动物营养学报    2021, Vol. 33 Issue (8): 4271-4284    PDF    
稻米资源在畜禽饲粮中应用的研究进展
康芳菲1,2 , 何贝贝2 , 王永伟2 , 李爱科2     
1. 中南林业科技大学食品科学与工程学院, 长沙 410018;
2. 国家粮食和物资储备局科学研究院粮食品质营养研究所, 北京 100037
摘要: 近年来,我国优质饲料资源的供需矛盾日益突出,已成为制约饲料工业可持续发展的重要因素。因此,拓宽饲料资源的种类和应用技术,对缓解优质饲料资源供需矛盾具有重要意义。稻谷作为我国产量最大的粮食作物,广泛种植于长江流域以及南方各省。若将不宜食用的超期库存稻谷合理用作畜禽能量饲料,既可缓解玉米供需波动,又能为稻谷去库存提供技术途径。本文主要综述了国内外关于稻米及其加工副产物在畜禽饲粮中应用的研究进展。
关键词: 稻米    加工副产物    库存稻谷    营养特性    畜禽生产    
Research Progress on Application of Rice Resources in Livestock and Poultry Diet
KANG Fangfei1,2 , HE Beibei2 , WANG Yongwei2 , LI Aike2     
1. College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410128, China;
2. Institute of Grain Quality and Nutrition Research, Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China
Abstract: In recent years, the imbalance between supply and demand of high-quality feed resources has become very conspicuous in China, which has become an important limiting factor for the sustainable development of feed industry. Therefore, it is of great significance to broaden the variety and application technology of feed resources to alleviate the imbalance situation. As the most productive grain crop in China, rice is widely cultivated in the Yangtze River valley and southern provinces. If overstocked and inedible rice can be reasonably used as energy feed for animals, it can not only alleviate the fluctuation of corn supply, but also provide a technical way for rice destocking. This article reviewed the research progress on application of rice and processing by-products in livestock and poultry diets.
Key words: rice    processing by-products    stored rice    nutritional property    livestock and poultry production    

稻谷是世界上主要的粮食作物之一,也是膳食碳水化合物的主要来源,在居民膳食营养中起着重要作用[1]。中国作为水稻的发源地,稻谷产量和种植面积分别居世界第一和第二。据国家统计局数据,2019年我国稻谷产量2.096 1亿t,2020年稻谷产量2.118 5亿t,我国稻谷主要用于居民食用消费,工业和饲料消费的比例较低[2]。而近年来我国政策性粮食收购数量大幅增加,粮食消费量却有所下降,导致稻谷库存不断增长。国家粮油信息中心预计,2020—2021年度全国稻谷结余1 148万t,远超合理水平,稻谷适宜储存年限在3年左右,超期库存稻谷资源合理化开发和利用亟待解决。与此同时,我国饲料业常用原料玉米和豆粕则面临着供需紧张和周期波动的突出问题,急需寻求替代解决途径。稻谷营养价值与玉米相近,采用库存稻谷及其加工副产物部分替代畜禽饲粮中的玉米和豆粕,可以减轻玉米和豆粕进口的压力,应用潜力巨大,但如何实现库存稻谷在畜禽饲粮中的合理应用仍有很多问题亟需研究。本文将着重阐述稻米及其加工副产物的营养价值及其在畜禽生产中应用的研究进展。

1 稻米资源的营养特性 1.1 稻谷、糙米和玉米的营养价值比较

我国水稻按品种可分为粳稻和籼稻,按播种季节可分为早稻、中稻和晚稻。稻谷主要由稻壳和糙米组成,其中稻壳约占稻谷重量的20%,粗纤维含量高达40%。稻谷脱壳后所得的糙米由果皮、种皮、外胚乳、胚乳及胚组成,种皮含有戊聚糖等非淀粉多糖,胚乳除含少量蛋白质外,主要成分是淀粉。

表 1可以看出,稻谷粗纤维含量高于玉米和糙米,有效能值低于玉米。糙米除粗纤维含量低于玉米外,必需氨基酸(除组氨酸和亮氨酸外)含量高于玉米,氨基酸消化率与玉米相近,亚油酸和亚麻酸的比例大约是玉米的2倍。糙米的总淀粉含量略高于玉米,直链淀粉含量低于玉米[3-4],其淀粉颗粒较小(3~8 μm),与玉米相比更易消化[5-6]。由此可见,糙米的营养价值与玉米接近。有研究表明,稻谷在饲粮中添加比例过高会对动物的生长性能产生不利影响,而糙米的饲用效果优于稻谷,用糙米替代玉米是可行的[7]

表 1 稻米和玉米的主要营养成分含量(饲喂基础) Table 1 Main nutritional component contents of rice and corn (as-fed basis) 
1.2 稻谷加工副产物的营养价值

稻谷制米过程中会产生一系列副产物,主要有碎米(2%~3%)、米糠(约6.4%)和大米次粉(2.0%~2.5%)[9](图 1)。其中,碎米为加工过程中大米被碾碎所形成的,其粗蛋白质含量高于稻谷[10]。米糠是大米碾米过程中产生的糙米外皮,主要包括种皮、糊粉层和外胚乳[11],含粗蛋白质12.8%、粗纤维5.7%、粗脂肪16.5%、无氮浸出物44.5%、粗灰分7.3%,是一种良好的膳食纤维来源,还富含矿物质及生育酚、角鲨烯等多种生理活性物质[12]。脱脂米糠是米糠脱脂后得到的副产物,含粗蛋白质15.0%、粗脂肪9.2%、粗纤维20.9%、无氮浸出物49.3%、粗灰分13.0%[13-15]。大米次粉是大米加工过程中去除米糠后得到的粉状物,多为淀粉(80%)和蛋白质(8%)的混合物[16-17]。米糠等稻米加工副产物已在畜禽养殖中广泛使用[18-19]

图 1 稻谷的加工工艺流程 Fig. 1 Processing technology flow of rice

米糠和碎米等副产物可以用来制备大米蛋白。大米蛋白与大豆蛋白相比抗营养因子含量较低[20-21],氨基酸组成较均衡,含有多种微量元素、生物活性物质等[22],营养价值高[23-24]。大米蛋白粉可以按一定比例替代早期断奶仔猪饲粮中的乳清蛋白粉。

1.3 库存稻谷的营养价值

粮食的品质会随着储藏时间的延长及温度、湿度等储藏条件的变化发生一系列改变[25],如陈化小麦和陈化玉米中酶活性和淀粉含量降低、脂肪酸值升高、蛋白质结构发生改变[26]。有关库存稻谷品质变化的研究较多,例如稻谷在储存期间蛋白质的总量基本保持不变,水溶性和盐溶性蛋白质比例下降,谷蛋白平均分子质量增加[27-28],部分巯基(-SH)被氧化成二硫键(-S-S-),非淀粉粒蛋白与淀粉相互作用增强形成致密网状结构,限制了淀粉粒的膨胀,降低了蛋白质和淀粉的可消化性[29-30];同时,随着稻谷蛋白质空间构象的改变,赖氨酸和色氨酸等氨基酸极易发生氧化[31]。陈化稻谷中总淀粉含量变化较小,但不溶性直链淀粉比例增加、支链淀粉比例降低,淀粉在陈化过程中氢键形成高晶格化微束,影响淀粉的消化利用[32]。稻谷中脂质的含量较低,占1%~3%,但在储存过程中脂质易发生氧化产生游离脂肪酸和醛、酮类物质[33],直接导致稻米品质劣变和酸败,因此,与蛋白质和淀粉相比,脂质对稻谷的影响更大。此外,稻谷在较差的储存条件下可能产生玉米赤霉烯酮、黄曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素、单端孢霉烯族毒素等真菌毒素[34-35],当其含量超过国家卫生标准时,禁止在食品和饲粮中使用。

2 稻米资源的抗营养特性及营养改善措施 2.1 稻谷和糙米

稻谷的抗营养因子主要是水溶性非淀粉多糖(如β-葡聚糖和阿拉伯木聚糖)、纤维素、木质素,大部分存在于稻壳中,少量存在于种皮和糊粉层中,胚乳中含量较低[36]。稻谷中的此类抗营养因子会显著降低畜禽对营养物质的消化吸收。非淀粉多糖是限制稻谷在畜禽饲粮中大量使用的主要原因,可通过稻谷去壳、减少稻谷添加量和在饲粮中添加酶制剂等方法进行改善。稻壳中还含有胰蛋白酶抑制剂和植物凝集素等热敏性抗营养因子,可通过热处理使其失活[37]。糙米是稻谷脱壳后的颖果,与稻谷相比含有较少的抗营养因子,较精米含有更高的营养成分。糙米含有少量的植酸和胰蛋白酶抑制剂,会降低矿物质和蛋白质的消化吸收,可采用糙米酵素法、发芽法去除[38-39]。为了克服稻谷作为饲料原料在其营养价值上的缺陷,近年来很多研究集中于通过使用外源酶制剂、预混料和浓缩料配制技术或添加少量高能物质,以提高稻谷的饲用价值。

2.2 稻谷加工副产物

米糠中的抗营养因子主要集中在米糠的外皮部分[40-41],有非淀粉多糖(25%~30%)、植酸(5.5%~7.5%)[42]、胰蛋白酶抑制因子、植物凝集素、生长抑制因子等。非淀粉多糖是对家禽消化代谢产生负面影响的主要因素[43],将米糠添加到蛋鸡[44]、肉鸡[45]饲粮中会显著降低其生产性能。此外,米糠中植酸的含量较高[43],单胃动物小肠中由于不含植酸酶[46],植酸会抑制肠道对蛋白质、矿物质的消化和吸收,在米糠中添加植酸酶可以显著改善其营养价值[47]。常见的消除米糠中抗营养因子的方法有加热法、浸泡法、化学法、生物学法(添加酶制剂法和育种法)、限制喂量法。大米加工过程中的碎米和大米次粉等其他副产物也存在与米糠类似的抗营养因子,大量应用到饲粮中时也应考虑其抗营养因子的负面作用。

2.3 库存稻谷

在库存稻谷营养成分和毒素含量符合相关国家标准时,可以通过不同的加工处理方式和使用饲料添加剂等来改善库存稻谷的营养价值。例如,针对陈化稻谷淀粉结构改变和消化率降低的问题,可采用挤压膨化技术提高畜禽对淀粉的消化率[32],该技术对玉米[48]、大豆[49]等其他谷物也有类似的改善效果。饲喂长期储存的粮食会降低畜禽的免疫功能和抗氧化功能[50-51],而通过添加抗氧化剂则可以显著改善脂肪氧化对畜禽造成的不利影响[52]。常用的抗氧化剂有维生素E、茶多酚等,它们在提高机体抗氧化功能的同时还可提高畜禽的生长性能[53]。除此之外,库存稻谷在畜禽饲粮中应用时可采用添加吸附剂等方法进行霉菌毒素的脱毒[54],水合铝硅酸钠钙、活性炭是常见的饲料霉菌毒素脱毒吸附剂,通过水合铝硅酸钠钙可有效降低黄曲霉毒素含量,而活性炭可有效降低玉米赤霉烯酮含量[55]

3 稻米资源在畜禽和水产动物生产中的应用 3.1 稻谷和糙米在家禽生产中的应用

有研究表明,稻谷替代玉米的比例在40%~50%时对肉鸡的料重比、屠宰性能无显著影响[56-57],而当替代比例达到100%时,肉鸡的增重、腹脂率显著降低[7, 56]。糙米替代玉米的比例在40%~50%时对肉鸡的生长性能有提高作用[57-58],当糙米替代玉米比例大于50%时,肉鸡对糙米中各种营养成分的表观利用率和真利用率高于玉米[59-60],生长性能得到改善。也有研究表明,糙米部分或完全替代玉米对肉鸡的生长性能无显著影响[57, 61](表 2)。对蛋鸡而言,生长阶段用稻谷和糙米替代50%~100%的玉米对蛋鸡的采食量、日增重、饲料转化率和产蛋性能均无显著影响(表 3)。

表 2 稻谷和糙米替代玉米对肉鸡生长性能和胴体性状的影响 Table 2 Effects of corn replacement by paddy and brown rice on growth performance and carcass traits of broilers
表 3 稻谷和糙米替代玉米对蛋鸡生产性能的影响 Table 3 Effects of corn replacement by paddy and brown rice on performance of laying hens

饲粮谷物结构对家禽肠道形态和发育具有重要的影响。有研究证明,适当的提高饲粮中不溶性纤维的含量可以促进营养物质与消化酶之间的接触,因此稻谷型饲粮可能比玉米型饲粮更有益于肉鸡肠道的健康[62-63]。而饲喂稻谷和糙米型饲粮的肉鸡的胃pH低于饲喂玉米型饲粮的肉鸡,可能是稻谷和糙米中较高含量的纤维通过机械感受器刺激前肠系膜产生更多盐酸,从而降低了胃肠道上部的pH[64-65]。此外,用稻谷和糙米替代饲粮中的玉米有助于肉鸡回肠绒毛高度和隐窝深度比值的增加[66]

3.2 稻谷和糙米在家畜生产中的应用

稻谷和糙米替代玉米作为能量饲料在家畜上的饲用效果见表 4。有研究表明,稻谷替代玉米比例为70%、100%时会对猪的生长性能产生不利影响,具体表现为猪的采食量下降,营养物质消化率降低,腹泻率升高,可通过添加酶制剂改善这一情况,达到与普通玉米相当的饲养效果[73]。大部分研究选择采用糙米替代玉米,且随着糙米替代玉米比例的增加,育肥猪的日增重和料重比得到改善[74]。糙米替代玉米比例为40%、50%时可提高猪的瘦肉率和屠宰性能[75],替代比例为100%时可提高猪的氨基酸消化率和生长速度[76]。也有研究表明糙米替代玉米的比例为50%、100%时饲养效果差异均不显著[75, 77]

表 4 稻谷和糙米替代玉米对猪生长性能的影响 Table 4 Effects of corn replacement by paddy and brown rice on growth performance of pigs

与玉米相比,糙米对家畜生产性能有所改善的原因可能是糙米中异亮氨酸和亮氨酸的平衡比玉米更好,异亮氨酸在低异亮氨酸饲粮中发挥重要作用,并可能影响断奶仔猪的生长性能[78]。此外,糙米粗纤维含量比玉米低,有利于猪对饲粮养分的吸收和利用。而糙米适口性较玉米差,且叶黄素含量较玉米低[79],添加到断奶仔猪饲粮中时可采取将糙米磨得更细或调整预混料等措施进行改善[70]

3.3 稻谷加工副产物在畜禽和水产动物生产中的应用

米糠、脱脂米糠、大米次粉都是良好的饲料原料(表 5),然而,稻谷加工副产物中的抗营养因子会影响饲养效果,生产中可通过添加酶制剂进行改善。目前,米糠在畜禽饲粮中的添加量在1%~50%,随着米糠和脱脂米糠添加量的增加,饲养效果下降,具体表现在消化能、代谢能的下降和采食量的降低[85-86]。饲粮中米糠添加量为34.8%时,对生长猪的日增重、屠宰性能等无显著影响,但可改善猪肉脂肪酸组成[85],促进猪的肠道健康[87]。研究表明,米糠和酶制剂同时添加可以提高肉鸡的生长性能[88]、蛋鸡的蛋品质和产蛋率[89-90],改善猪肉品质[91-92]和猪的生长性能[93-94]。大米次粉应用于家畜饲养的研究较少,当添加量为20%、50%时,猪的料重比呈下降趋势,但差异不显著[19]

表 5 稻谷加工副产物对畜禽生长或生产性能的影响 Table 5 Effects of by-products of rice processing on growth or production performance of livestock and poultry

除此之外,大米蛋白粉可以替代鱼粉应用于水产养殖中[95],改善水产养殖中鱼粉供应不足的问题[96]。有研究表明,在虹鳟和黑头鲷饲料中添加20%的大米蛋白粉时饲养效果良好[97];在黄鳝饲料中添加50%~70%的大米蛋白粉替代鱼粉可显著提高肝脏脂蛋白酶、肝脂酶和总脂酶活性[98];大米蛋白粉应用于凡纳滨对虾饲料时最多可以替代60%的鱼粉[99]

3.4 库存稻谷在畜禽生产中的应用

目前,关于库存稻谷在畜禽饲粮中应用的研究较少。在家禽上的研究表明,采用储存7年的陈化稻糙米替代肉鸭饲粮中70%的玉米,对肉鸭日增重和料重比无显著影响[100]。在猪上的研究表明,储存3年的糙米与新收获糙米在营养成分含量无明显差异,且对断奶仔猪和生长猪的生长性能无不良影响[101]

有关库存玉米在畜禽饲粮中应用的研究较多。例如,有研究表明,在较好的储藏条件下,储藏3年的玉米饲喂仔猪可取得与当年收获玉米相同的效果[25]。在家禽上的研究表明,储存较好的陈化玉米对肉鸭和肉鸡的采食量、料重比无显著影响[102-103]。储存不当的陈化玉米脂质发生氧化且含有较高的赤霉烯酮和麦角素等毒素,不仅会影响猪肉的品质[104-105],对断奶仔猪的生长性能也造成负面影响[106],应用于母猪饲粮还会对母猪的繁殖性能造成不利影响[107-108]

5 小结

本文主要综述了国内外关于稻谷及其加工副产物、库存稻谷的营养价值、抗营养特性及相应改善措施,以及在畜禽饲粮中的应用情况。稻谷、糙米和稻谷加工副产物具有较高的营养价值,在一定条件下可合理应用于畜禽饲粮中,具有和玉米相当的饲喂效果。在使用库存稻谷时应重点关注稻谷的储藏条件及储存时间对其营养成分、霉菌毒素含量以及脂质和蛋白质氧化的影响,在母猪及断奶仔猪饲粮中应谨慎使用库存稻谷。此外,针对稻谷及其加工副产物中粗纤维、非淀粉多糖和其他抗营养因子含量较高的问题,以及库存稻谷在畜禽饲粮中的应用效果,仍有待进一步研究。

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