动物营养学报    2022, Vol. 34 Issue (2): 745-749    PDF    
N-氨甲酰谷氨酸对反刍动物繁殖性能的影响
张玉珠 , 肖政斌 , 丛玉艳     
沈阳农业大学动物科学与医学学院, 沈阳 110866
摘要: N-氨甲酰谷氨酸(NCG)由于稳定性较高,可有效催化内源性精氨酸合成限速酶,提升内源精氨酸表达。精氨酸作为反刍动物体内重要的功能性氨基酸,可改善反刍动物繁殖性能,但由于其价格昂贵,且外源性添加会与其他碱性氨基酸形成竞争,故未在反刍动物添加剂中得到广泛推广,NCG的出现解决了这些问题。因此,本文就NCG对反刍动物繁殖性能影响方面作一综述,以期为未来反刍动物的实际应用提供参考。
关键词: NCG    精氨酸    反刍动物    繁殖性能    
Effects of N-Carbamoylglutamic Acid on Reproductive Performance of Ruminants
ZHANG Yuzhu , XIAO Zhengbin , CONG Yuyan     
College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
Abstract: Due to its high stability, N-carbamoylglutamate (NCG) can effectively catalyze the rate limiting enzyme of endogenous arginine synthesis and enhance the expression of endogenous arginine. Arginine is an important functional amino acid in ruminants, and can improve the reproductive performance of ruminants. However, due to its high price and the competition with other basic amino acids, arginine has not been widely used in ruminant additives. The emergence of NCG solves these problems. Therefore, this paper reviewed the effects of NCG on the reproductive performance of ruminants, in order to provide reference for the practical application of ruminants in the future.
Key words: NCG    arginine    ruminants    reproductive performance    

N-氨甲酰谷氨酸(NCG)通过催化线粒体内氨甲酰磷酸合成酶-Ⅰ与二氢吡咯-5-羧酸合成酶使鸟氨酸转化为瓜氨酸,瓜氨酸在酶的催化作用下转化为内源性精氨酸[1-2]。在动物繁殖过程中,精氨酸及其代谢产物多胺和一氧化氮(NO)在胎盘形成、胚胎生长和胎儿发育中起着关键作用[3-4]。但由于精氨酸成本较高、在瘤胃降解中高需要包被、与碱性氨基酸产生拮抗作用,故未在反刍动物中得到广泛应用。NCG具有半衰期长、降解率低、降低瘤胃甲烷排放、添加量与价格双低、且不会与色氨酸、组氨酸和赖氨酸有拮抗作用等优点,可有效调控机体内精氨酸代谢并改善繁殖性能[5-9]

1 NCG对反刍动物繁殖性能的影响 1.1 NCG对反刍动物子宫氨基酸的影响

氨基酸是早期胚胎发育所需要的子宫液成分,可增强胎盘蛋白质合成并促进细胞增殖,调节胚胎发育和着床[10]。在正常妊娠中,大多数氨基酸浓度在母体和胎儿之间存在正相关关系,且妊娠期间,充足的氨基酸供应对胎儿和胎盘的发育非常重要。NCG作为精氨酸前体物质,主要通过调控精氨酸的代谢来对机体发挥作用。精氨酸是孕体(胚胎/胎儿和滋养层/胎盘)生长和发育的必需氨基酸[11]。Wu等[11]通过观察萨福克母羊发现精氨酸的运输与子宫内膜和受孕中阳离子氨基酸转运蛋白密切相关,氨基酸转运蛋白有助于把精氨酸运到子宫腔,从而对受孕产生积极影响。Gao等[12]还发现在妊娠第10~15天,母羊子宫中精氨酸浓度较之前增加10倍。Bairagl等[13]发现精氨酸可激活反刍动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)细胞信号通路,以增强胎盘中蛋白质合成和细胞增殖。吴宝升等[14]在妊娠早期细毛羊饲粮中添加0.3%和0.4%的NCG会显著提升羊水与胎儿血浆尿素循环中氨基酸(精氨酸、瓜氨酸、鸟氨酸和脯氨酸)浓度来保障胎儿早期健康发育。目前NCG对氨基酸的影响的研究大多集中在母体血液,而对子宫氨基酸浓度的变化及机制方面研究寥寥无几且很肤浅,尤其是反刍动物,因此需加深这方面的研究。

1.2 NCG对生殖系统血流量的影响

NCG可通过促进内源精氨酸合成提升子宫与胎盘间血流量,从而促进胚胎发育和胎儿的生长。一氧化氮(NO)作为精氨酸代谢产物,是血管生成关键调节因子,可通过抑制环磷酸鸟苷的分解刺激血管平滑肌和毛细血管周细胞产生血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)来调节子宫血流量[13, 15-16],也可促进胎盘血管扩张和加快血液流动来促进胎儿与母体的联系[17]。胎盘血流量之所以对胎儿的存活、生长发育很重要,取决于子宫胎盘血管生成和血管发育。子宫胎盘血管生成、发育受血管生成因子及其受体调节,例如VEGF、胎盘生长因子(PlGF)、血管生成素(ANG)和内皮型一氧化氮酶(eNOS)[13]。VEGF促进血管通透性并参与毛细血管的形成;PLGF有助于胎盘血管生成;而ANG表达量与内皮细胞对血管因子诱导的血管生成的敏感性呈正比;eNOS可调控血管通透性调节血流量[13, 18-19]。蔡元等[20]在妊娠早期母羊饲粮中添加不同水平NCG,发现可通过显著提高一氧化氮合酶活性来提升NO含量,进而提升母体与胎儿间血流量促进胎盘发育。Gootwine等[21]也发现精氨酸可促进绵羊NO生成继而增加血管生成和血管舒张,进而增加子宫血流量。但目前NCG对反刍动物血流量及相关因子方面的研究寥寥无几,故还有很大的研究空间。

1.3 NCG对胎盘发育的影响

精基酸可刺激胎盘生长促进营养物质从母体向胚胎或胎儿的转移,以促进胚胎的存活和生长发育。吴宝升等[22]发现饲粮中补充NCG可通过增加内源精氨酸的含量来激活磷脂酰肌醇-3-羟激酶/蛋白激酶/mTOR(PI3K/Akt/mTOR)信号或增加NO的代谢,促进蛋白质表达,进而促进胎盘形成、子宫发育及胎儿的生长。孙玲伟[23]通过对妊娠期营养限饲湖羊饲喂NCG,发现能够显著提高胎盘效率(胎儿体重除以胎盘的质量),影响胎盘相关因子VEGF含量、mTOR通路表达、胚胎脐静脉血中代谢物含量变化,以及提高胎儿体重,这和Zhang等[24]的试验结果一致。但吴宝升等[22]却发现添加NCG并未对妊娠早期细毛羊的胎盘重产生显著影响,这可能是由于NCG添加量较低导致,此外,Zhang等[24]通过对营养受限的母羊饲喂添加NCG和包被后的精氨酸的饲粮,发现妊娠期间母体营养受限时,胎盘类型会从A向D进行转换,影响母羊内分泌状况,增加胎盘血流量,促进母体对营养物质的吸收。鉴于胎盘的重要性,很有必要对NCG添加量及其对胎盘结构及功能进行更深层次的研究。

1.4 NCG对胎儿发育的影响

妊娠期营养不足会降低母体、胎儿血浆和体液中多胺、精氨酸家族及相关支链氨基酸的含量,导致宫内发育迟缓(IUGR),从而会降低胎儿存活率,影响胚胎和胎儿发育[25-30]。绵羊妊娠期间母体营养不良会导致胎儿生长轨迹改变,胎儿下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴发育改变导致胎儿肾上腺加速成熟、胰腺发育改变,继而胰岛素信号和氨基酸代谢发生改变,引起胎儿早产率增加[31-32]。也有研究表明,母羊妊娠期间营养不良会减少子宫和脐带血流量继而会造成胎盘变小和胎儿体重减轻[33]。在妊娠至分娩第60天期间,每天3次注射精氨酸给营养不足的母羊,可使羔羊的出生体重增加21%,并在不影响母羊体重的情况下有效预防IUGR[30]。妊娠第60~147天,通过给母羊补喂精氨酸或NCG,可改善胎儿内分泌的代谢稳态、增加胎儿肝脏和背最长肌中氨基酸的可利用性以及影响生长轴基因的表达,进而降低胎儿IUGR发生几率[29]。这与Lassala等[34]、Herring等[25]试验结果一致。此外Zhang等[35]对IUGR绵羊补充NCG,发现可增加胎儿体重,有效缓解胎儿胸腺发育和免疫功能对IUGR的反应。且Zhang等[27]对IUGR羔羊进行研究发现,饲粮中添加精氨酸和NCG均能降低IUGR所带来的不良反应,但精氨酸和NCG之间没有显著差异。但反刍动物在营养受限过程中,NCG对胎盘发育和血管生成及相关因子的影响还需要进行深入的研究。

1.5 NCG对种公畜精液品质的影响

多胺(腐胺、精胺和亚精胺)是细胞生长和分化的重要生物分子,作为精氨酸代谢物的鸟氨酸可通过被鸟氨酸脱羧酶转化为腐胺,腐胺随后参与精胺和亚精胺的合成[36]。在雄性动物中NCG可通过内源性生成精氨酸促进多胺合成,继而提升雄性动物精液相关指标,提高对雄性动物的利用,增加养殖场的经济效益。Ozer等[37]发现精氨酸可显著提高精浆精氨酸酶活性,促进多胺合成,增加精子浓度和提升精子活力,继而提高公羊繁殖力。汪建国等[38]也表明,NCG的添加可以使新疆褐牛种公牛的采精量、精子活力与浓度均得到不同程度的提升,精子畸形率较对照组均呈下降趋势,且随着NCG添加量的升高,褐牛各方面性能呈依赖型升高。目前来说,NCG作为新型饲料添加剂在单胃动物上研究较多,在反刍动物尤其是反刍动物种公畜方面的研究寥寥无几,且对其适用范围及其最优剂量都有待深入研究。

2 小结

自从2014年NCG被列入新型饲料添加剂名单后,国内外对其进行了研究,但大多针对的是单胃动物,NCG对反刍动物繁殖方面的研究还比较少,这方面还有更大的进步空间,由于NCG是以氨基酸为主要有效成分的天然饲料添加剂,降解率低且具有价格和添加量双低的优点,NCG在养殖场的应用很有意义。近几年也有人将NCG与微量元素结合在一起进行研究[39-40],因此NCG对反刍动物的生长、繁殖性能以及代谢机制都有待深入研究。

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