动物营养学报    2021, Vol. 33 Issue (11): 6266-6276    PDF    
补饲精料对冷季放牧牦牛生长性能、瘤胃发酵及菌群结构的影响
王书祥1,2,3 , 杨英魁1,2,3 , 王迅1,2,3 , 柴沙驼1,2,3     
1. 青海大学畜牧兽医科学院, 西宁 810016;
2. 青海省高原放牧家畜营养与饲料科学重点实验室, 西宁 810016;
3. 青海省牦牛工程技术研究中心, 西宁 810016
摘要: 本试验旨在研究补饲精料对冷季放牧牦牛生长性能、瘤胃发酵及菌群结构的影响。选取3周岁左右、体重[(204.90±10.65)kg]相近、体况良好的公牦牛24头,随机分为2组,每组12头。所有试验牦牛在同一草场放牧,对照组不进行补饲,试验组每天每头的精料补饲量为体重的1.2%。预试期为10 d,正试期为90 d。结果表明:1)试验组平均日增重极显著高于对照组(P < 0.01)。2)试验组瘤胃液氨态氮、总挥发性脂肪酸、丙酸、丁酸、异丁酸、戊酸和异戊酸浓度极显著高于对照组(P < 0.01),微生物蛋白和乙酸浓度显著高于对照组(P < 0.05),而pH和乙酸/丙酸值显著低于对照组(P < 0.05)。3)2组共检测到2 945个操作分类单元(OTU),其中共有OTU数目为2 099个,占总OTU数目的79.90%,对照组和试验组分别独有528和316个OTU,试验组Shannon指数和谱系多样性显著低于对照组(P < 0.05)。4)在门水平上,试验组瘤胃中拟杆菌门和放线菌门丰度显著高于对照组(P < 0.05),疣微菌门和螺旋体门丰度极显著高于对照组(P < 0.01),而厚壁菌门丰度显著低于对照组(P < 0.05),黏胶球形菌门和纤维杆菌门丰度极显著低于对照组(P < 0.01)。在属水平上,试验组瘤胃中普雷沃菌属_1和瘤胃球菌科_NK4A214丰度极显著高于对照组(P < 0.01),克里斯滕森菌科_R-和解琥珀酸菌属丰度显著高于对照组(P < 0.05)。综上所述,冷季补饲精料能提高放牧牦牛的生长性能,促进瘤胃发酵,降低瘤胃菌群的多样性与丰富度。
关键词: 牦牛    放牧补饲    生长性能    瘤胃发酵    菌群结构    
Effects of Concentrate Supplementation on Growth Performance, Rumen Fermentation and Microbial Community Structure of Grazing Yaks in Cold Season
WANG Shuxiang1,2,3 , DAI Dongwen1,2,3 , YANG Yingkui1,2,3 , WANG Xun1,2,3     
1. Qinghai Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences in Qinghai University, Xi'ning 810016, China;
2. Key Laboratory of Plateau Grazing Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Qinghai Province, Xi'ning 810016, China;
3. Yak Engineering Technology Research Center of Qinghai Province, Xi'ning 810016, China
Abstract: This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of concentrate supplementation on growth performance, rumen fermentation and microbial community structure of grazing yaks in the cold season. Twenty-four three-year-old male yaks with good body condition and similar body weight[(204.90±10.65) kg] were randomly divided into two groups (n=12). All yaks grazed in the same pasture. The yaks in control group only grazed without supplementary feeding, while the yaks in test group received 1.2% of body weight of daily concentrate supplementation per yak. The pre-experimental period lasted for 10 days, and the experimental period lasted for 90 days. The results showed as follows: 1) the average daily gain of the test group was extremely significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.01). 2)The concentrations of ammoniacal nitrogen, total volatile fatty acids, propionic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, valeric acid and isovaleric acid in rumen fluid of the test group were extremely significantly higher than those of the control group (P < 0.01), and the concentrations of microbial protein and acetic acid were significantly higher than those of the control group (P < 0.05), while the pH and acetic acid/propionic acid value were significantly lower than those of the control group (P < 0.05). 3)A total of 2 945 operational taxonomic unit (OTU) were detected, of which 2 099 OTU were shared by the two groups, accounting for 79.90% of the total OTU, the control group possessed 528 unique OTU, while the test group had 316 unique OTU. Shannon index and PD whole tree of the experimental group were significantly lower than those of the control group (P < 0.05). 4)At the phylum level, the abundances of Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria were significantly higher in rumen of the test group than those of the control group (P < 0.05), the abundances of Verrucomicrobia and Spirochaete were extremely significantly higher than those of the control group (P < 0.01), while the abundance of Firmicutes was significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05). At the genus level, the abundances of Prevotella_1 and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214 in rumen in the test group were extremely significantly higher than those of the control group (P < 0.01), and the abundances of Christensenellaceae_R-7 and Succiniclasticum were significantly higher than those of the control group (P < 0.05). To sum up, supplemental feeding of concentrate can promote rumen fermentation and improve growth performance of grazing yaks in the cold season, reduce the diversity and abundance of rumen microbial community.
Key words: yaks    grazing supplementation    growth performance    rumen fermentation    microbial community structure    

牦牛主要栖息在青藏高原及周围地区,是青藏高原的优势畜种,也是当地牧民重要的生产生活资料[1]。由于青藏高原独特的地理环境,一年只有“冷季”与“暖季”之分,冷季长达7~9个月,牧草产量与营养水平不能满足牦牛营养需要量,导致牦牛掉膘严重,养殖效益低下[2-3]。目前,已有大量研究表明,冷季补饲能够提高放牧牦牛的生长性能,但是鲜有涉及补饲对其瘤胃发酵及菌群结构影响的研究[4-5],且已有研究表明瘤胃微生物与反刍动物的生长发育有密切的联系[6-7]。瘤胃是反刍动物消化饲粮的重要场所,其含有大量微生物,包括细菌、真菌、原虫和古生菌等[8]。影响反刍动物瘤胃菌群结构组成的因素除了动物品种、年龄、生理阶段等内部因素外,最主要的外部因素就是饲粮营养水平[9]。周力等[10]研究发现,补饲降低了藏羔羊瘤胃细菌多样性与丰富度,但提高了相关淀粉降解菌的相对丰度。Mao等[11]研究表明,随着饲粮精粗比的提高,奶牛瘤胃液总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)浓度和淀粉降解菌的相对丰度呈上升趋势,而瘤胃液pH和纤维降解菌相对丰度呈下降趋势。由此可见,通过调控饲粮营养水平,能够改善瘤胃发酵,提高营养物质的利用率,进而提高生产性能。因此,本试验拟通过16S rDNA高通量测序技术,从微生物角度阐述补饲精料对冷季放牧牦牛生长性能、瘤胃发酵和菌群结构的影响,以期为青藏高原冷季放牧牦牛精准补饲提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法 1.1 试验地点

试验于2019年11月至2020年2月在青海省贵南县老扎西牧场的冬季草场进行。该草场属于高寒草甸草地,优势种有小嵩草、高山嵩草、矮嵩草、线叶嵩草等。

1.2 试验动物与试验设计

选取3周岁左右、体重[(204.90±10.65) kg]相近、体况良好的公牦牛24头,随机分为2组(每组12头):对照组仅放牧,不补饲;试验组在放牧的基础上每头每天精料补饲量为体重的1.2%。试验期为100 d,其中预试期10 d,正试期90 d。

1.3 饲养管理与试验饲粮

所有试验牦牛在同一草场放牧,设置2个面积大小一样的围栏小区,每个围栏小区的面积大小约为300亩(1亩≈667 m2),08:00出牧,18:00收牧,试验组在出牧前和收牧后分2次进行补饲,所有试验牦牛自由饮水。补饲精料参照我国《肉牛饲养标准》(NY/T 815—2004),结合放牧牦牛采食量[12]配制。牧草营养水平、精料组成及营养水平见表 1

表 1 牧草营养水平、精料组成及营养水平(干物质基础) Table 1 Pasture nutrient levels, composition and nutrient levels of the concentrate (DM basis)  
1.4 样品采集 1.4.1 牧草样品

在试验中期,观察试验耗牛所吃的牧草,然后驱离试验牦牛采集该区域牧草样品,采集方法采用模拟采摘法。在同一草场随机选取10个1 m×1 m样方,齐地面刈割取样,65 ℃烘干后计算地上生物量,经计算牧草地上生物量为71.46 g/m2

1.4.2 瘤胃液样品

在正试期第90天,参考Geishauser[13]的方法,晨饲前采用胃管式采样器采集瘤胃液150 mL,4层纱布过滤后立即测定pH,剩余的瘤胃液样品分装至15 mL离心管中,置于-80 ℃冻存备用。

1.5 指标测定与方法 1.5.1 牧草及精料营养成分的测定

牧草、精料中的干物质(DM)含量采用GB/T 6435—2014中的方法测定,粗蛋白质(CP)含量采用GB/T 6432—2018中的方法测定,钙(Ca)含量采用GB/T 6436—2002中的方法测定,磷(P)含量采用按照GB/T 6437—2002中的方法测定,中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量采用Van Soest等[14]的方法测定,所用仪器为ANKOM 200i半自动纤维分析仪。

1.5.2 生长性能的测定

正试期开始前和结束时于晨饲前连续2 d空腹称重,计算总增重(TWG)、平均日増重(ADG)。

1.5.3 瘤胃发酵参数的测定

使用HANNA HI221型台式酸度计测定瘤胃液pH,测定前对该酸度计使用相应标准液进行校正;参照冯宗慈等[15]改进的比色法测定瘤胃液氨态氮(NH3-N)浓度,仪器为紫外可见分光光度计(TU-1810),预热30 min,在波长625 nm处测定溶液吸光度(OD)值,利用标准曲线确定样品的氨态氮浓度;瘤胃液微生物蛋白(MCP)浓度采用考马斯亮蓝法[16]在595 nm波长处比色测定(试剂盒购于南京建成生物工程研究所);瘤胃液挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度测定参考文献[17-18],使用日本岛津GC-2014型气相色谱仪测定,其中挥发性脂肪酸浓度测定条件为:氢火焰离子化(FID)检测器,色谱柱为毛细管柱(FFAP,30.00 m×0.32 mm×0.50 μm);升温条件为初始60 ℃,以10 ℃/min升温至120 ℃,保留2 min,以15 ℃/min升温至180 ℃,保留5 min;汽化室温度250 ℃;FID温度250 ℃;进样量1 μL,载气为高纯氮气(99.99%),压力0.7 MPa;氢气压力0.4 MPa,空气压力0.4 MPa,毛细管柱压力0.6~0.8 MPa,分流比40 ∶ 1。

1.5.4 瘤胃微生物DNA提取、测序

每组随机选择4个瘤胃液样品置于冰上解冻并充分混合,使用CTAB方法提取瘤胃液样品基因组DNA,用1.0%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测DNA的纯度和浓度,取适量的样本于离心管中,用无菌水稀释样本至1 ng/μL。根据细菌16S rDNA基因的V3~V4区,合成带有Barcode的特异引物。通用引物序列:515F,5′-GTGCCAGCMGCCGCGG-3′;806R,5′-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3′。PCR采用25 μL扩增体系;DNA模板5 ng,5 μmol/L的上、下游引物各1 μL,2 ng/μL的牛血清白蛋白(BSA)3 μL,2×Taq Plus Master Mix 12.5 μL,双蒸水(ddH2O)补加至25 μL;PCR扩增条件:94 ℃预变性5 min;94 ℃变性30 s,50 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸60 s,共30个循环;72 ℃延伸7 min。PCR扩增产物用1.0%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测,用QIAquickPCR纯化试剂盒(德国Qiagen公司)纯化回收,符合要求的DNA样品送至北京奥维森基因科技有限公司测序,测序平台为Mixed PE 300。

1.5.5 数据分析

测序平台得到的原始数据使用软件Trimmomatic(Version 0.36)软件去除低质量数据,然后通过vsearch软件和物种数据库去除嵌合体,得到有效序列。筛选相似性在97%以上的序列归类为操作分类单元(OTU),然后对OTU聚类、物种分类学、多样性指数、群落结构进行统计分析。

1.6 数据统计与分析

试验数据用Excel 2016初步整理后,采用SPSS 24.0软件进行单因素方差分析,并用Duncan氏法进行组间的多重比较,P < 0.05表示差异显著,P < 0.01表示差异极显著,结果均以平均值和均值标准误(SEM)表示。

2 结果与分析 2.1 补饲精料对冷季放牧牦牛生长性能的影响

表 2可知,试验开始前对照组和试验组牦牛体重无显著差异(P=0.872),经过90 d的补饲后,冷季传统放牧条件下,牦牛掉膘严重,补饲精料极显著提高了牦牛的平均日增重(P < 0.01)。

表 2 补饲精料对冷季放牧牦牛生长性能的影响 Table 2 Effects of concentrate supplementation on growth performance of grazing yaks in cold season
2.2 补饲精料对冷季放牧牦牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响

表 3可知,与对照组相比,试验组瘤胃液氨态氮、总挥发性脂肪酸、丙酸、丁酸、异丁酸、戊酸和异戊酸浓度极显著提高(P < 0.01),微生物蛋白和乙酸浓度显著提高(P < 0.05);pH和乙酸/丙酸值极显著降低(P < 0.01)。上述结果表明,补饲精料能够促进冷季放牧牦牛瘤胃发酵。

表 3 补饲精料对冷季放牧牦牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响 Table 3 Effects of concentrate supplementation on rumen fermentation parameters of grazing yaks in cold season
2.3 补饲精料对冷季放牧牦牛瘤胃菌群丰富度与多样性的影响

图 1可知,2组共产生2 945个OTU,其中对照组和试验组分别检测到2 627、2 415个OTU,相对应的独有OTU数目分别为528和316个,共有OTU数目为2 099个,占总OTU数目的79.90%。由图 2可知,随着测序深度的增加,2组瘤胃细菌物种稀释曲线趋于平缓,说明测序程度已基本覆盖到样品中所有的细菌物种。通过alpha多样性分析(表 4)可知,试验组Shannon指数和谱系多样性显著低于对照组(P < 0.05)。通过主坐标分析(PCoA,图 3)可知,2组放牧牦牛瘤胃菌群结构具有明显差异。以上结果表明,补饲精料降低了冷季放牧牦牛瘤胃菌群的多样性与丰富度。

CK表示对照组,T表示试验组。下图同。 CK represented control group, and T represented test group. The same as below. 图 1 OTU维恩图 Fig. 1 OTU Venn diagram
图 2 稀释曲线 Fig. 2 Rarefaction curve
表 4 补饲精料对冷季放牧牦牛瘤胃菌群alpha多样性的影响 Table 4 Effects of concentrate supplementation on alpha diversity of rumen microbial community of grazing yaks in cold season
图 3 主坐标分析 Fig. 3 PCoA
2.4 补饲精料对冷季放牧牦牛瘤胃菌群组成的影响

表 5可知,在门水平上,试验组瘤胃中拟杆菌门和放线菌门丰度显著高于对照组(P < 0.05),疣微菌门和螺旋体门丰度极显著高于对照组(P < 0.01);对照组瘤胃中厚壁菌门丰度显著高于试验组(P < 0.05),黏胶球形菌门和纤维杆菌门丰度极显著高于试验组(P < 0.01)。由表 6可知,在属水平上,试验组瘤胃中普雷沃菌属_1和瘤胃球菌科_NK4A214丰度极显著高于对照组(P < 0.01),克里斯滕森菌科_R-7和解琥珀酸菌属丰度显著高于对照组(P < 0.05)。以上结果表明,补饲精料对冷季放牧牦牛瘤胃菌群结构有一定的影响。

表 5 补饲精料对冷季放牧牦牛瘤胃菌群组成的影响(门水平) Table 5 Effects of concentrate supplementation on rumen microbial community composition of grazing yaks in cold season (at phylum level) 
表 6 补饲精料对冷季放牧牦牛瘤胃菌群组成的影响(属水平) Table 6 Effects of concentrate supplementation on rumen microbial community composition of grazing yaks in cold season (at genus level) 
3 讨论 3.1 补饲精料对冷季放牧牦牛生长性能的影响

由于青藏高原独特的地理环境,一年“无四季之分,只有冷暖之别”,冷季长达7~8个月,冷季牧草产量与营养营养水平极度匮乏,导致牦牛的生长一直处于“夏饱、秋肥、冬瘦、春死亡”的恶性循环中,生长效率低下,经济效益差[2-3]。本试验结果表明,传统放牧条件下,冷季放牧牦牛体重严重下降,3个月体重损失率高达10.35%,补饲精料的试验组牦牛的ADG为453.32 g/d,与对照组相比显著促进了牦牛的生长,这与徐田伟等[19]、张建勋[20]和王威等[21]的研究结果相一致。其原因主要是:一方面,补饲精料直接为放牧牦牛提高了营养物质的摄入量,营养物质的增加可提高反刍动物抵御冷应激的能力[22];另一方面,补饲精料一定程度上满足了放牧牦牛对矿物元素的需要,提高了瘤胃的消化能力,从而提高了牦牛对牧草的消化率[23-24],有利于促进放牧牦牛的生长发育。

3.2 补饲精料对冷季放牧牦牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响

瘤胃液中的挥发性脂肪酸主要来自饲粮中淀粉、纤维等物质的发酵,其主要包括乙酸、丙酸和丁酸等短链脂肪酸,是反刍动物的主要能量来源[25]。蔡晶晶等[26]研究发现,随着饲粮非纤维性碳水化合物(NFC)/中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的提高,奶牛瘤胃液pH显著降低。本研究结果表明,试验组牦牛瘤胃液pH极显著低于对照组,与蔡晶晶等[26]的研究结果相一致。这可能是由于补饲精料后牦牛摄入的NFC的比例增加,在瘤胃中迅速发酵产生大量的挥发性脂肪酸主和乳酸等物质,导致瘤胃液pH下降。瘤胃液氨态氮是瘤胃微生物利用饲料中的蛋白质合成的,也是瘤胃微生物蛋白合成的前体,其浓度反映了瘤胃微生物分解饲粮中含氮物质产生氨态氮的速度及对其摄取利用情况。本试验条件下,试验组瘤胃液氨态氮和微生物蛋白浓度显著或极显著高于对照组,这与董利锋等[27]和朱昊鹏等[28]的研究结果基本一致,原因可能是补饲精料中可溶性蛋白质、易消化碳水化合物和非蛋白含氮物含量高,且降解速率缓慢,有利于氨态氮和微生物蛋白的合成。Giger-Reverdin等[29]研究发现,随着饲粮中精料比例的提高,奶山羊瘤胃液丙酸、丁酸和总挥发性脂肪酸浓度显著提高,而乙酸浓度和乙酸/丙酸值显著降低。Murphy等[30]研究也发现,降低饲粮中精料比例降低了奶牛瘤胃液中丙酸、丁酸、戊酸和总挥发性脂肪酸浓度,而提高了乙酸浓度。本试验中,试验组牦牛瘤胃液总挥发性脂肪酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、异丁酸、戊酸和异戊酸浓度显著或极显著高于对照组,而乙酸/丙酸值显著低于对照组,与以上研究结果不一致。其可能原因是冷季牧草产量与营养水平极度降低,不能满足放牧牦牛正常的采食量需要,无法为瘤胃微生物提供足够的发酵底物,从而导致瘤胃液中挥发性脂肪酸浓度降低。

3.3 补饲精料对冷季放牧牦牛瘤胃菌群丰富度与多样性的影响

Chao1指数是衡量菌群丰富度的指标,Shannon指数是衡量菌群多样性的指标。Chao1指数越大,表明菌群丰富度越高;Shannon指数越大,表明菌群多样性越高。周力等[10]研究发现,补饲精料降低了藏羔羊瘤胃菌群多样性与丰富度;Liu等[31]研究也发现,提高饲粮中精料的比例,显著降低了牦牛瘤胃菌群Chao1和Shannon指数,这可能是增加饲粮中精料比例导致瘤胃液pH下降,而瘤胃液pH降低则会抑制瘤胃液中不耐酸的纤维降解菌的生长与繁殖[32]。本试验中,试验组牦牛瘤胃菌群Shannon指数较对照组显著降低,Chao1指数呈下降的趋势,与以上研究结果基本一致。

3.4 补饲精料对冷季放牧牦牛瘤胃菌群组成的影响

饲粮结构是影响反刍动物瘤胃微生物区系组成的首要因数,营养组成不同会直接影响瘤胃微生物的种类与数目[33]。大量研究表明,厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门是反刍动物瘤胃中的优势菌门,拟杆菌门是降解碳水化合物的主要细菌,而厚壁菌门主要参与纤维物质的分解,两者在瘤胃发酵过程中起着至关重要的作用[34-35]。本研究结果表明,试验组和对照组牦牛瘤胃液中拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门丰度和占整个细菌门的85%,与以上研究结果相一致。Kim等[36]研究表明,粗料组肉牛瘤胃中厚壁菌门丰度显著低于高谷物组。李蒋伟等[37]研究也发现,降低饲粮精料比例有提高藏羔羊瘤胃厚壁菌门丰度的趋势。本试验中,试验组牦牛瘤胃拟杆菌门丰度显著高于对照组,而厚壁菌门丰度显著低于对照组,这与以上研究结果相一致。放线菌门是一类革兰氏阳性菌,具有分支的纤维和孢子,其大部分是腐生菌,也有寄生菌,可致病[38]。本试验中,补饲显著提高了牦牛瘤胃放线菌门的丰度,表明生产中牦牛精料补饲量不宜过高。疣微菌门在哺乳动物胃肠道免疫中具有重要的作用,其丰度的上升与机体免疫力增强有密切的联系[39]。本试验中,试验组牦牛瘤胃疣微菌门丰度极显著高于对照组,说明了补饲精料一定程度提高了放牧牦牛的免疫力。研究表明,螺旋体门可以有效地降解果胶和磷酸酯,利用可发酵的碳水化合物合成挥发性脂肪酸,为反刍动物机体提供能量[40]。徐晓锋等[41]研究发现,高精料饲粮提高了奶牛瘤胃螺旋体门丰度,这与本研究结果相一致。黏胶球形菌门和纤维杆菌门与纤维二糖的降解密切相关,能够促进瘤胃对纤维物质的降解[42]。本研究结果表明,试验组牦牛瘤胃黏胶球形菌门和纤维杆菌门丰度较对照组极显著降低,原因可能是试验组牦牛瘤胃发酵的纤维物质比例低于对照组。

在属水平上,普雷沃菌属是瘤胃中的优势菌属,参与瘤胃内的多种代谢活动,主要降解饲粮中的半纤维成分,并且普雷沃菌属能够产生大量的复合酶,促进非纤维性多糖和蛋白质的降解[43]。霍俊宏等[44]研究发现,随着饲粮精粗比的提高,努比亚山羊瘤胃普雷沃菌属丰度呈上升的趋势。陈芸等[45]研究也表明,增加饲粮中精料的比例能显著提高了山羊瘤胃普雷沃菌属丰度。本试验中,试验组牦牛瘤胃普雷沃菌属_1丰度极显著高于对照组,这与以上研究结果相一致;试验组牦牛瘤胃克里斯滕森菌科_R-7丰度显著高于对照组,与李岚捷[46]研究结果相一致。克里斯滕森菌科_R-7与乙酸产量有关,本研究中试验组牦牛瘤胃液乙酸浓度显著高于对照组也验证这一点。瘤胃球菌科_NK4A214属于瘤胃球菌属,归属于厚壁菌门,主要降解纤维物质。Fernando等[47]研究发现,高精料组奶牛瘤胃中瘤胃球菌属丰度显著低于粗料组,与本研究结果不一致。本试验中,试验组牦牛瘤胃中瘤胃球菌科_NK4A2丰度极显著高于对照组,原因可能是冷季牧草产量低,牦牛采食的纤维物质量低,补饲精料一定程度上促进了牦牛对纤维物质的摄入量,导致瘤胃球菌科_NK4A2的丰度有所上升。有研究报道,解琥珀酸菌属丰度与饲粮纤维成分有密切联系,可以降解纤维或纤维二糖产生琥珀酸和乙酸等物质[48]。本试验中,补饲精料显著提高了牦牛瘤胃解琥珀酸菌属丰度,试验组瘤胃液乙酸浓度较对照组上升也验证这一点。

4 结论

在本试验条件下,补饲精料量为体重的1.2%时,能够显著提高冷季放牧牦牛的平均日增重,促进瘤胃中微生物蛋白和挥发性脂肪酸的合成,降低瘤胃菌群丰富度与多样性,提高瘤胃拟杆菌门、放线菌门、疣微菌门和螺旋体门丰度,降低瘤胃厚壁菌门、黏胶球形菌门和纤维杆菌门丰度,提高瘤胃普雷沃菌属_1、瘤胃球菌科_NK4A214、克里斯滕森菌科_R-7和解琥珀酸菌属丰度。

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