动物营养学报    2021, Vol. 33 Issue (8): 4549-4559    PDF    
饲粮中添加不同比例黄芪副产物对绵羊屠宰性能、内脏器官发育及肉品质的影响
尹德成1 , 陈智丽2 , 马友记1,3 , 王霞1 , 严晓暻4 , 安雪姣1     
1. 甘肃农业大学动物科学技术学院, 兰州 730070;
2. 新疆维吾尔族自治区哈密市伊吾县林业和草原局, 哈密 839300;
3. 甘肃省动物生殖生理与繁殖调控重点实验室, 兰州 730070;
4. 天祝藏族自治县东大滩人民政府, 天祝 733200
摘要: 本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同比例黄芪副产物对绵羊屠宰性能、内脏器官发育及肉品质的影响。选取3月龄、体重(27.43±3.61) kg的健康澳洲白羊和湖羊杂交F1代公羔68只,随机分为4组,每组17只羊。各组分别在基础饲粮中添加0(对照)、2%、4%、6%的黄芪副产物。预试期10 d,正试期60 d。结果表明:1)2%组的左半胴体重显著高于对照组和6%组(P < 0.05),与4%组差异不显著(P>0.05)。2%组和4%组的宰前活重高于对照组,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。2)4%组的眼肌面积显著高于其他各组(P < 0.05),2%组、4%组和6%组的失水率显著高于对照组(P < 0.05)。各组之间肉色、大理石纹评分、pH、剪切力、GR值和熟肉率差异不显著(P>0.05)。3)2%组的背最长肌粗蛋白质含量显著高于其他各组(P < 0.05),水分含量显著低于其他各组(P < 0.05)。2%组的背最长肌粗脂肪含量显著高于对照组和6%组(P < 0.05)。4)各组之间内脏系数和胃肠指标差异不显著(P>0.05)。5)各组之间股二头肌n3系多不饱和脂肪酸(n3PUFA)含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。2%组和6%组的股二头肌n6系多不饱和脂肪酸(n6PUFA)含量显著低于对照组(P < 0.05)。2%组的股二头肌单不饱和脂肪酸含量(MUFA)含量显著高于对照组(P < 0.05)。4%组的股二头肌多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量显著高于其他各组(P < 0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中添加不同比例的黄芪副产物对绵羊的屠宰性能、肉品质和风味有一定的促进作用,且2%添加比例的效果较好。
关键词: 绵羊    黄芪副产物    屠宰性能    胃肠指标    肉品质    
Effects of Dietary Different Proportions of Astragalus By-Products on Slaughter Performance, Visceral Organ Development and Meat Quality of Sheep
YIN Decheng1 , CHEN Zhili2 , MA Youji1,3 , WANG Xia1 , YAN Xiaojing4 , AN Xuejiao1     
1. College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
2. Forestry and Grassland Bureau of Yiwu County, Hami City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Hami 839300, China;
3. Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China;
4. Dongdatan People's Government of Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, Tianzhu 733200, China
Abstract: This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary different proportions of Astragalus by-products on slaughter performance, visceral organ development and meat quality of sheep. Sixty-eight 3-month-old healthy Australian white×Hu sheep crossbred F1 male lamb of with similar body weight of (27.43±3.61) kg were randomly divided into 4 groups with 17 sheep per group. Sheep in 4 group were fed basal diets supplemented with 0 (control), 2%, 4% and 6% Astragalus by-products, respectively. The pre-experimental period lasted for 10 days, and the experimental period lasted for 60 days. The results showed as follows: 1) the left half carcass weight of 2% group was significantly higher than that of control group and 6% group (P < 0.05), but had no significant difference with 4% group (P>0.05). The body weight before slaughter of 2% group and 4% group was higher than that of the control group, but the difference was not significant (P>0.05). 2) The loin-eye area of 4% group was significantly higher than that of other groups (P < 0.05), and the water loss rate of 2% group, 4% group and 6% group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in meat color, marbling scoring, pH, shear force, GR value and cooked meat rate among all groups (P>0.05). 3) The longissimus dorsi muscle crude protein content of 2% group was significantly higher than that of other groups (P < 0.05), and the moisture content was significantly lower than that of other groups (P < 0.05). The longissimus dorsi muscle ether extract content of 2% group was significantly higher than that of control group and 6% group (P < 0.05). 4) There were no significant differences in visceral coefficients and gastrointestinal parameters among all groups (P>0.05). 5) There was no significant difference in biceps femoris n3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n3PUFA) content among all groups (P>0.05). The biceps femoris n6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n6PUFA) content of 2% group and 6% group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05). The biceps femoris monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content of 2% group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05). The biceps femoris polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content of 4% group was significantly higher than that of other groups (P < 0.05). It is concluded that adding different proportions of Astragalus by-products in diets have a certain positive effect on the slaughter performance, meat quality and flavor of sheep, and the effect of 2% proportion is better.
Key words: sheep    Astragalus by-products    slaughter performance    gastrointestinal index    meat quality    

中草药在长期使用过程中表现出安全、毒副作用小、不会产生耐药性等优点,已成为抗生素的重要替代物。然而,中草药在加工过程中产生的大量非药用部位未得到有效利用,造成资源浪费。研究发现,部分非药用部位与药用部位的化学成分相似,营养物质丰富[1-2]。黄芪是一味传统的中草药,主要成分是皂苷、黄酮和多糖。黄芪提取物及其分离成分具有良好的体内外生物活性,包括细胞保护、抗感染、抗炎、抗氧化、抗肿瘤和免疫增强等功效[3-5]。研究发现,黄芪多糖可以改善骨质疏松症的肠道菌群变化,增强机体的免疫力[6-7]。饲粮中添加黄芪、当归等中草药可以促进绵羊脂肪、血糖和能量代谢,增强瘤胃发酵模式[8-9]。此外,黄芪多糖还可以提高畜禽肉品质,防止畜禽疾病,可以有效减少兽药残留,从而保证了食品质量[10]。在黄芪加工过程中,产生大量的下角料造成了资源浪费,黄芪副产物是黄芪生产过程中产生的下角料,营养成分齐全[11]。目前,关于黄芪副产物用于动物饲粮的研究相对较少。本试验通过在基础饲粮中添加不同比例的黄芪副产物,研究其对绵羊屠宰性能、肉品质、内脏系数、胃肠指标、肌肉常规养分和肌脂肪酸含量的影响,为进一步研究黄芪副产物用作动物饲料添加剂提供依据。

1 材料与方法 1.1 试验设计

选取3月龄左右、体重(27.43±3.61) kg的健康澳洲白羊和湖羊杂交F1代公羔68只,随机分为4组,每组17只羊。各组分别在基础饲粮中添加0(对照)、2%、4%和6%的黄芪副产物。黄芪副产物购自某医药公司,经检测黄芪副产物中黄芪总多糖、总皂苷及总黄酮含量分别为13.94、0.82和1.35 mg/g。黄芪副产物营养水平见表 1,基础饲粮组成及营养水平见表 2

表 1 黄芪副产物营养水平(干物质基础) Table 1 Nutrient levels of Astragalus by-product (DM basis)  
表 2 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础) Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (DM basis) 
1.2 饲养管理

试验开始前对试验羊进行防疫、驱虫,清扫试验圈舍并消毒,试验羊分组饲养,各组饲养环境条件基本一致。预试期10 d,正试期60 d。每日饲喂2次(早、晚各1次),羊只自由采食、自由饮水,饲养期间定期驱虫免疫,按时清扫圈舍,以保持圈舍环境卫生清洁。

1.3 样品采集与测定

试验结束后,每组挑选3只羊进行屠宰(宰前24 h禁食,宰前12 h停止饮水),采集背最长肌与股二头肌组织样品。分离心脏、肝脏、肺脏、肾脏、肾周脂肪、瘤胃,称重并计算各器官重占宰前活重的百分比,即为内脏系数。分离瘤胃、网胃、瓣胃、皱胃、小肠及大肠,称重并测量小肠和大肠长度。

1.4 测定指标及方法 1.4.1 黄芪副产物及基础饲粮营养水平

黄芪副产物及基础饲粮中干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、钙和磷含量分别参照GB/T 6435—2014[14]、GB/T 6432—1994[15]、GB/T 6433—2006[16]、GB/T 6438—1992[17]、GB/T 20806—2006[18]、NY/T 1459—2007[19]、GB/T 6437—2002[20]和GB/T 6436—2002[21]的方法测定。

1.4.2 屠宰性能

参照刘树林等[22]的方法测定屠宰性能。胴体重是屠宰放血后,去除毛皮、头、内脏及前肢膝关节和后肢趾关节以下的部分后,整个躯体静置30 min后的重量;屠宰率是测量胴体重,并计算其占羊宰前活重(宰前空腹24 h)的百分比;眼肌面积是测量左侧胴体倒数第1与第2肋骨之间背最长肌的横切面积;GR值是用游标卡尺测量左侧胴体倒数第1与第2肋骨之间,距离背脊中线11 cm处的组织厚度。屠宰率和眼肌面积计算公式如下:

左半胴体重:屠宰放血后,剥去毛皮,除去头、内脏及前肢膝关节和后肢趾关节以下部分后,沿背中线分割,左半边躯体(包括肾脏及其周围脂肪)静置30 min后,测定其重量;净肉重是测量胴体精细剔除骨头后余下的净肉重量。要求在剔肉后的骨头上附着的肉量及耗损的肉屑量不能超过300 g;净肉率是计算精细剔骨后的净肉重占宰前活重的百分比;肉骨比是左半胴体经称重后进行骨肉分离,分离后的肌肉和骨骼分别称重;熟肉率是在屠宰羊只的背最长肌处切取截面为1 cm的肉条,在80 ℃水浴中加热至中心温度为70 ℃,冷却至室温后进行测定并读数。净肉率和肉骨比计算公式如下:

1.4.3 肉品质测定

参照蒋红琴[23]的方法进行测定背最长肌pH、大理石纹评分、蒸煮损失、滴水损失、失水率和肉色。

背最长肌中水分含量参照GB/T 5009.3—2010[24]的方法进行测定,粗蛋白质含量参照GB 5009.5—2010[25]的方法进行测定,粗脂肪含量参照GB/T 9695.7—2008[26]的方法进行测定。

股二头肌中脂肪酸含量参照安雪姣等[27]的方法进行测定,用气相色谱仪对肌内脂肪酸组成及含量进行检测,记录出峰顺序和时间,结合脂肪酸甲酯标准品的相对保留时间鉴定样品的脂肪酸,按照峰面积归一化法计算各脂肪酸的相对含量。

1.5 数据处理与分析

利用Excel 2010进行数据整理,采用SPSS 21.0软件进行单因素方差分析检验,使用Duncan氏法进行组间数据的多重比较,结果用平均值±标准差(mean±SD)表示,P < 0.05表示差异显著。

2 结果 2.1 饲粮中添加不同比例黄芪副产物对绵羊屠宰性能的影响

表 3可知,2%组的绵羊左半胴体重显著高于对照组和6%组(P < 0.05),与4%组差异不显著(P>0.05)。2%组和4%组的绵羊宰前活重高于对照组,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。各组之间绵羊的左半胴体肉重、屠宰率、肉骨比差异不显著(P>0.05)。

表 3 饲粮中添加不同比例黄芪副产物对绵羊屠宰性能的影响 Table 3 Effects of dietary different proportions of Astragalus by-products on slaughter performance of sheep (n=3)
2.2 饲粮中添加不同比例黄芪副产物对绵羊肉品质的影响

表 4可知,4%组的眼肌面积显著高于其他各组(P < 0.05),2%组、4%组和6%组的失水率显著高于对照组(P < 0.05)。各组之间肉色、大理石纹评分、pH、剪切力、GR值和熟肉率差异不显著(P>0.05)。

表 4 饲粮中添加不同比例黄芪副产物对绵羊肉品质的影响 Table 4 Effects of dietary different proportions of Astragalus by-products on meat quality of sheep (n=3)
2.3 饲粮中添加不同比例黄芪副产物对绵羊内脏系数的影响

表 5可知,2%组、4%组和6%组绵羊的肝脏、肺脏、肾脏和肾周脂肪系数均高于对照组,但各组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。

表 5 饲粮中添加不同比例黄芪副产物对绵羊内脏系数的影响 Table 5 Effects of dietary different proportions of Astragalus by-products on visceral coefficients of sheep (n=3)  
2.4 饲粮中添加不同比例黄芪副产物对绵羊胃肠指标的影响

表 6可知,2%组绵羊的瘤胃重、胃部总重、胃内容物重、小肠总重、小肠总长和大肠内容物重均高于对照组,但各组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。

表 6 不同比例的黄芪副产物对绵羊胃肠指标的影响 Table 6 Effects of dietary different proportions of Astragalus by-products on gastrointestinal parameters of sheep (n=3)
2.5 饲粮中添加不同比例黄芪副产物对绵羊背最长肌常规养分含量的影响

表 7可知,2%组的绵羊背最长肌粗蛋白质含量显著高于其他各组(P < 0.05),而水分含量显著低于其他各组(P < 0.05)。2%组的绵羊背最长肌粗脂肪含量显著高于对照组和6%组(P < 0.05),与4%组差异不显著(P>0.05);4%组的绵羊最长肌粗脂肪含量显著高于对照组(P < 0.05),与6%组差异不显著(P>0.05)。

表 7 饲粮中添加不同比例黄芪副产物对绵羊背最长肌常规养分含量的影响 Table 7 Effects of dietary different proportions of Astragalus by-products on longissimus muscle conventional nutrient content of sheep (n=3)  
2.6 饲粮中添加不同比例黄芪副产物对绵羊股二头肌脂肪酸含量的影响

表 8可知,2%组的绵羊股二头肌棕榈酸(C16:0)、十三烷酸(C13:0)含量显著高于对照组(P < 0.05),6%组的绵羊股二头肌C13:0含量显著高于对照组(P < 0.05)。2%组的绵羊股二头肌十七碳烯酸(C17:1)和油酸(C18:1n9c)含量显著高于对照组(P < 0.05),4%组的绵羊股二头肌花生四烯酸(C20:4n6)含量显著高于对照组和2%组(P < 0.05)。各组之间绵羊股二头肌亚油酸(C18:2n6c)、α-亚麻酸(C18:3n3)含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。各组之间绵羊股二头肌n3系多不饱和脂肪酸(n3PUFA)含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。2%组和6%组的绵羊股二头肌n6系多不饱和脂肪酸(n6PUFA)含量显著低于对照组(P < 0.05),而4%组的绵羊股二头肌n6PUFA含量与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。2%组的绵羊股二头肌单不饱和脂肪酸含量(MUFA)含量显著高于对照组(P < 0.05),与4%组和6%组差异不显著(P>0.05)。4%组的绵羊股二头肌多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量显著高于其他各组(P < 0.05)。

表 8 饲粮中添加不同比例黄芪副产物对绵羊股二头肌脂肪酸含量的影响 Table 8 Effects of dietary different proportions of Astragalus by-products on biceps femoris fatty acid contents of sheep (n=3)  
3 讨论

黄芪中发挥有益功效的主要成分是皂苷、黄酮和多糖,具有抗氧化、抗衰老、抗炎以及保护心脏和神经等功能,并在伤口愈合、动物生长和免疫调节中发挥重要作用[3]。屠宰性能反映畜禽饲养管理水平,是动物生长性能的重要依据[28]。研究表明,黄芪多糖能促进动物对饲粮氨基酸的消化和吸收,并改变小肠和其他组织中氨基酸的分解代谢,促进畜禽的生长,同时可以通过促进免疫器官的发育而改善畜禽的免疫性能[29-30]。肉鸡饲粮中添加黄芪多糖能够提高肉鸡的生长性能和屠宰性能[31-32]。张春香等[33]研究发现,黄芪对动物生长性能的影响存在剂量-效应关系,饲粮中适宜的黄芪添加量可以提高动物的生长性能,添加1%的黄芪显著增加了日增重,而当黄芪添加量不足或过高时对动物生长无显著影响。同样有研究表明,饲粮中添加10 g/kg黄芪根粉(AMP)能够提高羔羊的日增重[34]。本试验在饲粮中添加2%、4%和6%的黄芪副产物显著提高了绵羊左半胴体重,且饲粮中添加2%的黄芪副产物在一定程度上改善了绵羊的宰前活重、屠宰率和净肉率等,但效果不显著,这些结果表明饲粮中添加黄芪副产物对绵羊的屠宰性能有一定的促进作用,其中2%添加比例促进作用较好。张春香等[33]分别在基础饲粮中添加0、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%和3.0%的黄芪,以探寻育肥绵羊饲粮中黄芪适宜的添加量,结果发现饲粮中添加1%的黄芪效果最好,而随着黄芪添加量的增加,效果反而越差。王宪举等[35]研究发现,藏羊饲粮中添加2%、5%和8%的黄芪粉可以显著增加藏羊的干物质采食量,改善其屠宰性能,其中5%的作用效果较好。但王霞等[1]研究发现,饲粮中添加2%、4%和6%的黄芪副产物后绵羊各组间平均干物质采食量和平均日增重差异不显著。本试验中,饲粮中添加2%的黄芪副产物对绵羊的屠宰性能的作用效果比4%和6%好,可能是随着黄芪副产物添加比例的增加,动物采食的次生功能性物质也增加,在一定程度上掩盖了黄芪多糖等有益成分的促进作用,从而抑制了家畜营养利用。

肌肉中水分含量能够反映肉的多汁性,粗蛋白质和粗脂肪是肉中营养物质具有代表性的指标,适量的脂肪能提升肌肉的口感、嫩度和风味[36]。本试验研究发现,饲粮中添加不同比例的黄芪副产物可提高绵羊背肌中粗蛋白质和粗脂肪含量,2%组绵羊背最长肌粗蛋白质含量显著高于其他各组。研究发现,饲粮添加黄芪、党参和大蒜素混合物对仔猪的生长性能、养分消化率和肉品质均有一定的改善作用[37]。王宪举[35]等研究发现,饲粮添加黄芪粉可以改善藏羊羊肉的肉品质。本试验在饲粮中添加不同比例黄芪副产物后,2%组的肉品质指标较对照组有一定的改善,但眼肌面积、肉色、大理石纹评分、pH、剪切力、GR值、熟肉率在各组之间无显著差异,与上述研究结果不一致,这可能是试验羊品种不同造成的,也有可能与本试验用于肉品质测定的羊只数量较少有关。苏凤艳等[38]研究发现,饲粮中添加复方黄芪能够促进鹌鹑的生长性能,对鹌鹑内脏器官的发育无显著影响。本试验中,饲粮中添加黄芪副产物后,绵羊的内脏系数有所增大,但各组之间无显著差异,与上述研究结论基本一致。

肌肉中脂肪酸组成与肉品质关系紧密,它能够确定肉产品的营养价值,对改善肉类食品的风味、提高食用价值具有重要意义[39]。脂肪主要分为饱和脂肪酸(SFA)和不饱和脂肪酸(UFA),UFA又分为MUFA和PUFA。SFA是绵羊脂肪酸中重要的组成部分,肉豆蔻酸(C14:0)和C16:0都有提高血液胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白含量的作用[27]。在本试验中,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加2%黄芪副产物显著提高了绵羊股二头肌C16:0含量,说明饲粮中添加一定比例的黄芪副产物可以有效提高绵羊脂肪酸中C16:0含量。研究发现,UFA的营养价值很高,MUFA含量与肉的香味呈正相关,而PUFA影响风味物质的组成,n3PUFA和n6PUFA与人体健康紧密联系[27]。本试验结果发现,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加2%的黄芪副产物提高了股二头肌MUFA的含量,饲粮中添加4%的黄芪副产物提高了股二头肌PUFA含量,说明一定比例的黄芪副产物能有效提高脂肪酸中MUFA和PUFA含量;饲粮中添加不同比例黄芪副产物对n3PUFA含量的影响不显著,饲粮中添加2%和6%的黄芪副产物显著降低了股二头肌n6PUFA的含量,表明不同比例的黄芪副产物对n3PUFA和n6PUFA的促进作用不明显,甚至有一定的抑制作用,具体原因需进一步研究。总体上,本试验结果与王梦迪等[40]关于黄芪多糖能够增加肌肉UFA含量的研究结果基本一致,说明黄芪副产物可以在一定程度上改善肉品质及风味。

4 结论

饲粮中添加黄芪副产物可在一定程度上提高绵羊的宰前活重和左半胴体重等屠宰性能指标,同时能提高肌肉中粗脂肪、粗蛋白质含量,从而改善肉品质和风味,其中饲粮中添加2%黄芪副产物的作用效果较好。

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