动物营养学报    2022, Vol. 34 Issue (2): 1119-1127    PDF    
亚麻油和棕榈油对绒山羊屠宰性能、组织器官生长发育和肉品质的影响
李胤豪 , 王雪 , 刘树林 , 张清月 , 闫素梅 , 赵艳丽 , 郭晓宇 , 史彬林     
内蒙古农业大学动物科学学院, 动物营养与饲料科学自治区高等学校重点实验室, 呼和浩特 010018
摘要: 本试验旨在探究亚麻油和棕榈油对绒山羊屠宰性能、组织器官生长发育和肉品质的影响。采用单因素完全随机试验设计,选取60只体重[(18.60±1.61)kg]相近、健康的(120±10)日龄内蒙古阿尔巴斯白绒山羊羯羊,随机分为3组,每组4个重复,每个重复5只羊。亚麻油组(LNO组)、棕榈油组(PMO组)和混合油组(BLP组)分别在基础饲粮中添加等量的亚麻油、棕榈油和混合油(亚麻油∶棕榈油=2 ∶ 1)。预试期15 d,正试期90 d。结果表明:BLP组的宰前活重显著低于PMO组和LNO组(P < 0.05),肠系膜脂相对重量显著高于PMO组和LNO组(P < 0.05),胴体重显著低于LNO组(P < 0.05),大网膜脂相对重量有低于PMO组的趋势(P=0.080),皮毛、头和肺脏相对重量显著高于LNO组(P < 0.05),十二指肠、回肠、肝脏和胰腺的相对重量显著高于PMO组(P < 0.05),肾周脂肪相对重量显著高于PMO组(P < 0.05),背最长肌pH45 min、△pH和滴水损失显著低于PMO组和LNO组(P < 0.05),背最长肌和臂三头肌中粗脂肪含量有高于LNO组和PMO组的趋势(P=0.095、P=0.096)。由此可见,饲粮中亚麻油和棕榈油混合添加较单独添加降低了绒山羊宰前活重和胴体重,但促进了皮毛、头、肺脏、十二指肠、回肠、肝脏和胰腺等组织器官的生长,增加了肾周脂肪和肠系膜脂的沉积;亚麻油与棕榈油混合添加较单独添加减缓了屠宰后肌肉的酸变进程,降低了肌肉滴水损失,有提高肌肉中粗脂肪含量趋势,有利于改善肉品质。
关键词: 绒山羊    亚麻油    棕榈油    屠宰性能    器官指数    肉品质    
Effects of Linseed Oil and Palm Oil on Slaughter Performance, Growth and Development of Tissues and Organs and Meat Quality of Cashmere Goats
LI Yinhao , WANG Xue , LIU Shulin , ZHANG Qingyue , YAN Sumei , ZHAO Yanli , GUO Xiaoyu , SHI Binlin     
Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
Abstract: This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of linseed oil and palm oil on slaughter performance, growth and development of tissues and organs and meat quality of cashmere goats. The experiment using a single factor completely random design, sixty healthy (120±10)-day-old Albas cashmere goats with similar body weight[(18.60±1.61) kg] were selected and divided into three groups with 4 replicates per group and 5 goats per replicate. The linseed oil group (LNO group), palm oil group (PMO group) and mixed oil group (BLP group) were added the same amount of linseed oil, palm oil and mixed oil (linseed oil: palm oil=2:1) in the basal diet, respectively. The pre-experimental period lasted for 15 days, and the experimental period lasted for 90 days. The results showed as follows that the body weight before slaughter of the BLP group was significantly lower than that of the PMO group and LNO group (P < 0.05), the relative weight of mesenteric fat was significantly higher than that of the PMO group and LNO group (P < 0.05), the carcass weight was significantly lower than that of the LNO group (P < 0.05), the relative weight of omental fat was trend lower than that of the PMO group (P=0.080), the relative weights of fur, head and lungs of the BLP group were significantly higher than those of the LNO group (P < 0.05), the relative weights of duodenum, ileum, liver and pancreas were significantly higher than those of the PMO group (P < 0.05), the relative weight of perrenal fat was significantly higher than that of the PMO group (P < 0.05), the pH45 min, △pH and drip loss of longissimus dorsi were significantly lower than those of the PMO group and LNO group (P < 0.05), and the content of ether extract in longissimus dorsi and triceps brachii was tended higher than that of the PMO group and LNO group (P=0.095, P=0.096). In conclusion, the mixed addition of linseed oil and palm oil reduces the body weight before slaughter and carcass weight of cashmere goats compare to adding them separately, promotes the growth of fur, head, lung, duodenum, ileum, liver, pancreas and other tissues and organs, increases the deposition of perirenal fat and mesenteric fat; the mixed addition of linseed oil and palm oil slows down the acidification process of muscles after slaughter compare to adding them separately, reduces the muscle drip loss, has a tendency to promote the muscle ether extract content, and improves the meat quality.
Key words: cashmere goats    linseed oil    palm oil    slaughter performance    organ indexes    meat quality    

阿尔巴斯白绒山羊是世界著名的绒肉兼用型品种,主要分布于内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯市及周边地区,2001年被列入国家动物遗传资源保护名录[1]。近年来,随着羊绒价格的逐年下跌,绒山羊育肥肉用已成为养殖户主要的经济增长点。山羊肉低胆固醇、高蛋白质且富含对人体健康有益的多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA),受到广大消费者的青睐。研究表明,包括二十碳五烯酸(C20∶5n-3,EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(C22∶6n-3,DHA)在内的长链n-3 PUFA在动物模型和人类临床试验中对维持机体健康具有重要作用,并且可以减轻由霉菌毒素引起的肠道损伤,维持肠道的正常形态[2-3]。因此,提高羊肉中n-3 PUFA含量越来越受到人们的关注。哺乳动物自身无法产生EPA、二十二碳五烯酸(C22∶5n-3,DPA)和DHA等长链n-3 PUFA,但可以利用摄入的α-亚麻酸(C18∶3n-3,ALA)合成[8]。亚麻油富含可衍生为EPA、DPA和DHA的前体脂肪酸ALA。本课题组前期的研究表明,亚麻油和棕榈油混合添加可有效保护ALA免受瘤胃生物氢化,促进上述长链n-3 PUFA在羊肉中的沉积,且效果优于亚麻油单独添加[4-5]。然而,亚麻油和棕榈油混合添加提高羊肉中长链n-3 PUFA沉积改善肉品质的同时,是否对绒山羊的屠宰性能、组织器官生长发育和肌肉理化特性等具有影响却鲜见报道。因此,本研究旨在探究饲粮中亚麻油和棕榈油单独或混合添加对绒山羊屠宰性能、组织器官生长发育、肌肉理化特性和肉品质的影响,旨在为植物油脂在反刍动物生产中的应用以及通过干预饲粮营养改善反刍动物的肉品质提供理论参考。

1 材料与方法 1.1 试验设计、饲粮组成及饲养管理

采用单因素完全随机试验设计,选取60只体重相近、健康的(120±10)日龄内蒙古阿尔巴斯白绒山羊羯羊,随机分为3组,每组4个重复,每个重复5只羊。亚麻油组(LNO组)、棕榈油组(PMO组)和混合油组(BLP组)分别在基础饲粮中添加等量的亚麻油、棕榈油和混合油(亚麻油∶棕榈油=2∶1)。试验饲粮组成及营养水平见表 1。预试期15 d,正试期90 d。本试验所用亚麻油和棕榈油均在冷库中保存(棕榈油为固态),使用前置于日光下(约25 ℃)解冻,每次饲喂前手工将油脂添加到精料中并反复混匀,之后以50∶50的比例将精、粗料混匀配制成全混合日粮(TMR)饲喂羔羊。饲养管理同王雪[6]的试验。

表 1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础) Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis)
1.2 屠宰和样品采集

试验结束后,每个重复随机选取2只羊,即每组8只羊,按照《畜禽屠宰操作规程牛》(GB/T 19477—2018)进行屠宰(宰前禁食24 h,禁水2 h)。统一采集背中线左侧部分肌肉组织。

1.3 测定指标及方法

屠宰性能的测定方法参照赵有璋[7]《羊生产学》,测定指标包括宰前活重、胴体重、眼肌面积和GR值,并计算屠宰率。

屠宰后对血液、皮毛、头、蹄、胃(瘤胃、网胃、瓣胃、皱胃)、肠道(十二指肠、空肠、回肠、盲肠、结肠)、脏器(心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、胰腺)和脂肪(大网膜脂、肠系膜脂、肾周脂肪、尾脂)称重,并计算各组织器官相对重量。

肉品质测定参考Needham等[8]和Kotupan等[9]的方法,测定指标包括肌肉色亮度(L*)、红度(a*)和黄度(b*)值及剪切力、失水率、滴水损失、蒸煮损失、大理石花纹评分及pH(pH45 min和pH24 h),并计算△pH。

背最长肌、臂三头肌、股二头肌和臀肌中干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)和粗脂肪(EE)含量参照张丽英[10]《饲料分析与质量检测技术》中的方法测定。

1.4 数据统计分析

试验数据采用SAS 9.0软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),Duncan氏法进行多重比较。结果用平均值和均值标准误(SEM)表示。P < 0.05表示差异显著,0.05 <P < 0.10表示差异趋于显著,P>0.10则表示差异不显著。

2 结果 2.1 棕榈油和亚麻油对绒山羊屠宰性能的影响

表 2可见,BLP组的宰前活重显著低于PMO组和LNO组(P<0.05),但PMO组和LNO组之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。BLP组的胴体重显著低于LNO组(P<0.05),PMO组的胴体重与LNO组和BLP组无显著差异(P>0.05)。各组之间屠宰率、眼肌面积和GR值均无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表 2 棕榈油和亚麻油对绒山羊屠宰性能的影响 Table 2 Effects of palm oil and linseed oil on slaughtering performance of cashmere goats
2.2 棕榈油和亚麻油对绒山羊组织器官相对重量的影响

表 3可见,BLP组的皮毛和头相对重量显著高于LNO组(P < 0.05),而PMO组的皮毛和头相对重量与LNO组和BLP组无显著差异(P>0.05)。各组之间血液、蹄相对重量无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表 3 棕榈油和亚麻油对绒山羊血液、皮毛、头和蹄相对重量的影响 Table 3 Effects of palm oil and linseed oil on relative weight of blood, fur, head and hooves of cashmere goats 

表 4可见,各组之间瘤胃、网胃、瓣胃和皱胃相对重量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。BLP组的十二指肠和回肠相对重量显著高于PMO组(P < 0.05),而LNO组的十二指肠和回肠相对重量与BLP组和PMO组差异不显著(P>0.05)。PMO组的盲肠相对重量有高于LNO组的趋势(P=0.059)。各组之间空肠、结肠和直肠相对重量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表 4 棕榈油和亚麻油对绒山羊胃、肠组织相对重量的影响 Table 4 Effects of palm oil and linseed oil on relative weight of stomach and intestinal tissues of cashmere goats 

表 5可见,BLP组的肝脏和胰腺相对重量显著高于PMO组(P < 0.05),而LNO组的肝脏和胰腺相对重量与BLP组和PMO组差异不显著(P>0.05)。BLP组的肺脏相对重量显著高于LNO组(P < 0.05),而PMO组的肺脏相对重量与BLP组和LNO组差异不显著(P>0.05)。各组之间心脏、脾脏和肾脏相对重量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。BLP和LNO组的肾周脂肪相对重量显著高于PMO组(P < 0.05),BLP组的肠系膜脂相对重量显著高于LNO组和PMO组(P < 0.05)。PMO组的大网膜脂相对重量有高于BLP组的趋势(P=0.080)。各组之间尾脂相对重量无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表 5 棕榈油和亚麻油对绒山羊脏器和脂肪组织相对重量的影响 Table 5 Effects of palm oil and linseed oil on relative weight of various organs and fatty tissues of cashmere goats 
2.3 棕榈油和亚麻油对绒山羊肉品质的影响

表 6可见,BLP组的背最长肌pH45 min、△pH和滴水损失显著低于PMO组和LNO组(P < 0.05),而PMO和LNO组之间背最长肌pH45 min、△pH和滴水损失无显著差异(P>0.05)。各组之间背最长肌pH24 h、肉色(L*、a*和b*值)、剪切力、失水率、蒸煮损失和大理石花纹评分均无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表 6 棕榈油和亚麻油对绒山羊肉品质的影响 Table 6 Effects of palm oil and linseed oil on meat quality of cashmere goats
2.4 棕榈油和亚麻油对绒山羊肌肉常规营养成分含量的影响

表 7可见,LNO组的臀肌中DM含量有高于BLP组和PMO组的趋势(P=0.074)。BLP组的背最长肌和臂三头肌中EE含量有高于LNO组和PMO组的趋势(P=0.095、P=0.096)。各组之间其余各肌肉中常规营养成分含量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表 7 棕榈油和亚麻油对绒山羊肌肉常规营养成分含量的影响 Table 7 Effects of palm oil and linseed oil on muscle routine nutrient contents of cashmere goats 
3 讨论 3.1 棕榈油和亚麻油对绒山羊屠宰性能及组织器官相对重量的影响

一些研究指出,饲粮中单独添加亚麻油或棕榈油对羊[11-12]和牛[13]等家畜的屠宰性能无显著影响,但饲粮中二者混合添加对畜禽屠宰性能的影响鲜见报道。Trebušak等[14]研究指出,饲粮中亚麻油与棕榈油混合添加对家兔肠道发育有负面作用,从而降低其生长性能。Noosen等[15]研究表明,在婆罗门杂交肉牛的饲粮中亚麻油单独添加或亚麻油与棕榈油1∶1混合添加,2组之间屠宰性能无显著差异,但混合添加组的宰前活重和胴体重在数值上分别下降了12.44%和9.82%。本研究以绒山羊为试验动物也得到类似的结果,相较于亚麻油和棕榈油单独添加,二者2∶1混合添加降低了宰前活重和胴体重。课题组前期的研究结果表明,与亚麻油单独添加相比,亚麻油和棕榈油2∶1混合添加降低了试验第60天和第90天的绒山羊体重和平均日增重[6],这也与本试验中BLP组宰前活重和胴体重的下降结果相一致。

各器官、胃和肠道组织的相对重量反映了动物器官和消化道的生长发育状况,本研究中BLP组多个组织器官和消化道相对重量的增加,也进一步解释了屠宰后胴体重下降的原因。对于亚麻油和棕榈油混合添加促进器官生长的作用,与前人研究结果[16]相似。研究表明,饲粮中亚麻油和棕榈油混合添加对肉鸡骨骼生长发育的促进作用较亚麻油和棕榈油单独添加更好,且可能与亚麻油和棕榈油混合添加可促进肠道上皮对钙离子的吸收有关[17]。而饲粮中大豆油与亚麻油1∶1混合添加可以提高肉鸡肝脏、肠道和腹部脂肪的相对重量,其促进肉鸡体脂沉积作用可能与血脂和血液胆固醇含量的升高有关[18]。值得注意的是,世界健康组织(WHO)报道了膳食中饱和脂肪酸(SFA)与PUFA比例接近1∶1时对健康和生长发育最有利[19]。棕榈油含有丰富的棕榈酸,而亚麻油中富含ALA,二者混合可能更有利于SFA与PUFA的膳食平衡,这可能是BLP组的部分器官和消化道发育状况更好的原因。但具体机制还需从血液生化指标、脂肪合成的相关酶和基因以及消化道微生物与饲粮脂肪酸的互作关系等角度进一步阐释。

3.2 亚麻油和棕榈油对绒山羊肉品质和肌肉常规营养成分含量的影响

屠宰后肌肉的pH变化是反映肉品质的关键指标。本研究结果显示,BLP组羊肉品质较高,其背最长肌pH45 min和△pH显著低于PMO组和LNO组。肉中的PUFA易被氧化,而屠宰后肌肉中发生的氧化作用是导致肉品质下降的主要原因[20]。课题组前期研究表明,饲粮中添加亚麻油可增加绒山羊肌肉中长链PUFA的沉积,而亚麻油和棕榈油混合添加可以抑制肌肉中氧化ALA mRNA的表达,从而减缓肌肉中PUFA的氧化作用[21]。类似的研究也指出,亚麻油和棕榈油混合添加可显著增加亚麻油的抗氧化能力,原因可能是棕榈油所富含的维生素E、生育三烯酚和类胡萝卜素等脂溶性抗氧化剂,可作为不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)的保护剂,减缓脂质氧化反应,进而缓解屠宰后pH快速下降所引起的肉质变酸[22]。这提示本研究中BLP组的pH45 min和△pH显著低于PMO组和LNO组,可能与亚麻油和棕榈油混合添加抑制了肌肉中长链PUFA的氧化反应有关。

滴水损失反映肌肉嫩度,是肉品质的重要评价指标之一。有研究指出,相较于亚麻油单独添加,亚麻油和棕榈油混合添加降低了牛肉滴水损失,增加了肌肉嫩度[15],与本研究结果一致。滴水损失主要受△pH影响,△pH越大,则滴水损失越大[23]。本研究中BLP组的肌肉滴水损失显著低于PMO组和LNO组,与其△pH的降低有关。此外,饲粮中添加混合油引起肌肉滴水损失的降低还可能与其细胞膜的完整性有关[24]。Jiang等[25]研究指出,给细胞提供丰富的n-3 PUFA后,可在细胞间形成一种液体脂质双层膜结构,以增加细胞承重力,从而提高肌肉的持水能力。这提示本研究中BLP组的滴水损失显著降低,其可能的机理是相较于亚麻油和棕榈油单独添加,二者混合添加提高了n-3 PUFA在肌肉中的沉积[21],从而提高肌肉的持水能力。且有研究表明,肌肉中粗脂肪含量越高,其持水能力越强[8]。本研究结果显示,BLP组背最长肌和臂三头肌中粗脂肪含量有高于LNO组和PMO组的趋势,这也进一步解释了BLP组肌肉滴水损失较小的原因。

4 结论

饲粮中亚麻油和棕榈油混合添加较单独添加降低了绒山羊宰前活重和胴体重,但促进了皮毛、头、肺脏、十二指肠、回肠、肝脏和胰腺等组织器官的生长,增加了肾周脂肪和肠系膜脂的沉积;亚麻油与棕榈油混合添加较单独添加减缓了屠宰后肌肉的酸变进程,降低了肌肉滴水损失,有提高肌肉中粗脂肪含量趋势,有利于改善肉品质。

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