动物营养学报    2021, Vol. 33 Issue (4): 2302-2310    PDF    
饲粮中添加枸杞多糖对断奶大鼠生长性能、抗氧化能力、肠黏膜免疫功能以及肠道形态结构的影响
尹业鑫1 , 王芳1 , 余东明1 , 王鑫1 , 符晨星1 , 陈家顺1,2     
1. 湖南农业大学动物科学技术学院, 动物营养基因组与种质创新研究中心, 长沙 410128;
2. 中国科学院亚热带农业生态研究所, 中国科学院亚热带农业生态过程重点实验室, 长沙 410125
摘要: 本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加枸杞多糖(LBP)对断奶大鼠生长性能、抗氧化能力、肠黏膜免疫功能以及肠道形态结构的影响。选取健康雄性SD大鼠20只,按体重接近的原则随机分成2组(每组10个重复,每个重复1只),分别饲喂基础饲粮(对照组)和在基础饲粮中添加4 g/kg LBP的试验饲粮(LBP组),试验期28 d。结果显示:1)与对照组相比,LBP组平均日增重(ADG)提高了16.3%(P < 0.05)。2)与对照组相比,LBP组血清中总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)与谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性分别提高了52.8%(P < 0.05)和67.5%(P < 0.05),丙二醛(MDA)含量降低了31.7%(P < 0.05);LBP组空肠黏膜中T-AOC提升了99.1%(P < 0.05),MDA含量降低了13.7%(P < 0.05)。3)与对照组相比,LBP组空肠黏膜中白细胞介素-2(IL-2)与白细胞介素-10(IL-10)含量分别上升了31.6%(P < 0.05)和66.0%(P < 0.05)。4)与对照组相比,LBP组空肠黏膜中免疫球蛋白A(IgA)与免疫球蛋白G(IgG)含量分别提高了33.7%(P < 0.05)和35.1%(P < 0.05)。5)与对照组相比,LBP组空肠的绒毛高度呈上升的趋势,隐窝深度呈下降趋势,绒毛高度/隐窝深度(V/C)显著增加(P < 0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中添加LBP可以提高断奶大鼠的抗氧化能力及肠黏膜免疫功能,改善肠道形态结构,进而达到提高生长性能的效果。
关键词: 枸杞多糖    断奶大鼠    生长性能    抗氧化能力    免疫功能    肠道形态结构    
Effects of Dietary Lycium barbarum Polysaccharide on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, Intestinal Mucosal Immune Function and Intestinal Morphology of Weaned Rats
YIN Yexin1 , WANG Fang1 , YU Dongming1 , WANG Xin1 , FU Chenxing1 , CHEN Jiashun1,2     
1. Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;
2. Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
Abstract: The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of dietary Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, intestinal mucosal immune function and intestinal morphology of weaned rats. Twenty healthy weaned male SD rats, based on the similar body weight, were randomly assigned to two groups with ten replicates of one rat each. The rats in control groups were fed a basal diet, and those in LBP group were fed an experiment diet which supplemented with 4 g/kg LBP based on the basal diet. The experiment lasted for 28 d. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, the average daily gain (ADG) in the LBP group was increased by 16.3% (P < 0.05). 2) Compared with the control group, the serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in the LBP group were increased by 52.8% (P < 0.05) and 67.5% (P < 0.05), respectively, and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content was reduced by 31.7% (P < 0.05); the T-AOC in jejunal mucosa in the LBP group was increased by 99.1% (P < 0.05), and the MDA content was reduced by 13.7% (P < 0.05). 3) Compared with the control group, the contents of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in jejunal mucosa in the LBP group were increased by 31.6% (P < 0.05) and 66.0% (P < 0.05), respectively. 4) Compared with the control group, the contents of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G in jejunal mucosa in the LBP group were increased by 33.7% (P < 0.05) and 35.1% (P < 0.05), respectively. 5) Compared with the control group, the villi height of jejunum in the LBP group showed an upward trend, the crypt depth showed a downward trend, and the villi height/crypt depth (V/C) was significantly increased (P < 0.05). It is concluded that adding LBP to the diet of weaned rats can improve the antioxidant capacity and immune function of jejunal mucosa, improve the morphology of jejunum, and them improve the growth performance of weaned rats.
Key words: LBP    weaned rats    growth performance    antioxidant capacity    immune function    intestinal morphology    

随着畜牧业集约化、规模化的发展,为减少畜禽疾病的发生,抗生素被大批量使用。抗生素虽然能起到杀菌,提高机体免疫力、暂时降低疾病的发生率等作用,但同时也导致了细菌耐药性和药物残留等问题。因此,世界各地已限制使用抗生素,在我国,2019年农业农村部发布第194号公告,自2020年1月1日起,退出除中药外的所有促生长类药物饲料添加剂品种。因此,开发健康、无污染的绿色抗生素替代物迫在眉睫。枸杞是我国传统的中药材,富含多糖、蛋白质、维生素等营养成分,其中枸杞多糖(Lycium barbarum polysaccharide,LBP)具有调节免疫[1-2]、抗癌[3]、抗炎[4-5]、抗氧化[6-7]及护肝[8-10]等多种药理学功能,具有开发成抗生素替代物的潜力,其在养殖业中的应用备受关注。谭连杰等[11]研究表明,在饲料中添加1 g/kg LBP可以提高卵形鲳鲹的抗氧化能力及免疫能力。Liu等[12]研究表明,在饲粮中添加4 g/kg LBP可以调节淋巴细胞增殖和炎性细胞因子的表达,提高21日龄肉鸡免疫器官指数,促进肉鸡的生长性能。Long等[13]研究表明,在饲粮中添加2 g/kg LBP可以增强肉鸡消化酶活性、抗氧化能力、免疫力,进而提高其生长性能。目前,关于LBP对动物肠道健康的影响至今尚未明确。鉴于此,本试验拟以断奶大鼠为研究对象,通过在饲粮中添加LBP,探究其对生长性能、抗氧化能力、肠黏膜免疫功能及肠道形态结构的影响,以期为LBP应用于畜牧生产,改善动物肠道健康、促进动物生长提供理论依据和参考。

1 材料与方法 1.1 试验材料

LBP有效含量为60%,购自于陕西某生物制品有限公司。

1.2 试验设计

选取体重接近的健康雄性SD大鼠(4周龄)20只,按体重接近的原则随机分成2组(每组10个重复,每个重复1只),分别饲喂基础饲粮(对照组)和在基础饲粮中添加4 g/kg LBP的试验饲粮(LBP组),试验期为28 d。基础饲粮参考AIN-93G大鼠纯化饲养标准配制,其组成及营养水平如表 1所示。饲养试验在湖南农业大学动物科学教学科研基地完成,试验大鼠采用单笼饲养,采用自由饮食、自然采光等常规饲养管理。

表 1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(饲喂基础) Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (as fed-basis)  
1.3 样品采集

对全部大鼠依次进行眼球摘除采血。采集的血样静置30 min后,4 ℃下4 000 r/min离心15 min制备血清,-80 ℃保存。采血后将大鼠处死并解剖,分离并取空肠肠段3 cm置于4%甲醛溶液中固定;取空肠黏膜,液氮暂存,之后置于-80 ℃保存备用。

1.4 测定指标与方法 1.4.1 生长性能

每只大鼠作为1个单位。试验第1天对大鼠进行称重,作为初始体重;第28天进行第2次称重,作为终末体重。记录每次饲喂量及最后剩料重,计算平均日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI)、料重比(F/G)。

1.4.2 空肠黏膜和血清中抗氧化指标

参考汤俊等[14]的方法对组织样品进行前处理。空肠黏膜和血清中总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量均采用酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)试剂盒进行测定,试剂盒购于南京建成生物工程研究所,操作步骤参考试剂盒说明书。

1.4.3 空肠形态结构

取出4%甲醛溶液固定的肠道组织,经常规脱水、石蜡包埋、切片、苏木精-伊红(HE)染色后[15],利用Motic Images Advanced 3.2软件,测量空肠黏膜隐窝深度和绒毛高度,每张切片观察10个视野。计算绒毛高度/隐窝深度(V/C)。

1.4.4 空肠黏膜细胞因子含量

空肠黏膜中白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)含量均采用ELISA试剂盒进行测定,试剂盒购于南京森贝伽生物科技有限公司,操作步骤参考试剂盒说明书。

1.4.5 空肠黏膜免疫球蛋白含量

空肠黏膜中免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、免疫球蛋白(IgM)含量均采用ELISA试剂盒进行测定,试剂盒购于南京森贝伽生物科技有限公司,操作步骤参考试剂盒说明书。

1.5 数据处理与分析

试验数据用Excel 2013进行初步处理,然后用软件SPSS 20.0进行t检验,P<0.05为差异显著。数据以“平均值±标准差”表示。

2 结果 2.1 饲粮中添加LBP对断奶大鼠生长性能的影响

表 2可知,与对照组相比,LBP组ADG提高了16.3%(P<0.05),ADFI与F/G无显著变化(P>0.05)。

表 2 饲粮中添加LBP对断奶大鼠生长性能的影响 Table 2 Effects of dietary LBP on growth performance of weaned rats
2.2 饲粮中添加LBP对断奶大鼠空肠黏膜和血清中抗氧化指标的影响

表 3可知,与对照组相比,LBP组血清中T-AOC与GSH-Px活性分别提高了52.8%(P<0.05)和67.5%(P<0.05),MDA含量降低了31.7%(P<0.05);LBP组空肠黏膜中T-AOC提高了99.1%(P<0.05),MDA含量降低了13.7%(P<0.05),GSH-Px活性无显著变化(P>0.05)。

表 3 饲粮中添加LBP对断奶大鼠空肠黏膜和血清中抗氧化指标的影响 Table 3 Effects of dietary LBP on antioxidant indices in jejunal mucosa and serum of weaned rats
2.3 饲粮中添加LBP对断奶大鼠空肠形态结构的影响

表 4可知,与对照组相比,LBP组空肠的绒毛高度与隐窝深度无显著变化(P>0.05),但V/C提升了21.4%(P<0.05)。

表 4 饲粮添加LBP对断奶大鼠空肠形态结构的影响 Table 4 Effects of dietary LBP on jejunal morphology of weaned rats
2.4 饲粮中添加LBP对断奶大鼠空肠黏膜中细胞因子含量的影响

表 5可知,与对照组相比,LBP组空肠黏膜中IL-2与IL-10含量分别上升了31.6%(P<0.05)和66.0%(P<0.05),IL-6含量无显著变化(P>0.05)。

表 5 饲粮中添加LBP对断奶大鼠空肠黏膜中细胞因子含量的影响 Table 5 Effects of dietary LBP on cytokine contents in jejunal mucosa of weaned rats  
2.5 饲粮中添加LBP对断奶大鼠空肠黏膜中免疫球蛋白含量的影响

表 6可知,与对照组相比,LBP组空肠黏膜中IgA与IgG含量分别提升了33.7%(P<0.05)和35.1%(P<0.05),IgM含量无显著变化(P>0.05)。

表 6 饲粮添加LBP对断奶大鼠空肠黏膜免疫球蛋白含量的影响 Table 6 Effects of dietary LBP on immunoglobulin contents in jejunal mucosa of weaned rats  
3 讨论

动物生长性能是实际生产中关注的焦点之一,一般从试验动物的ADG与F/G中体现,反映动物生长发育情况。近年来,大量研究表明,LBP可提高断奶仔猪[16]、肉仔鸡[17]、育肥羊[18]等动物的生长性能。本试验中,饲粮中添加LBP显著提高了断奶大鼠的ADG,表明LBP提高了断奶大鼠的生长性能,与前人的研究结果一致,其促生长作用的原因可能是:1)LBP可改善机体肠道黏膜形态结构的完整性,促进肠道对营养物质的消化与吸收[19];2)LBP可增加肠道抗氧化物酶的活性,清除氧自由基,改善氧化应激状态,提高组织抗氧化能力[20-21];3)LBP可以提高肠道的免疫性能,促进免疫细胞分化增殖及细胞因子的合成分泌[22]

肠道对于维持和改善机体健康至关重要,其中,肠道的抗氧化功能与维持肠道健康息息相关。MDA作为脂质过氧化的产物之一,其含量可以反映机体的氧化水平和自由基攻击的程度[23]。对应的,机体内会有抗氧化酶系统,包括超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、GSH-Px等,它们互相协作使自由基在体内处于动态平衡,其活性可以反映机体清除自由基的能力。Wu等[24]研究表明,给小鼠进行LBP灌喂干预后,能够清除其体内的氧自由基,防止脂质过氧化,有效提高组织抗氧化能力。Yang等[25]研究发现,LBP能抑制多形核中性粒细胞(PMN)的积累和细胞内黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)的表达,增加肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量,活化核因子(NF)-κB,引起肠道通透性和组织学变化,提高抗氧化酶活性,减少肠道氧化损伤。Ren等[26]研究发现,LBP可以提高肠道对营养物质的吸收。本试验结果表明,饲粮中添加LBP可提高断奶大鼠空肠黏膜与血清中T-AOC及血清GSH-Px活性,降低空肠黏膜与血清中MDA含量,能够有效清除自由基,抑制脂质过氧化,提高断奶大鼠机体的抗氧化能力。因此,LBP可能是通过增强机体抗氧化酶的活性,减少肠道氧化损伤,提高肠道对营养物质的吸收,进而改善动物的生长性能。

肠道黏膜的免疫系统可以防止细菌或者病毒等微生物入侵影响肠道健康,是机体的第1道防线。而肠道黏膜的免疫功能主要是免疫细胞和细胞因子在发挥作用。其中,IL-2具有刺激B淋巴细胞增殖并产生抗体,促进T淋巴细胞、NK细胞产生细胞因子等功能[27];IL-6能够使效应B淋巴细胞及T淋巴细胞发生增殖,活化CTL并可以参与炎症反应[28];IL-10可促进B细胞分化增殖。细胞免疫和体液免疫主要通过T淋巴细胞和B淋巴细胞来发挥作用的。淋巴细胞增殖对免疫应答至关重要[29]。Tan等[30]研究表明,枸杞提取物可降低饲喂高脂饲料石斑鱼肝脏中白细胞介素-8(IL-8)含量,提高IL-10含量,增加肝脏抗氧化酶活性及其基因表达,抑制肝脏炎症反应和凋亡,改善其生长性能。此外,促炎细胞因子为合成免疫效应分子会促进分解代谢[31],因此,其分泌对机体是不利的。Li[32]研究表明,LBP可以增加大鼠血清中IL-2与白细胞介素-12(IL-12)含量。本试验结果显示,在饲粮中添加LBP可显著提高断奶大鼠空肠黏膜中IL-2与IL-10的含量,但是对IL-6含量无显著影响,这与Liu等[12]的研究结果一致。由以上论述推断,LBP可能是通过调节炎性细胞因子的表达来刺激免疫细胞的增殖分化,提高机体免疫力,进而促进动物的生长性能。

免疫球蛋白指具有抗体活性的动物蛋白,可以分为IgG、IgA、IgM、免疫球蛋白D(IgD)、免疫球蛋白E(IgE)等5类,能够增强单核巨噬细胞的吞噬作用,减弱细菌毒素的毒性,激活补体,对病毒等微生物具有抗体活性,能够抑制它们繁殖,进而减少其附着在肠道黏膜上[33-35]。Li等[36]研究表明,在饲粮中添加苍术多糖可提高断奶仔猪血清中IgG和IgM含量。本试验结果表明,在饲粮中添加LBP可显著提高断奶大鼠空肠黏膜中IgA与IgG含量,这与前人的研究结果[37]一致。由此可见,LBP可以通过调节肠道黏膜免疫球蛋白的含量,增强抗体活性,减弱细菌毒素的毒性来增强机体的免疫功能,进而改善动物的生长性能。

在肠道物理屏障功能中肠道形态结构扮演着重要角色,并且影响肠道对营养物质的消化与吸收[38-39],而其完整性主要是由绒毛高度、隐窝深度及V/C等指标体现的。王园等[40]研究表明,在断奶大鼠饲粮中添加发酵麸皮多糖后可以提高其空肠绒毛高度和V/C。本试验探讨了LBP对断奶大鼠肠道形态结构的影响,结果表明,在饲粮中添加LBP可提高断奶大鼠空肠绒毛高度与V/C,降低其隐窝深度。由此可见,在饲粮中添加LBP在一定程度上可以改善断奶大鼠肠道形态结构的完整性,增强其肠道物理屏障功能,进而达到提高生长性能的效果。

4 结论

饲粮中添加4 g/kg LBP可显著提高断奶大鼠的ADG,空肠黏膜与血清中T-AOC及血清中GSH-Px活性,以及空肠黏膜中IL-2、IL-10、IgA与IgG的含量,并可显著提高空肠V/C。由此可见,饲粮中添加LBP可以提高断奶大鼠的抗氧化能力及肠黏膜免疫功能,改善肠道形态结构,进而提高生长性能。

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