动物营养学报    2021, Vol. 33 Issue (8): 4740-4747    PDF    
沙葱精油对肉羊体外瘤胃发酵和底物干物质降解率的影响
赵亚星1 , 白晨1 , 敖长金1 , 吕可欣1 , 徐珊珊1 , 王晓渊1 , 包志碧2     
1. 内蒙古农业大学动物科学学院, 内蒙古自治区高校动物营养与饲料科学重点实验室, 呼和浩特 010018;
2. 内蒙古自治区巴彦淖尔市畜牧工作站, 巴彦淖尔 015000
摘要: 本试验旨在研究沙葱精油对肉羊体外瘤胃发酵和底物干物质(DM)降解率的影响,以期为沙葱精油在肉羊体内试验提供参考。试验采取单因素完全随机试验设计,在发酵瓶(100 mL)中添加2 g底物,并分别添加0(对照组)、0.02(T1组)、0.04(T2组)、0.06(T3组)、0.08(T4组)、0.10(T5组)和0.12 mg(T6组)的沙葱精油。每个培养瓶中加入10 mL瘤胃液和20 mL瘤胃缓冲液,体外培养24 h,每组设3个重复。发酵完成后,测定发酵液pH和氨态氮(NH3-N)、微生物蛋白(MCP)、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度及底物DM降解率。结果表明:在体外培养24 h后,T2、T3、T4、T6组的发酵液pH显著低于对照组(P < 0.05);T1、T2、T3组的发酵液NH3-N浓度显著高于对照组(P < 0.05),T4组的发酵液NH3-N浓度显著低于对照组(P < 0.05);T4组的发酵液MCP浓度显著高于对照组(P < 0.05);T4组的发酵液丁酸和戊酸浓度显著高于对照组(P < 0.05),T1、T2、T3、T4、T5、T6组的发酵液总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)浓度显著高于对照组(P < 0.05);T4和T5组的底物DM降解率显著高于对照组(P < 0.05)。由此可见,沙葱精油对肉羊体外瘤胃发酵有积极影响,添加0.08 mg沙葱精油显著减低了发酵液pH和NH3-N浓度,显著提高了发酵液MCP、丁酸、戊酸、TVFA浓度以及底物DM降解率。
关键词: 沙葱    精油    肉羊    体外    发酵    
Effects of Allium mongolicum Regel Essential Oil on in Vitro Rumen Fermentation and Substrate Dry Matter Degradation Rate of Sheep
ZHAO Yaxing1 , BAI Chen1 , AO Changjin1 , LYU Kexin1 , XU Shanshan1 , WANG Xiaoyuan1 , BAO Zhibi2     
1. Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China;
2. Animal Husbandry Workstation for Bayannaoer, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Bayannaoer 015000, China
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to study the effects of Allium mongolicum Regel essential oil on in vitro rumen fermentation and substrate dry matter (DM) degradation rate of sheep, and to provide a reference for Allium mongolicum Regel essential oil in sheep experiment in vivo. A single factor completely randomized trial design was adopted, in the fermentation bottle (100 mL), 2 g substrate was added, and added 0, 0.02 (T1 group), 0.04 (T2 group), 0.06 (T3 group), 0.08 (T4 group), 0.10 (T5 group) and 0.12 mg (T6 group) Allium mongolicum Regel essential oil, respectively. Each fermentation bottle added 10 mL rumen fluid and 20 mL rumen buffer solution, cultured in vitro for 24 h, and each group contained 3 replicates. After fermentation, determined the pH and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), microbial protein (MCP) and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations and substrate DM degradation rate. The results showed as follows: after 24 h fermentation in vitro, the fermentation fluid pH of T2, T3, T4 and T6 groups was significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05); the fermentation fluid NH3-N concentration of T1, T2 and T3 groups was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05), and the fermentation fluid NH3-N concentration of T4 group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05); the fermentation fluid MCP concentration of T4 group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05); the concentrations of butyric acid and valeric acid in fermentation fluid of T4 group were significantly higher than those of the control group (P < 0.05), and the fermentation fluid total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) concentration of T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 groups was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05); the substrate DM degradation rate of T5 and T6 groups was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the Allium mongolicum Regel essential oil has positive effects on the rumen fermentation in vitro of sheep, added 0.08 mg Allium mongolicum Regel essential oil significantly reduce the fermentation fluid pH and NH3-N concentration, and significantly improve the concentrations of MCP, butyric acid, valeric acid and TVFA in fermentation fluid and substrate DM degradation rate.
Key words: Allium mongolicum Regel    essential oil    sheep    in vitro    fermentation    

随着2020年1月我国“禁抗令”的实施,天然、健康、无残留、无毒副作用的植物提取物成为养殖业和饲料行业开发和研究的热点,并作为饲料添加剂广泛地应用在畜禽养殖中[1]。植物精油是从植物体内提炼出的一类挥发性芳香物质,主要包括萜类、酮类、醇类和醛类[2]。作为一种提取物,植物精油主要存在于植物的花、茎、叶、根和果实中[3]。有研究发现,饲粮中添加植物精油可影响反刍动物瘤胃发酵,能够降低瘤胃内氨态氮(NH3-N)和乙酸浓度,提高瘤胃内丙酸浓度[4]。饲粮中添加植物精油可调控瘤胃发酵状态,进而改善动物生产性能和机体各项机能。Kholif等[5]研究发现,在哺乳期母羊饲粮中添加辣椒精油可显著改善母羊的免疫机能和健康状况。Parvar等[6]在肉羊饲粮中添加500 mg/kg的阿魏精油,结果表明肉羊的干物质采食量(DMI)显著提高,且羊肉中n-3多不饱和脂肪酸含量显著提高。

沙葱(Allium mongolicum Regel),别名蒙古韭,主要生长在我国西北部干旱地区,是一种营养物质丰富的葱属植物[7]。沙葱中含有多种活性成分,根据理化特性可分为黄酮类化合物、多糖和精油等[8]。本课题组前期研究发现,沙葱黄酮和沙葱多糖在提高瘤胃内微生物蛋白(MCP)浓度和维持瘤胃液pH等方面均具有积极作用[9-10]。但沙葱精油对肉羊瘤胃发酵的研究鲜有报道。开展肉羊体内试验之前需要确定沙葱精油是否对肉羊体外瘤胃发酵具有负面作用。因此,本试验旨在研究体外条件下不同水平沙葱精油对瘤胃发酵和底物干物质(DM)降解率的影响,为未来沙葱精油在肉羊体内试验提供依据。

1 材料与方法 1.1 沙葱精油的制备

试验所需的沙葱粉(沙葱风干后粉碎制得)由阿拉善盟某生物科技有限公司提供。沙葱精油的制备参照乌仁张嘎[11]的方法。准确称取沙葱粉500 g,按料液比1 ∶ (10~11)浸泡于蒸馏水中1.5 h,超声波处理20 min,置于圆底烧瓶蒸馏3.5 h,于蒸馏出的液体中加入适量碳酸钠,用石油醚萃取沙葱精油,35 ℃回收石油醚,最终得到的淡黄色沙葱精油保存于-20 ℃冰箱中备用。沙葱精油得率为0.4%。通过气相色谱法测得沙葱精油中的主要活性成分为三硫化甲基烯丙基(21.30%)、二甲基三硫(10.77%)、二烯丙基三硫醚(7.65%)、2-甲基己烷(6.09%)等。

1.2 试验动物及饲粮

选择3只体况健康、体重为(37.1±0.5) kg的3月龄杜寒杂交羊作为瘤胃液供体羊。试验羊进行单笼饲养,饲喂全混合日粮,参照我国《肉羊饲养标准》(NY/T 816—2004)配制,精粗比为4 ∶ 6,全混合日粮组成及营养水平见表 1。试验羊每天饲喂2次(07:00和18:00),自由饮水。

表 1 全混合日粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础) Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of TMR (DM basis)  
1.3 试验设计

试验采取单因素完全随机试验设计。在发酵瓶(100 mL)中添加2 g底物,并分别添加0(对照组)、0.02(T1组)、0.04(T2组)、0.06(T3组)、0.08(T4组)、0.10(T5组)和0.12 mg(T6组)的沙葱精油,每个培养瓶中加入10 mL瘤胃液和20 mL瘤胃缓冲液。沙葱精油的添加水平参照包玲玲[9]和张宇宏[13]的试验结果。每组设3个重复。底物与全混合日粮组成成分相同。培养时间为24 h。

1.4 体外发酵培养 1.4.1 瘤胃缓冲液的配制

瘤胃缓冲液的配制参照Menke等[14]的方法。分别准确量取微量元素液0.12 mL、碳酸盐缓冲液237.00 mL、磷酸盐元素液237.00 mL、指示剂1.22 mL,保持在39 ℃恒温水浴锅内,通入二氧化碳(CO2)至饱和,然后加入还原剂溶液(49.50 mL),并加入蒸馏水使溶液总体积定容到1 000 mL,持续通入CO2使溶液由蓝色变为粉紫色,最后变为无色。还原剂溶液需当天配制。

表 2 瘤胃缓冲液各组分组成 Table 2 Composition of each component of rumen buffer solution
1.4.2 体外发酵培养

于晨饲前通过口腔采集器采集供体羊瘤胃液,经1层无菌无酶纱布过滤后放入保温桶中迅速带回实验室,采用注射器将瘤胃液与瘤胃缓冲液(瘤胃液10 mL+瘤胃缓冲液20 mL)混合后分装到100 mL已提前加入2 g底物的培养瓶中,培养瓶持续通入CO2。培养瓶于38 ℃、120×g的恒温气浴摇床中培养24 h,到达规定时间后迅速将培养瓶取出,进行冰浴,终止发酵。

1.4.3 样品收集与处理

收集发酵前底物,分为3个平行样,测定其营养成分。发酵完成后,将发酵液无损转移至50 mL离心管中400×g离心,上清液转移至另一离心管中备用,下层沉淀物置于电热鼓风干燥箱中105 ℃烘干24 h。恒重后使用电子分析天平进行称重,计算底物DM降解率。上清液用于测定NH3-N、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)、MCP浓度。

1.5 测定指标与方法 1.5.1 饲粮中营养成分的测定

DM、粗蛋白质(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)、钙(Ca)、磷(P)含量参考AOAC(1990)[15]的方法测定,中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量参照Van Soest等[16]的方法测定。

1.5.2 pH的测定

发酵至24 h时,收集好各组发酵液,经4层纱布过滤后立即使用预先校正好的便携式手持pH计进行测定。

1.5.3 NH3-N、MCP和VFA浓度的测定

参照Broderick等[17]的方法测定发酵液NH3-N浓度,参照Wu等[18]的方法测定发酵液VFA浓度,参照Makkar等[19]的方法测定发酵液MCP浓度。

1.5.4 底物DM降解率的测定
1.6 数据处理

试验数据采用Excel 2007进行初步整理,采用SAS 9.0软件进行单因素方差分析,采用Duncan氏法进行多重比较。P<0.05为差异显著,P<0.01为差异极显著。

2 结果 2.1 沙葱精油对瘤胃体外发酵液pH及MCP、NH3-N浓度的影响

表 3可见,在体外培养24 h后,T2、T3、T4、T6组的发酵液pH显著低于对照组(P<0.05),T1、T5组的发酵液pH与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。T1、T2、T3组的发酵液NH3-N浓度显著高于对照组(P<0.05),T4组的发酵液NH3-N浓度显著低于对照组(P<0.05),T5、T6组的发酵液NH3-N浓度与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。T4组的发酵液MCP浓度显著高于对照组(P<0.05),T1、T2、T3、T5、T6组的发酵液MCP浓度与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。

表 3 沙葱精油对瘤胃体外发酵液pH及MCP、NH3-N浓度的影响 Table 3 Effects of Allium Mongolicum Regel essential oil on pH and MCP, NH3-N concentrations in rumen fermentation fluid in vitro
2.2 沙葱精油对瘤胃体外发酵液VFA浓度的影响

表 3可见,在体外培养24 h后,T4组的发酵液丁酸和戊酸浓度显著高于对照组(P<0.05),T1、T2、T3、T5、T6组的发酵液丁酸和戊酸浓度与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。T1、T2、T3、T4、T5、T6组的发酵液总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)浓度显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。各组之间乙酸、丙酸、异丁酸、异戊酸浓度及乙酸/丙酸差异不显著(P>0.05)。

表 4 沙葱精油对瘤胃体外发酵液VFA浓度的影响 Table 4 Effects of Allium Mongolicum Regel essential oil on VFA concentration in rumen fermentation fluid in vitro
2.3 沙葱精油对瘤胃体外DM降解率的影响

表 5可见,在体外培养24 h后,T4和T5组的底物DM降解率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。T1、T2、T3、T6组的底物DM降解率与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。

表 5 沙葱精油对瘤胃体外底物DM降解率的影响 Table 5 Effects of Allium Mongolicum Regel essential oil on rumen substrate DM degradation rate in vitro  
3 讨论 3.1 沙葱精油对瘤胃体外发酵液pH的影响

瘤胃是天然的发酵罐,可利用在瘤胃内栖息的大量微生物降解饲粮中的营养物质[20]。瘤胃内环境指标和营养物质消化能力是评估瘤胃健康和反刍动物机体健康的重要指标[21]

反刍动物瘤胃pH的波动能够直接反映瘤胃内环境状态,pH的变化受饲粮结构、唾液和瘤胃内酸碱物质的排出等多种因素的影响[22]。正常的瘤胃pH在5.00~7.50[23]。当pH在6.2~6.8时,瘤胃中纤维降解菌的活性最高;当pH在5.2~6.0时,瘤胃内淀粉降解菌的活性最高;当pH小于5.5时,瘤胃内原虫的活性降低,反刍动物易发生瘤胃酸中毒[24]。本试验发酵液的pH在6.15~6.35波动,均处于正常范围内,表明沙葱精油对瘤胃微生物正常发酵代谢没有产生不利影响。添加沙葱精油导致pH下降的原因可能是沙葱精油中的硫化物能够促进发酵液中微生物对碳水化合物等底物进行降解,进而使VFA不断积累,pH下降。

3.2 沙葱精油对瘤胃体外发酵液NH3-N浓度的影响

NH3-N是瘤胃内环境中一个重要指标,NH3-N浓度能够反映瘤胃内氮的供应与利用情况[25]。适宜的NH3-N浓度对于瘤胃微生物的生长以及MCP的合成具有重要意义[26]。有研究发现,在体外条件下,适合瘤胃微生物生长的发酵液NH3-N浓度在5~8 mg/dL[27]。韩正康等[23]研究发现,当瘤胃发酵液NH3-N浓度为8.5 mg/dL,瘤胃微生物利用氮源合成MCP的能力达到饱和。本试验中,发酵液NH3-N浓度在6.20~8.07 mg/dL,属于微生物生长和蛋白质合成的最佳范围,并未对瘤胃发酵没有产生不利影响。在体外培养24 h后,添加0.08 mg沙葱精油时发酵液NH3-N浓度显著降低,原因可能是沙葱精油降低了瘤胃微生物对含氮物质的分解作用,导致NH3-N浓度的降低,而未被瘤胃微生物分解的含氮物质被微生物利用合成了MCP。

3.3 沙葱精油对瘤胃体外发酵液MCP浓度的影响

瘤胃微生物可将饲粮中的蛋白质降解为NH3-N,并利用NH3-N合成MCP为动物机体提供营养物质[28]。MCP能够满足反刍动物蛋白质需求量的40%~80%[1]。瘤胃中MCP浓度可反映瘤胃内微生物数量以及摄取和利用NH3-N的能力[29]。本试验结果表明,在体外培养24 h后,添加沙葱精油能够提高发酵液MCP浓度,且添加0.08 mg时效果显著,究其原因可能是MCP合成需要源源不断的能量供应,能量供应充足能够使瘤胃微生物最大程度利用NH3-N合成MCP。VFA是合成过程中主要的能量供应者,而本试验发现,添加沙葱精油能够促进发酵液中微生物对碳水化合物等底物进行降解,使得TVFA浓度显著增加,为MCP合成过程提供了更多的能量。原虫与细菌存在拮抗作用,有研究发现植物精油对原虫有抑制或杀灭作用[30]。因此,添加沙葱精油可能通过抑制原虫进而提高了发酵液中细菌数量,最终提高发酵液MCP浓度。

3.4 沙葱精油对瘤胃体外发酵液VFA浓度的影响

瘤胃中VFA主要是由微生物发酵饲粮中碳水化合物生成,可为反刍动物提供所需能量的70%~80%[31]。瘤胃内VFA的组成是反映微生物消化与代谢的关键指标[32]。本试验结果表明,添加0.06和0.08 mg沙葱精油提高了发酵液乙酸和丙酸浓度,降低了乙酸/丙酸。乙酸/丙酸是反映瘤胃发酵模式变化的重要指标[33]。当乙酸/丙酸>2.5时为乙酸型发酵,相反,当乙酸/丙酸 < 2.5时为丙酸型发酵[34]。乙酸型发酵的特点是能量利用率较低,丙酸型发酵的特点是丙酸产量较高,而丙酸是糖异生的重要前提物质,因此,反刍动物可以利用更多的丙酸合成葡萄糖为机体提供能量[35]。在本试验中,体外培养24 h后,添加不同水平的沙葱精油均降低了发酵液乙酸/丙酸,且乙酸/丙酸 < 2.5,表明沙葱精油可改变瘤胃的发酵类型,使瘤胃发酵向丙酸型发展,为机体提供更多的能量,有利于提高反刍动物的生产性能和饲料利用率。

3.5 沙葱精油对瘤胃体外底物DM降解率的影响

体外营养物质降解率能够反映饲料在发酵体系中被瘤胃微生物的降解程度,是评价瘤胃发酵的重要指标之一[14]。体外DM降解率越高,说明瘤胃内环境适合微生物繁殖、发酵,有利于提高饲料的营养物质利用率[33]。本试验研究结果表明,添加低水平的沙葱精油对底物DM降解率没有显著影响,而添加0.08和0.10 mg沙葱精油显著提高了底物DM降解率,这表明沙葱精油对底物的降解率与其添加水平密切相关。添加高水平的沙葱精油可降低瘤胃发酵液的pH和MCP的合成效率,进而促进瘤胃内微生物的大量繁殖,影响饲粮中营养物质的降解。

4 结论

沙葱精油对肉羊体外瘤胃发酵有积极影响,添加0.08 mg沙葱精油显著降低了发酵液pH和NH3-N浓度,显著提高了发酵液MCP、丁酸、戊酸、TVFA浓度以及底物DM降解率。

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