动物营养学报    2021, Vol. 33 Issue (1): 409-419    PDF    
返青期和盛草期牧场放牧的高山美利奴种公羊营养盈亏监测
张树淼1 , 赵志伟1 *, 孙晓萍2 , 王虎成1 , 李发弟1 , 杨博辉2     
1. 兰州大学草地农业科技学院反刍动物研究所, 兰州大学草地农业生态系统国家重点实验室, 兰州大学农业农村部草牧业创新重点实验室, 兰州 730020;
2. 中国农业科学院兰州畜牧与兽药研究所, 兰州 730050
摘要: 本研究通过对返青期和盛草期牧场放牧的高山美利奴种公羊进行营养监测,旨在掌握高山美利奴种公羊放牧地牧草营养物质的季节变化规律以及高山美利奴种公羊营养的盈缺,为其科学饲养提供理论依据。选择6只成年、健康、体重[(104.94±5.15)kg]相近的高山美利奴种公羊作为试验动物,采用粪袋全收粪和盐酸不溶灰分(AIA)结合法测定其在返青期和盛草期的采食量,采用模拟采食法采集牧草,并做植被调查。结果表明:1)盛草期牧草优势度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数、地上生物量显著高于返青期牧草(P < 0.05)。2)返青期牧草有机物含量显著高于盛草期牧草(P < 0.05),盛草期牧草粗灰分、粗蛋白质含量显著高于返青期牧草(P < 0.05)。3)盛草期高山美利奴种公羊的代谢能采食量、粗蛋白质采食量显著高于返青期(P < 0.05),返青期高山美利奴种公羊的粗蛋白质消化率、中性洗涤纤维消化率和酸性洗涤纤维消化率显著高于盛草期(P < 0.05)。4)返青期高山美利奴种公羊的瘤胃pH显著高于盛草期(P < 0.05),盛草期高山美利奴种公羊的瘤胃丁酸、异丁酸、异戊酸比例显著高于返青期(P < 0.05)。综上所述,盛草期牧草的生产力及营养品质均优于返青期牧草。返青期和盛草期高山美利奴种公羊的瘤胃微生物的氮利用效率均较高,但由于返青期牧草营养品质较差,使得瘤胃发酵效率较低。返青期和盛草期高山美利奴种公羊的代谢能采食量、粗蛋白采食量均严重不足。因此,在返青期和盛草期均需给高山美利奴种公羊补饲适量的能量和蛋白质饲料。
关键词: 高山美利奴种公羊    营养盈缺    返青期    盛草期    牧草生产力    
Nutritional Surplus or Deficiency Monitoring of Grazing Alpine Merino Breeding Rams in Regreening Stage and Growing Stage Pasture
ZHANG Shumiao1 , ZHAO Zhiwei1 *, SUN Xiaoping2 , WANG Hucheng1 , LI Fadi1 , YANG Bohui2     
1. Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agroecosystem of Lanzhou University, Institute of Ruminant Research, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China;
2. Lanzhou Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
Abstract: This study was conducted to monitor the nutrient of grazing Alpine Merino breeding rams in regreening stage and growing stage pasture, to master the seasonal variation of forage nutrients in grazing land of Alpine Merino breeding rams and nutritional surplus or deficiency of Alpine Merino breeding rams, and to provide a theoretical basis for its scientific feeding. Six adult healthy Alpine Merino breeding rams with similar body weight of (104.94±5.15) kg were selected as experimental animals, the combination method of full collection of excrement bag and insoluble ash in hydrochloric acid was used to determine the intake of rams in regreening stage and growing stage pasture, the simulated feeding method was used to collect forage, and investigate the vegetation. The results showed as follows: 1) the dominance index, diversity index, evenness index and aboveground biomass of forage in growing stage were significantly higher than those in regreening stage (P < 0.05). 2) The organic matter content of forage in regreening stage was significantly higher than that in growing stage (P < 0.05), and the contents of ash and crude protein of forage in growing stage were significantly higher than those in regreening stage (P < 0.05). 3) The metabolic energy intake and crude protein intake of Alpine Merino breeding rams in growing stage were significantly higher than those in regreening stage (P < 0.05), and the crude protein digestibility, neutral detergent fiber digestibility and acid detergent fiber digestibility of Alpine Merino breeding rams in regreening stage were significantly higher than those in growing stage (P < 0.05). 4) The rumen pH of Alpine Merino breeding rams in regreening stage was significantly higher than that in growing stage (P < 0.05), and the proportions of butyric acid, isobutyric acid and isovaleric acid of Alpine Merino breeding rams in growing stage were significantly higher than those in regreening stage (P < 0.05). In summary, the productivity and nutritional quality of forage in growing stage are superior to those in regreening stage. The nitrogen utilization efficiency of rumen microorganisms of Alpine Merino breeding rams in regreening stage and growing stage are high, but the rumen fermentation efficiency is reduced due to the lower nutrient quality of forage in regreening stage. The metabolizable energy intake and crude protein intake of Alpine Merino breeding rams is seriously insufficient in regreening stage and growing stage. Therefore, a certain amount of energy and protein feed should be supplemened to Alpine Merino breeding rams in regreening stage and growing stage.
Key words: Alpine Merino breeding rams    nutritional surplus or deficiency    regreening stage    growing stage    forage productivity    

随着草地退化和沙化的加剧,草场和生态环境进一步恶化,这对我国生态系统和畜牧业经济的可持续性造成严重威胁[1],过度放牧被认为是导致草地退化的主要原因之一。因此需要对放牧动物进行营养监测,确定草原的合理载畜量,建立科学的放牧管理制度,保证草场环境的可持续发展。高山美利奴羊是近年新育成的绵羊品种,其种公羊核心群主要以放牧为主[2-4]。该新品种主要分布在青藏高原祁连山北麓的甘肃省张掖市肃南裕固族自治县、金昌市永昌县、武威市天祝藏族自治县的牧区、半农半牧区和农区[5]。这些地区主要属高海拔寒冷与干旱山区,境内山峦起伏,海拔2 400~4 070 m,牧草生长期短,但品质优良,适宜放牧[6-8]。然而,目前对高山美利奴种公羊的营养需求规律尚不明确,对高山美利奴种公羊进行放牧营养监测,对其推广养殖、保持放牧区草畜平衡以及畜牧业和生态环境的可持续发展具有重要意义。所谓动物营养监测就是对动物的营养状况做出准确判定,及时发现问题,为最优化的饲养决策提供理论依据,这一概念最早是由兽医学家为诊断家畜营养缺乏病而提出来的,在方法上主要依靠临床症状和血相分析[9]。1970年,英国科学家Payne等[10]首次使用计算机处理的“代谢相检测法”对乳牛进行营养检测,这一方法的提出和推广,推动了家畜营养监测的研究。1987年,卢德勋[11]对放牧绵羊营养监测技术进行了初步探究,并在1994年提出了一种以对反刍动物瘤胃生态环境和功能的检测为基础,应用系统科学理论、模糊数学方法以及计算机技术对羊的整体的能量和蛋白质营养状况进行监测的技术方案[9]。随着放牧生态学和科学技术的发展,放牧营养监测技术与手段也在不断地更新,到目前为止,国内外常用主要方法有模拟采食法、群牧差额法、盐酸不溶灰分(AIA)法、链烷技术指示剂法、外指示剂法、三结合法[12]、无人机技术[13]、遥感技术[14]等,并围绕山羊[15]、绵羊[16]、牦牛[17]、奶牛[18]等动物的放牧营养监测做了大量的研究。前人围绕其他动物以及其他品种羊的放牧营养已做了较多研究,而高山美利奴羊作为一个新品种,其营养需求特点尚不明确。因此,本研究旨在揭示高山美利奴种公羊放牧地牧草营养物质的季节变化规律,以及其在放牧条件下营养的盈缺,为其科学饲养提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法 1.1 试验时间与地点

放牧试验于2018年6月和8月在甘肃省绵羊繁育技术推广站进行,试验分析及数据处理在兰州大学草地农业生态系统国家重点实验室完成。

1.2 研究地概况

研究地位于甘肃省张掖市肃南裕固族自治县皇城镇甘肃省绵羊技术推广站(101°45′E、37°48′N,海拔2 600~4 000 m),该地区为典型的高山草原,年平均温度0.6~3.8 ℃,年降水量约361.6 mm,蒸发量约1 112 mm,无霜期45~60 d,绝对无霜期45 d,全年日照时间2 272 h,年平均相对湿度38%~58%,天然草场牧草4月份萌发,9月份开始枯黄,枯草期达7个月以上,具有海拔高、枯草期长、气候寒冷的特点[6]

返青期牧场植被以禾本科(Poaceae)、莎草科(Cyperaceae)、豆科(Leguminosae)、菊科(Asteraceae)为主,优势物种为嵩草、披碱草、针茅、委陵菜。盛草期牧场植被以禾本科、莎草科、豆科、菊科、蓼科(Polygonaceae)为主,优势物种为嵩草、披碱草、针茅、发草、委陵菜、青海苜蓿、柴胡、珠芽蓼。

1.3 试验材料与方法 1.3.1 试验设计与管理

于牧群中随机选取成年、健康、体重[(104.94±5.15) kg]相近的高山美利奴种公羊6只,作为试验动物。返青期(6月份)每天08:00出牧,18:00归牧;盛草期(8月份)每天06:00出牧,19:00归牧。随群放牧,无补饲,在牧场圈舍周围设置水槽,保证充足饮水。

1.3.2 样品采集与处理

采用粪袋全收粪和AIA结合法测定高山美利奴种公羊在返青期和盛草期的采食量。主要进行牧草、粪、瘤胃液等样品的采集,牧草采集采用模拟采食法,粪样采集采用全收粪法,在试验期最后1天采集瘤胃液。

植被调查:以牧场中心点(圈舍)为起点向围栏引一直线,在不同啃食区等分9个0.5 m×0.5 m大小的样方,记录样方内植被的名称、数量、高度等信息,刈割后计算植物的优势度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数、丰富度指数[19],然后扣除毒杂草、立枯物和凋落物,并称其鲜重,带回实验室65 ℃烘干后再称其重。植被物种指数计算公式如下:

式中:S为样方内总出现的物种数目;N为样方内出现物种个体总数;Pi为第i种的个体数目占群落中所有物种的个体总数的比值。

模拟采食:于返青期和盛草期牧场采样期,跟随羊只观察其采食牧草的种类和部位,进而进行模拟采样,将采集的牧草,弃去不可食部分,并将5 d所采集的牧草混匀,四分法取样后测定初水分,并粉碎制样备存,以测定AIA及常规营养成分含量。

粪样采集:采用全收粪法,用防漏粪袋收集返青期和盛草期牧场消化代谢期间试验动物的粪样,各收集5 d。每天出牧前,打开粪袋称粪样鲜重后将鲜粪样混匀,用四分法采集5%的鲜粪样,充分混匀5 d所采集粪样,65 ℃烘干24 h后称重,粉碎过40目筛后用于测定常规营养成分及AIA含量;同时用四分法采集每天2%的鲜粪样,装入250 mL棕色瓶,加入10%硫酸充分混匀,然后将5 d所采集粪样混匀后,于-20 ℃冷藏,以测定粗蛋白质含量。

瘤胃液采集:早晨出牧前,用瘤胃液采集器(科立博A1164K)经口腔采集每只羊的瘤胃液,约50 mL,测定pH并经4层纱布过滤后分装到2×10 mL的离心管,于-20 ℃冷藏。

1.3.3 测定指标与方法

常规营养成分测定:干物质、粗蛋白质、粗灰分含量测定参照《饲料分析及饲料质量检验技术》[20];中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维含量测定参照Van Soest[21]

AIA法测定采食量:称取5 g模拟采食样品于锥心瓶中,加入75 mL浓度为4 mol/L的盐酸,放入99 ℃的水浴锅中45 min,取出用玻璃漏斗加定量滤纸过滤,蒸馏水冲洗至中性,放入全自动水分灰分分析仪(prepASH 340 series,瑞士)550 ℃灰化5 h,记录灰分重量,并参照任继周[22]《草业科学研究方法》中的放牧绵羊干物质采食量计算公式,计算放牧高山美利奴种公羊的干物质采食量:

式中:F为粪干物质含量(kg/d);a为粪干物质中AIA含量(%);b为采食牧草干物质中AIA含量(%)。

瘤胃内环境参数测定:氨态氮(NH3-N)含量测定参照周建伟[23]的方法进行,挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)含量采用气相色谱仪(Thermo Scientific,TRACE,意大利),参照李晓亚[24]的方法进行测定。

代谢能采食量(MEI)参照王洪荣等[25]提出的模型来计算:

式中:a表示瘤胃液NH3-N的含量(mg/dL);b表示瘤胃液中总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)含量(mmol/dL)。

1.4 数据处理

使用Excel 2010进行数据整理,其中返青期和盛草期数据显著性采用SPSS 25软件中的独立样本t检验程序进行分析,P < 0.05为差异显著,所有数据用“平均值±标准误”表示。

2 结果 2.1 返青期和盛草期牧草生产力

表 1可知,盛草期牧草优势度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数、地上生物量显著高于返青期牧草(P < 0.05),返青期牧草和盛草期牧草的丰富度指数差异不显著(P>0.05)。

表 1 返青期和盛草期草地植被物种指数及生物量 Table 1 Grassland vegetation species index and biomass in regreening stage and growing stage
2.2 返青期和盛草期牧草营养品质

表 2可知,返青期牧草有机物含量显著高于盛草期牧草(P < 0.05),盛草期牧草粗灰分、粗蛋白质含量显著高于返青期牧草(P < 0.05),返青期牧草和盛草期牧草中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。

表 2 返青期和盛草期牧草营养品质(干物质基础) Table 2 Nutritional quality of forage in regreening stage and growing stage (DM basis) 
2.3 返青期和盛草期高山美利奴种公羊的采食量和营养物质消化率

表 3可知,盛草期高山美利奴种公羊的干物质采食量高于返青期,但差异不显著(P>0.05);盛草期高山美利奴种公羊的代谢能采食量、粗蛋白质采食量显著高于返青期(P < 0.05)。返青期和盛草期高山美利奴种公羊的干物质消化率、有机物消化率差异不显著(P>0.05),返青期高山美利奴种公羊的粗蛋白质消化率、中性洗涤纤维消化率和酸性洗涤纤维消化率显著高于盛草期(P < 0.05)。

表 3 返青期和盛草期高山美利奴种公羊的采食量和营养物质消化率 Table 3 Intake and nutrient digestibility of Alpine Merino breeding rams in regreening stage and growing stage
2.4 返青期和盛草期高山美利奴种公羊瘤胃发酵性能

表 4可知,返青期高山美利奴种公羊的瘤胃pH显著高于盛草期(P < 0.05);盛草期高山美利奴种公羊的瘤胃NH3-N含量高于返青期,但差异不显著(P>0.05);盛草期高山美利奴种公羊的瘤胃丁酸、异丁酸、异戊酸比例显著高于返青期(P < 0.05),返青期和盛草期高山美利奴种公羊的瘤胃乙酸、丙酸、戊酸比例和乙酸/丙酸以及TVFA含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。

表 4 返青期和盛草期高山美利奴种公羊瘤胃发酵性能 Table 4 Rumen fermentation performance of Alpine Merino breeding rams in regreening stage and growing stage
3 讨论 3.1 返青期和盛草期牧草生产力和营养品质差异

有报道显示,气温和降水是影响草原地上生物量的关键因素[26]。贾文雄等[27]研究表明,植物群落地上生物量的积累与当月0~10 cm的地表温度呈正相关;苗百岭等[28]研究发现,群落生物量与生长季降水量、降水集中度呈显著的正相关关系。这也可能是造成本试验中返青期和盛草期牧草生产力差异的主要原因。返青期与盛草期相比,植物新陈代谢较为缓慢[29],且降水量少,使得返青期牧草中干物质、有机物含量相对较高。盛草期充足的光照和降水使得植物新陈代谢加快,有机物质加速沉积[30]。因此,盛草期牧草中粗蛋白质和粗灰分含量较返青期牧草高。

3.2 返青期和盛草期高山美利奴种公羊的采食量和营养物质消化率差异

本研究采用粪袋全收粪和AIA结合法测定采食量,AIA法的特点是设备需求和测定手续简便,但常因枯草泥土的沾染,使粪中AIA含量高于食入牧草中的含量,因此不适合用于测定枯草季节放牧动物的采食量[22]。为此,本研究是在返青期和盛草期开展。此外,有报道显示,给动物饲粮中添加0.5%~1.0%的硅藻土时,AIA法的测定结果与全收粪法测定结果差异不显著,两者具有可比性[31-33]。因此,在本研究条件下采用粪袋全收粪和AIA结合法测定高山美利奴种公羊在返青期和盛草期的采食量虽有一定的偏差,但测定结果也具有一定的参考价值。消化率与植物成熟度密切相关,在早期生长阶段,牧草较为幼嫩,具有较高的消化率,随着牧草成熟,消化率下降[34],其主要原因是,在早期生长阶段,组织细胞不具有木质素,但随着牧草的逐渐成熟,木质素开始生成,并与纤维素和半纤维素形成不易分解的复合体,这就大大的降低了牧草的消化率[35-36],在本试验中,盛草期牧草与返青期牧草相比,成熟度更高,因此营养物质的消化率较低。

3.3 返青期和盛草期牧场高山美利奴种公羊瘤胃发酵特性差异

瘤胃pH、NH3-N和VFA是衡量反刍动物瘤胃发酵的重要指标[37],其中pH波动受诸多因素的影响[38-40]。有研究显示,不同采样时间会造成绵羊瘤胃pH的变化[41],在正常情况下瘤胃pH昼夜变化范围在5.23~7.50[42-43]。本试验中,盛草期牧场瘤胃pH为7.48,在正常范围内,但返青期牧场瘤胃pH为7.91,有点偏高,这可能是跟采样时间有关,因为在返青期出牧时间较盛草期晚,采样时间也晚于盛草期,使得pH更高。VFA是反刍动物能量的主要来源,约占进入机体代谢碳流量的67%[44]。当饲粮精粗比低时,瘤胃内为乙酸型发酵;饲粮精粗比高时,为丙酸型发酵[45]。在本试验中,高山美利奴种公羊均为天然放牧,主要采食粗饲料,故瘤胃内乙酸含量较高;β-羟基丁酸是肌肉组织的能量来源,其由丁酸来生成[46],盛草期瘤胃内丁酸含量高于返青期,说明盛草期牧草能为高山美利奴种公羊提供更多的能量。Ferreira等[47]报道,放牧绵羊的瘤胃TVFA含量为64.1 mmol/L;徐睿[48]通过对比圈养和放牧黑山羊瘤胃TVFA含量发现,放牧组TVFA含量为39.76 mmol/L,圈养组TVFA含量为41.89 mmol/L。本试验中,高山美利奴种公羊在返青期瘤胃TVFA含量为6.84 mmol/dL,盛草期瘤胃TVFA含量为7.13 mmol/dL,这说明不同饲养管理方式以及品种对羊瘤胃TVFA含量影响较大。

NH3-N是瘤胃内微生物合成菌体蛋白的原料,其主要来源是外源摄入蛋白质和内源含氮物质[49]。Satter等[50]通过体外发酵试验发现,瘤胃液NH3-N含量为5 mg/dL时就能满足瘤胃微生物生长的最大需要量。杨红建等[51]报道,当瘤胃液NH3-N含量为11.9 mg/dL时,瘤胃微生物利用氮的效率达到最大,当瘤胃液NH3-N含量升高到34 mg/dL时,微生物利用氮的效率降到最低;Broderick[52]得出与其相似的结果。有研究发现,NH3-N一般与动物采食的蛋白质含量呈正相关[53]。在本试验中,返青期高山美利奴种公羊的瘤胃NH3-N含量为9.64 mg/dL,盛草期为11.02 mg/dL,说明返青期和盛草期高山美利奴种公羊瘤胃微生物的氮利用效率均较高,且瘤胃NH3-N含量的变化与牧草中粗蛋白质含量变化规律趋于一致。

3.4 返青期和盛草期牧场放牧的高山美利奴种公羊养分盈缺分析

能量和蛋白质是绵羊饲料营养的主体[54],适当提高饲粮能量水平,可加快肉羊生长速度,宰前活重、胴体重和屠宰率[55]。闫文清[56]研究发现,适当的饲粮粗蛋白质水平有利于辽宁绒山羊育成公羊正常生长并能有效防控尿结石的发生。种公羊作为一个羊群的核心,即使在非配种期内,饲粮中应保持较高的能量和粗蛋白质水平[57]。在本试验中,盛草期高山美利奴种公羊的代谢能和粗蛋白质采食量显著高于返青期。参照内蒙古细毛羊饲养标准可知,高山美利奴种公羊返青期代谢能采食量比营养需要量低9.38 MJ/d,粗蛋白质采食量比营养需要量低105 g/d;盛草期代谢能采食量比营养需要量低8.81 MJ/d,粗蛋白质采食量比营养需要量低53 g/d。由此可知,返青期和盛草期牧场放牧的高山美利奴种公羊代谢能采食量和粗蛋白质采食量均严重不足。因此,在返青期和盛草期均需给高山美利奴种公羊补饲适量的能量和蛋白质饲料。

4 结论

① 盛草期牧草的生产力及营养品质均优于返青期牧草。

② 返青期和盛草期高山美利奴种公羊的瘤胃微生物的氮利用效率均较高,但由于返青期牧草营养品质较差,使得瘤胃发酵效率较低。

③ 返青期和盛草期高山美利奴种公羊的代谢能采食量、粗蛋白质采食量均严重不足。因此,在返青期和盛草期均需给高山美利奴种公羊补饲适量的能量和蛋白质饲料。

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