稚鳅鳃部形态学变化 Fig. 5 Morphological changes of external gill of larval and juvenile loach
2.2 泥鳅消化道发育组织学与组织学

泥鳅的肠道呈直管状比较细小,前段有2~3个螺旋状凹陷,可细分为前、中和后肠3个部分(图 6)。3个部分的组织学结构大体相似,自内而外由黏膜层、黏膜下层、肌层和浆膜4层构成。

AI:前肠anterior intestinal;ES:食道esophagus;G:胆囊gallbladder;L:肝脏liver;MI:中肠middle intestinal;PI:后肠posterior intestinal;S:脾脏spleen。 图 6 泥鳅肠道外观 Fig. 6 Intestinal appearance of loach
2.2.1 1~4日龄仔鳅消化道发育组织学

刚孵化出的仔鳅体色透明、带有卵黄囊,消化道为1条闭合的长直形的管道,结构比较简单,前、中、后段组织结构差异不明显,肠道结构无明显的分化,肠道内腔上皮均有单层柱状上皮细胞组成(图 7-A图 7-B);2日龄时,仔鳅仍带有卵黄囊,整个消化道为长直行的管道,肠道出现黏膜皱褶,肠道结构简单(图 7-C图 7-D);3日龄时,仔鳅体内卵黄囊近消失,仔鳅肠道内黏膜皱褶增多,前肠的黏膜皱褶显著多于中肠和后肠,黏膜层上的单层柱状细胞刚刚出现,细胞为柱状,细胞核较小,核为椭圆形,细胞核靠近细胞的基部。肠道内黏液细胞迅速增多,仔鳅开始摄食外源性营养,通过显微镜肠道内可以看到绿色的食糜,肠道前端变得膨大,肛门与外界相通,整个消化道变大仍为长直形的管道(图 7-E图 7-H);4与3日龄结构类似,前肠略增大、增厚。前段与中段交界处更加明显(图 7-I)。

A:1日龄肠道纵切the intestinal tract of 1 day of age was cut lengthwise (100×);B:1日龄肠道横切the intestinal tract of 1 day of age was cut crosscut (400×);C:2日龄肠道横切the intestinal tract of 2 days of age was cut crosscut (400×);D:2日龄肠道纵切the intestinal tract of 2 days of age was cut lengthwise (100×);E:3日龄前、中肠纵切the anterior intestine and middle intestine of 3 days of age were cut lengthwise (100×);F:3日龄后肠纵切the posterior intestine of 3 days of age was cut lengthwise (100×);G:3日龄肠道横切the intestinal tract of 3 days of age was cut crosscut (400×);H:3日龄肠道纵切the intestinal tract of 3 days of age was cut lengthwise (400×); I:4日龄肠道纵切the intestinal tract of 4 days of age was cut lengthwise (100×)。AI:前肠anterior intestine;BB:纹状缘striated border;BC:血细胞blood corpuscle;BMF:黏膜皱褶分支结构mucosal fold branching structure;CL:中央乳糜管central lacteal;CM:环肌层circular muscle layer;ES:食道esophagus;GC:杯状细胞goblet cell;IN:肠道intestine;LM:纵肌层muscle layer;LU:管腔lumen;M:肌肉muscle;MC:黏液细胞mucous cell;MF:黏膜皱褶mucosal fold;MI:中肠middle intestine;ML:肌肉层musclar layer;MU:黏膜层mucosa;PI:后肠posterior intestine;PSM:黏膜固有层mucosal lamina propria;S:浆膜serosa;SCE:单层柱状上皮simple columnar epithelium;SM:黏膜下层submucosa;YS:卵黄囊yolk sac。下图同the same as below。 图 7 1~4日龄仔鳅消化道的发生和发育(HE染色) Fig. 7 Occurrence and development of digestive tract of juvenile loach at 1 to 4 days of age (HE stainin
2.2.2 5~15日龄稚鳅消化道发育组织学

5日龄时,稚鳅肠道内黏膜皱褶明显增加,前、中肠可见清晰的纹状缘(图 8-A图 8-B);6与7日龄时,肠道中的单层柱状上皮细胞组成黏膜层,单层柱状细胞向肠道游离面延伸形成纹状缘,纹状缘清晰可见被染成淡红色,细胞呈高柱状,细胞核靠近细胞的底部。前肠柱状细胞的黏膜层和黏膜下层升高,并向肠腔内凸起形成皱褶,中肠内无褶皱为排列整齐的单层柱状细胞组成的黏膜层,后肠内有皱褶(图 8-C~G);随着日龄的增加,8日龄时,肠道的黏膜皱褶高度从肠道的前端到后端依次降低,肠道上黏液细胞开始出现,中、后肠道黏膜层上发现少量血细胞,后肠的肠壁变薄(图 8-H~K);10日龄时,肠道前端形成细微的弯曲,后肠壁薄而透明,肠道上各类型的黏液细胞均已出现,后肠黏膜层上血细胞和毛细血管增多,稚鳅的肠气呼吸功能初具形成(图 8-L~O);11日龄时,稚鳅肠道形态同10日龄,后肠黏膜层上血细胞和毛细血管迅速增多(图 9-A~D);12~14日龄时,随着稚鳅后肠的发育特别是成体的发育,稚鳅的前肠、后肠出现明显的结构差异;稚鳅前肠黏膜皱褶显示出更为复杂、相互连接的排列方式,比稚鳅后肠黏膜皱褶更为广泛(图 9-E~H);15日龄时,稚鳅肠气呼吸功能已经形成,肠道黏液物质含量显著增加,此时稚鳅的肠道功能已经形成,前肠和中肠适应于消化和吸收的主要作用稚鳅的前肠具有典型的吸收肠上皮特征,由柱状上皮细胞、丰富的杯状细胞和纹状缘组成。后肠是高度修饰的,稚鳅后肠的典型特征是黏膜上皮内具有丰富的毛细血管,这使其非常适合气体交换,进行肠道气呼吸(图 9-I~L)。

A:5日龄肠道纵切the intestinal tract of 5 days of age was cut lengthwise (40×);B:5日龄前肠横切the anterior intestinal of 5 days of age was cut crosscut (400×);C:6日龄前肠横切the anterior intestinal of 6 days of age was cut crosscut (400×);D:6日龄前肠纵切the anterior intestinal of 6 days of age was cut lengthwise(400×);E:6日龄后肠纵切the pseterior intestinal of 6 days of age was cut lengthwise (400×);F:7日龄前、中肠纵切the anterior intestine and middle intestine of 7 days of age were cut lengthwise (100×);G:7日龄肠道纵切the intestinal tract of 7 days of age was cut lengthwise (40×);H:8日龄肠道纵切the intestinal tract of 8 days of age was cut lengthwise (40×);I:8日龄前肠纵切the anterior intestinal of 8 days of age was cut lengthwise (400×);J:8日龄中肠纵切the middle intestinal of 8 days of age was cut lengthwise (400×);K:8日龄后肠纵切the posterior intestinal of 8 days of age was cut lengthwise (400×);L:10日龄肠道纵切the intestinal tract of 10 days of age was cut lengthwise (40×);M:10日龄前肠纵切the anterior intestinal of 10 days of age was cut lengthwise (400×);N:10日龄中肠纵切the middle intestinal of 10 days of age was cut lengthwise (400×);O:10日龄后肠纵切the posterior intestinal of 10 days of age was cut lengthwise (400×)。 图 8 5~10日龄稚鳅消化道的发生和发育(HE染色) Fig. 8 Occurrence and development of digestive tract of juvenile loach at 5 to 10 days of age (HE staining)
A:11日龄肠道纵切the intestinal tract of 11 days of age was cut lengthwise (40×);B:11日龄前肠纵切the anterior intestinal of 11 days of age was cut lengthwise (400×);C:11日龄中肠纵切the middle intestinal of 11 days of age was cut lengthwise (400×);D:11日龄后肠纵切the posterior intestinal of 11 days of age was cut lengthwise (400×);E:12日龄肠道纵切the anterior intestinal of 12 days of age was cut lengthwise (40×);F:12日龄前肠横切the anterior intestinal of 12 days of age was cut crosscut (400×);G:13日龄前肠横切the anterior intestinal of 13 days of age was cut crosscut (400×);H:14日龄前肠横切the anterior intestinal of 14 days of age was cut crosscut (400×);I:15日龄前肠横切the anterior intestinal of 15 days of age was cut crosscut (400×);J:15日龄前肠纵切the anterior intestinal of 15 days of age was cut lengthwise (400×);K:15日龄中肠纵切the middle intestinal of 15 days of age was cut lengthwise (400×);L:15日龄后肠纵切the posterior intestinal of 15 days of age was cut lengthwise (400×)。 图 9 11~15日龄稚鳅消化道的发生和发育(HE染色) Fig. 9 Occurrence and development of digestive tract of juvenile loach at 11 to 15 days of age (HE staining)
2.2.3 16~70日龄幼鳅消化道发育组织学

16~20日龄时,肠道上黏液细胞的密度和含量有所增加,前肠的肌肉层壁变厚并且肠道黏膜皱褶加深,中肠黏膜皱褶较前肠较短,淡红色的纹状缘都变得更加明显,后肠上黏膜皱褶平缓,黏膜上皮层很薄而透明,黏膜下层分布丰富的血管网(图 10-A~F);25日龄时,肠道上黏液细胞的密度和含量趋于稳定,从黏液细胞的角度来看幼鳅的消化吸收功能已趋于完善;前、中肠具有肠道典型的肠细胞单层柱状上皮细胞和复杂的肠道黏膜皱褶。而后肠缺少肠道典型的肠细胞单层柱状上皮细胞,黏膜皱褶相对较低,从而降低气体扩散距离,黏膜下层分布丰富的血管网,结构与功能相适应,使得后肠非常适合气体交换,从而进行肠气呼吸。从肠道结构的发育程度来看幼鳅的肠气呼吸功能已趋于完善。消化道结构也已经慢慢接近成鳅(图 10-G~I);31~70日龄时,肠道结构和25日龄时的基本相同,肠管变粗、变长,管壁变厚,前肠肠管最粗,管壁最厚,黏膜皱褶比较发达,上面有成簇状紧密排列在一起的单层柱状上皮细胞,黏膜皱褶呈现分叶状,中肠肠管变细,管壁变薄,黏膜皱褶高度变低,黏膜上皮中开始有血细胞的出现,后肠与前、中肠相比黏膜皱褶明显变低,且黏膜层上的杯状细胞也明显变少,后肠的肠管和肠壁薄而透明。后肠黏膜上皮中发现有许多血细胞并延长至肠腔,后肠黏膜下层高度血管化(图 10-JK图 11)。

A:16日龄前肠纵切the anterior intestinal of 16 days of age was cut lengthwise (400×);B:16日龄中肠纵切the middle intestinal of 16 days of age was cut lengthwise (400×);C:16日龄后肠纵切the posterior intestinal of 16 days of age was cut lengthwise (400×);D:20日龄前肠纵切the anterior intestinal of 20 days of age was cut lengthwise (400×);E:20日龄中肠纵切the middle intestinal of 20 days of age was cut lengthwise(400×);F:20日龄后肠纵切the posterior intestinal of 20 days of age was cut lengthwise (400×);G:25日龄前肠纵切the anterior intestinal of 25 days of age was cut lengthwise (400×);H:25日龄中肠纵切the middle intestinal of 25 days of age was cut lengthwise (400×);I:25日龄后肠纵切the posterior intestinal of 25 days of age was cut lengthwise (400×);J:30日龄前肠纵切the anterior intestinal of 30 days of age was cut lengthwise (400×);K:30日龄中肠纵切the middle intestinal of 30 days of age was cut lengthwise (400×);L:30日龄后肠纵切the posterior intestinal of 30 days of age was cut lengthwise (400×)。 图 10 16~30日龄幼鳅消化道的发生和发育(HE染色) Fig. 10 Occurrence and development of digestive tract of juvenile loach at 16 to 30 days of age (HE staining)
A:31日龄前肠纵切the anterior intestinal of 31 days of age larva was cut lengthwise (400×);B:31日龄中肠纵切the middle intestinal of 31 days of age was cut lengthwise (400×);C:31日龄后肠纵切the posterior intestinal of 31 days of age was cut lengthwise (400×);D:40日龄前肠纵切the anterior intestinal of 40 days of age was cut lengthwise (400×);E: 40日龄中肠纵切the middle intestinal of 40 days of age was cut lengthwise (400×);F:40日龄后肠纵切the posterior intestinal of 40 days of age was cut lengthwise (400×);G:50日龄前肠纵切the anterior intestinal of 50 days of age was cut lengthwise (400×);H:50日龄中肠纵切the middle intestinal of 50 days of age was cut lengthwise (400×);I:50日龄后肠纵切the posterior intestinal of 50 days of age was cut lengthwise (400×);J:60日龄前肠纵切the anterior intestinal of 60 days of age was cut lengthwise (400×);K:60日龄中肠纵切the middle intestinal of 60 days of age was cut lengthwise(400×);L:60日龄后肠纵切the posterior intestinal of 60 days of age was cut lengthwise (400×);M:70日龄前肠纵切the anterior intestinal of 70 days of age was cut lengthwise (400×);N:70日龄中肠纵切the middle intestinal of 70 days of age was cut lengthwise (400×);O:70日龄后肠纵切the posterior intestinal of 70 days of age was cut lengthwise (400×)。 图 11 31~70日龄幼鳅消化道的发生和发育(HE染色) Fig. 11 Occurrence and development of digestive tract of juvenile loach at 31 to 70 days of age(HE staining)
3 讨论

在本试验条件下仔稚鳅的体长和体重关系为:W=0.008 8L3.019 8(R2=0.994 0)这与殷名称[13]提出的最常用的模型W=aLb相符合,b值通常在2.5~4.0,如果b值等于或接近于3,属于等速生长类型。泥鳅是一种可以呼吸空气的鱼,利用肠道作为辅助呼吸器官。泥鳅的肠道具有消化和肠气呼吸2种功能[14]。通过观察试验结果发现,泥鳅个体的消化道发育遵循大多数淡水鱼类的一般模式[14-17]。肠道结构自内而外由黏膜层、黏膜下层、肌层和浆膜4层构成[8, 10, 18-20]。仔稚泥鳅特有的消化道发育特征主要表现在肠道的双重功能发育上。

仔鳅的外鳃在1日龄的时候形成。5日龄时,外鳃明显缩短,鳃骨膜相后延伸,出现内鳃丝。15日龄时,外鳃不再可见,并被鳃盖覆盖,鳃骨膜达到足以覆盖鳃腔的长度。这与Gao等[21]和张建业[22]对泥鳅器官发育的研究结果相近。试验过程中发现在仔稚鳅的发育过程中,外鳃上会有浮游生物的附着,部分泥鳅由于鳃盖没有完全闭合,浮游生物易对鳃丝产生影响,从而影响鳃丝进行气体交换,外鳃在这一时期的呼吸中起着至关重要的作用[15]。因此这一阶段要保证养殖水体的水质良好。

刚孵化出的仔鳅体色透明、带有卵黄囊,消化道为1条闭合的长直形的管道,管腔狭窄,结构比较简单。类似于鲶鱼[17]、细鳞鲑[11]。3日龄时,仔鳅开口摄食,体内卵黄囊消失,仔鳅的营养方式从内源性营养转变为外源性营养,显微观察可以看到肠道中充满绿色的食糜,肠道内黏膜皱褶和黏液细胞也迅速增多,黏膜皱褶的增多可以增大食物与肠绒毛的接触面积,促进营养物质的吸收[4]。黏液细胞分泌的黏液可以对肠道进行润滑,防止食物经过造成机械性损伤[19]。这也与仔鳅进入外源性营养阶段相符合。10日龄时,肠道前端形成细微弯曲,后肠壁薄而透明,肠道上各类型的的黏液细胞均已出现,肠气呼吸功能初具形成。这与Luo等[23]的研究结果是高度一致的。3~15日龄时仔稚鳅的肠道结构还未完全形成需要提供易消化的生物饵料像小球藻、轮虫(臂尾轮虫和晶囊轮虫)和枝角类幼体。通过显微镜观察到仔稚鳅是可以完全消化这几种生物饵料的,因此可以用来提高稚鳅的存活率。

15日龄时,泥鳅肠气呼吸功能已经形成,肠道黏液物质含量显著增加,表明消化吸收的功能不断加强[24],这也可能是稚鳅适应肠气呼吸的标志[3]。泥鳅的肠道功能已经形成。结合泥鳅苗期的生长及消化道的发育过程,此阶段及时、足量的提供适口的优质饵料像丰年虾和营养全面的粉料,保证苗种发育的营养,同时投喂时坚持定时、定点、定质和定量细心观察,有情况及时高效处理来提高苗种的成活率。25日龄时,幼鳅的消化吸收功能和后肠肠气呼吸功能已趋于完善。这一阶段幼鳅消化道内黏液细胞的密度和含量已经趋于稳定[25],随着幼鳅后肠特别是成体的发育,幼鳅肠道出现明显的结构差异,前、中肠具有前、中肠具有肠道典型的肠细胞单层柱状上皮细胞和复杂的肠道黏膜皱褶,表明随着肠绒毛的长度和消化表面的增加而具有更好的消化吸收功能[26-27]。复杂的黏膜褶皱在食物运输中也起着重要作用。向枭等[28]研究发现,肠道对物质的消化吸收能力的强弱与其黏膜表面的结构特征有关。在泥鳅肠道呼吸的生理学试验中,据报道,未消化的食物通过肠道前部的运动直接到达肠道的后部,然后被用于肠道呼吸的空气推出肛门[15]。这与Luo等[23]、孙德兴等[12]和刘亚秋等[25]的研究结果是保持一致的,而后肠缺少肠道典型的肠细胞单层柱状上皮细胞,黏膜皱褶相对较低,从而降低气体扩散距离,黏膜下层分布丰富的血管网,使得后肠呼吸空气成为可能,后肠的这种特点有利于泥鳅进行肠气呼吸,与刘亚秋等[3]、Goncalves等[29]、Luo等[23]和Zhang等[15]的研究结果是保持一致的。

4 结论

泥鳅属于等速生长类型;3日龄仔鳅从内源性营养转化为外源性营养;4~15日龄仔稚鳅肠道消化和气呼吸的功能尚不完善;16~25日龄幼鳅的肠道结构发育基本完成,消化功能已经趋于完善,后肠具有较完善的气呼吸的功能,结合泥鳅肠道发育提供适口的饵料,利用好鳃和肠道气呼吸双功能有利于提高仔稚鳅成活率。

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