动物营养学报    2022, Vol. 34 Issue (3): 1632-1641    PDF    
早期去势对荷斯坦公犊生长性能、屠宰性能及肉品质的影响
岳萌萌1 , 卜也1 *, 刘利1 , 央珍2 , 赵晓川1 , 许珊珊1 , 王春微3 , 柴金宝1 , 孙芳1     
1. 黑龙江省农业科学院畜牧研究所, 哈尔滨 150086;
2. 西藏自治区动物疫病预防控制中心, 拉萨 850000;
3. 黑龙江省畜牧总站, 哈尔滨 150069
摘要: 本试验旨在研究去势对荷斯坦公犊生长性能、屠宰性能和肉品质的影响。选取健康荷斯坦公犊和出生即去势的荷斯坦阉牛犊各17头,日龄和初生重均差异不显著(P>0.05),分为公牛组和阉牛组,这2组牛的饲粮和饲养管理一致,试验期为15.5个月,其中哺乳期为2个月,断奶期为2.5个月,饲育肥为11个月。结果表明:1)2组试验牛在4.5、9.5、15.5月龄平均体重差异显著(P < 0.05),公牛组在14.0~15.5月龄平均日增重显著高于阉牛组(P < 0.05)。2)15.5月龄出栏后,公牛组的排酸失重和头占体重比例显著高于阉牛组(P < 0.05)。3)15.5月龄出栏的阉牛组大理石花纹等级2.5级,平均背膘厚10.75 mm,与公牛组差异显著(P < 0.05)。4)15.5月龄出栏的公牛组肌肉剪切力、冷冻损失、滴水损失、蒸煮损失和肉色红度值显著高于阉牛组(P < 0.05),肌肉脂肪含量和肉色亮度值显著低于阉牛组(P < 0.05)。综上所述,在直线育肥模式下,荷斯坦公牛生长性能优于阉牛;但是阉牛可生产出2.5级大理石纹牛肉,牛肉品质明显优于公牛。
关键词: 荷斯坦阉牛    荷斯坦公犊    早期去势    生长性能    屠宰性能    肉品质    
Effects of Early Castration on Growth Performance, Slaughter Performance and Meat Quality of Holstein Calves
YUE Mengmeng1 , BU Ye1 *, LIU Li1 , YANG Zhen2 , ZHAO Xiaochuan1 , XU Shanshan1 , WANG Chunwei3 , CHAI Jinbao1 , SUN Fang1     
1. Institute of Animal Husbandry of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China;
2. Tibet Autonomous Region Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lhasa 850000, China;
3. Heilongjiang Provincial Animal Husbandry Terminus, Harbin 150069, China
Abstract: This experiment was conducted to study the effects of early castration on growth performance, slaughter performance and meat quality of Holstein bulls. Seventeen healthy Holstein calves and seventeen birth castrated Holstein calves were selected. There was no significant difference in age and birth weight. Two groups were bull group and steer group. The diets and feeding management of the two groups were consistent. The trial period was 15.5 months, including 2 months for lactation, 2.5 months for weaning and 11 months for fattening. The results showed as follows: 1) the average body weight of bulls at 4.5, 9.5 and 15.5 months of age was significantly different between two groups (P < 0.05); the average daily gain in bull group was significantly higher than that in steer group during 14.0 to 15.5 months of age (P < 0.05). 2) The head weight and weight loss after ripening of bulls at 15.5 months of age was significantly higher in bull group than steer group (P < 0.05). 3) The marbling grade of steers at 15.5 months of age could reach 2.5 and the back fat thickness was 10.75 cm in steer group, which was significantly higher than that in the bull group (P < 0.05). 4) The shear force, freezing loss, dripping loss, cooking loss and redness value of bulls at 15.5 months of age in bull group were significantly higher than those in the steer group (P < 0.05); while the fat content and lightness value were remarkably lower than those in the steer group (P < 0.05). It can be concluded that the growth performance of Holstein bulls is improved compared with steers; however, the steers can produce beef with marbling grade being 2.4, indicating they have better meat quality than Holstein bulls.
Key words: Holstein steers    bulls    early castration    growth performance    slaughter performance    meat quality    

肉牛产业是我国畜牧业的重要组成部分,市场表现“产销两旺”,2020年总消费量951.5万t,其中进口量达到275.0万t,占总消费量的28.9%,国内牛源不足与牛肉强势需求的矛盾日益加剧[1-2],但可以利用我国丰富的荷斯坦公犊资源生产牛肉缓解此矛盾。欧洲研发出荷斯坦公犊生产小牛肉的技术,日本研发出荷斯坦阉牛生产大理石纹牛肉技术[3-4]。近些年,本团队在荷斯坦公犊集约化、规模化和标准化直线育肥养殖技术上已取得一定进展[5-7]。Schoonmaker等[8]研究发现, 在2.5月龄时去势的西门塔尔杂交牛育肥到9月龄时脂肪厚度高于公牛。闫向民[9]研究发现,在12月龄时去势的西门塔尔阉牛育肥到24月龄时出栏体重低于公牛。但是在饲养管理中发现,荷斯坦公牛7月龄就开始出现爬跨行为,9~12月龄尤为严重,导致肢蹄损伤和体表挫伤现象时有发生,甚至丧失育肥价值而被淘汰。与公牛相比,西门塔尔阉牛群体爬跨头数和打斗头数显著减少[10]。因此早期去势具有一定优势。目前,关于初生去势对荷斯坦公犊的影响研究较少。本研究拟探究早期去势对荷斯坦公犊直线育肥生长性能及屠宰性能的影响,为科学利用荷斯坦公犊资源高效生产优质高档牛肉提供技术依据。

1 材料与方法 1.1 试验动物与试验设计

在黑龙江省绥化裕达奶牛场选取健康荷斯坦公犊和出生即去势的荷斯坦阉牛犊各17头,采用对比试验设计,日龄和初生重均差异不显著(P> 0.05),分为公牛组和阉牛组。阉牛组出生即用橡皮筋结扎去势,试验牛基本情况如表 1所示。试验期为15.5个月,其中哺乳期为2个月,断奶期为2.5个月,饲育肥为11个月(预试期0.5个月,正试期分3个阶段,分别为4.5~9.5月龄、9.5~12.5月龄、12.5~15.5月龄);试验期末,分别在2组中随机选取6头牛,进行屠宰试验。

表 1 试验牛基本情况 Table 1 Basic information of test cattle
1.2 试验饲粮

不同试验阶段饲粮营养水平依据《日本饲养标准肉用牛(2008年版)》[11],饲粮组成及营养水平如表 2所示。

表 2 饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础) Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of diets (DM basis)  
1.3 饲养管理

育肥试验前2组牛混群饲养,7日龄开始饲喂犊牛料(哺乳期饲粮),2月龄实施断奶。4.5月龄进入育肥阶段,每组试验牛采取散栏饲养方式。夏季饲喂时间为06:00和17:00,冬季饲喂时间是为08:00和16:30,自由饮水;冬季在运动场设置挡风墙,且饮水温度控制在0~6 ℃。其他饲养管理工作按试验场的常规程序进行。

1.4 测定指标 1.4.1 生长性能

分别在4.5、9.5、14、15.5月龄进行增重测定,获得平均日增重。

1.4.2 屠宰性能

使用运牛车将试验牛运送到350 km外的屠宰场,用时4 h。宰前24 h禁食,3 h禁水,屠宰方法严格遵守国家标准(GB/T 19477—2018)《畜禽屠宰操作规程牛》[12]

测定指标:宰前活重、胴体重、屠宰率、运输失重、排酸失重、头占体重比例、蹄占体重比例、皮占体重比例、大理石纹等级、背膘厚、12~13肋眼肌面积、高档肉块占比、优质肉块占比、分割脂肪占比。

宰前活重:试验牛屠宰前称量的体重;胴体重:屠宰放血后,去头、皮、内脏、前膝关节和后肢趾关节以下部分,排酸24 h后称重(不含肾脏和肾脏脂肪);屠宰率:屠宰率(%)=100×(胴体重/宰前活重);运输失重:运输失重(%)=100×(出养殖场体重-入屠宰厂体重)/出养殖场体重;排酸失重:排酸失重(%)=100×(排酸前体重-排酸后体重)/排酸前体重;头占体重比例:头占体重(%)=100×头的重量/宰前活重;蹄占体重比例:蹄占体重(%)=100×蹄的重量/宰前活重;皮占体重比例:皮占体重(%)=100×皮的重量/宰前活重;大理石纹等级:取背最长肌第6~7肋横断面眼肌面积,按日本大理石纹比色板评级标准5分制进行评定;背膘厚:用游标卡尺垂直测定第12~13胸肋间眼肌横切面的皮下脂肪厚度;第12~13眼肌面积:用硫酸纸描绘出第12~13胸肋间眼肌横切面处的眼肌面积,用求肌仪测算出眼肌面积;高档肉块占比:高档肉块(%)=100×眼肉、上脑、外脊和里脊肉块重量/胴体重;优质肉块占比:优质肉块(%)=100×前腿肉(板腱、辣椒肉、肩肉)、后臀肉(林肉、尾龙扒、针扒、会扒)、腹肉、胸肉和腱子肉肉块重量/胴体重;分割脂肪占比:分割脂肪(%)=100×修割胴体表面脂肪重量/胴体重。

1.4.3 肉质测定

测定指标:pH、剪切力、水分、冷冻损失、滴水损失、蒸煮损失、脂肪含量、亮度(L*)值、红度(a*)值。

pH:取宰后48 h的第12~13肋背最长肌肉样,在肌肉横截面积沿肌纤维方向切口,插入pH计电极,深度完全包裹探头时,待数值稳定后读数。每个样品分散取5个测量点,取平均值;剪切力:剪切力按照NY/T 1180—2006标准进行测定[13];水分含量:按照《肉与肉制品水分含量测定》(GB/T 9695.15—2008)进行测定[14];冷冻损失:对宰后分割的牛肉称重记为W1,预冷24 h后再次称重记为W2,冷冻损失(%)=100×(W1-W2)/W1;滴水损失:取宰后48 h的第12~13胸肋处背最长肌组织,修整为4 cm×4 cm×4 cm肉样4个,电子天平上称重每个肉样的重量,取平均值记为W1,用铁丝勾住肉样一端,悬入充气塑料袋中,使肉样不与袋壁接触,扎好袋口,吊挂于2~4 ℃冰箱中,24 h后轻轻擦去肉样表面渗出的汁液后再次称重4个样品取平均值记为W2,滴水损失(%)=100×(W1-W2)/W1;蒸煮损失:将样品肉块称重记为W1,放入蒸煮袋中后放入80 ℃水浴锅中加热,当肉样中心温度70 ℃时,取出肉块冷却至室温,再次对肉块进行称重记为W2,蒸煮损失(%)=100×(W1-W2)/W1;脂肪含量:将5 g肉样放于干燥器内干燥后取出,将肉样放于100 mL的石油醚中,在110 ℃的条件下,进行160 min的提取。提取杯前后标记分别记为M1M2,提取的原肉样重记为M3,脂肪含量(%)=100×(M2-M1)/M3;肉色:肉牛屠宰1 h后,取厚度为1 cm左右的肉样,采用双面测定法,在牛肉的正反两面分别选取3个测量点(均匀地分布在最长对角线上),用CR-10型手持色差计对每个测试点进行3次重复测定,取3次测量的平均值为最终L*、a*值;L*值表示肉表面的亮度值,数值从0~100,颜色由黑色至白色,L*值越高则肉颜色越亮,相反则肉色越暗。

1.5 数据统计分析

所得数据首先使用Excel 2010进行初步整理,然后使用SPSS 20.0软件进行统计,采用独立样本t检验进行差异显著性分析。数据结果以“平均值±标准差”表示,P < 0.05即为差异显著。

2 结果 2.1 早期去势对荷斯坦公犊生长性能的影响

表 3所示,试验全程中,公牛组体重始终高于阉牛组,在4.5、9.5以及15.5月龄,公牛组体重分别比阉牛组高10.24%、7.38%和7.60%(P < 0.05),且体重差异随日龄增长而增加;而对于平均日增重,只有在育肥后期,即14.0~15.5月龄时,公牛组显著高于阉牛组(P < 0.05)。

表 3 早期去势对不同阶段荷斯坦公犊体重和平均日增重的影响 Table 3 Effects of early castration on body weight and average daily gain of Holstein bulls at different stages
2.2 早期去势对荷斯坦公犊屠宰性能的影响

表 4所示,与公牛组相比,阉牛组宰前活重、运输失重、胴体重、排酸失重、头占体重比例、蹄占体重比例、皮占体重比例分别降低6.9%、6.0%、8.9%、21.0%、12.2%、1.5%、1.6%,其中排酸失重和头占体重比例差异显著(P < 0.05);阉牛组较公牛组屠宰率提高2.47个百分点(P>0.05),眼肌面积降低10.97%(P>0.05),阉牛组背膘厚为公牛组的2.3倍(P < 0.05),第6~7肋眼肌大理石纹等级可达2.5级(P < 0.05),2组试验牛第6~7肋眼肌大理石纹情况如图 1所示。公牛组优质肉块占比、高档肉块占比高于阉牛组,分割脂肪占比低于阉牛组,但差异是否显著未作统计分析。

表 4 早期去势对荷斯坦公犊屠宰性能的影响 Table 4 Effects of early castration on slaughter performance of Holstein bulls
图 1 荷斯坦阉牛与公牛第6~7肋背最长肌肌内脂肪沉积情况 Fig. 1 Intramuscular fat deposition in the 6th to 7th longest rib muscle in Holstein steers and bulls
2.3 早期去势对荷斯坦公犊肉品质的影响

表 5所示,15.5月龄出栏的公牛组肌肉剪切力、冷冻损失、滴水损失、蒸煮损失和a*值显著高于阉牛组(P < 0.05),肌肉脂肪含量和L*值显著低于阉牛组(P < 0.05),2组试验牛肌肉水分含量和pH差异不显著(P>0.05)。

表 5 早期去势对荷斯坦公犊肉品质的影响 Table 5 Effects of early castration on meat quality of Holstein bulls
3 讨论 3.1 早期去势对荷斯坦公犊生长性能的影响

肉牛的生长性能受品种、性别、年龄、营养水平和日常管理等因素的影响[15],已有研究表明,在相同饲养管理条件下,公牛的生长速度明显高于阉牛[16-19]。本研究中,除14.0月龄外,阉牛组在其他育肥阶段的体重始终低于公牛组,与前人在荷斯坦、西门塔尔和晋南牛上的报道结果[20-24]一致。众所周知,动物去势后,其血液中性激素含量会显著下降[25],而性激素能促进骨钙、磷的沉积,刺激骨骼肌蛋白质合成和肌肉的生长[26]。本课题组试验发现,阉牛组血液中睾酮含量显著低于公牛组[21],为2组试验牛生长性能的变化提供了数据支持。

3.2 早期去势对荷斯坦公犊屠宰性能的影响

头占体重比例、蹄占体重比例、皮占体重比例与衡量肉牛产肉性能的胴体重、屠宰率2个关键指标呈负相关关系[27]。本研究中,阉牛组头占体重和排酸失重始终低于公牛组,与前人报道结果[9, 28-29]一致。但是,本试验阉牛组的屠宰率高于公牛组,是因为胴体修割标准未按照企业标准执行,仍然保留了阉牛胴体表面的多余脂肪。试验牛由养殖场运输至屠宰厂,运输距离超300 km,2组运输失重百分比在4.67%~5.02%,由于路程较远产生应激使得2组动物的运输失重稍高。

肉牛胴体脂肪沉积规律为先内脏后皮下最后肌内,背膘厚(皮下脂肪)代表肉牛肥育程度。本研究中,阉牛组背膘厚高于公牛组,说明阉牛的胴体脂肪沉积能力优于公牛。与前人在西门塔尔牛上的报道结果[30]相一致。大理石花纹是衡量牛肉品质的重要指标,与牛肉的嫩度和风味等密切相关,大理石花纹越丰富,等级越高,肉品质越好[31-33]。本研究中,阉牛组大理石花纹等级高于公牛组,与前人在荷斯坦和西门塔尔牛上的报道结果[29, 34]一致。主要是因为去势可以促进脂肪吸收、合成,抑制脂肪分解,从而使肌内脂肪沉积增加,提高大理石花纹等级[35]。肉牛的眼肌面积是预测胴体分割肉块产肉性能的重要参数,与胴体净肉率、优质肉块占比呈正比[36]。本研究中,公牛组优质肉块和高档肉块出品率高于阉牛组。由于条件有限,未作单头分割记录,无法进行差异显著分析,有待进一步完善。与前人在新疆褐牛上的报道结果[9, 37]基本一致。主要原因是公牛去势后,雄性激素分泌量降低,进一步引起机体氮沉积能力下降,抑制了肌肉蛋白质合成;胰岛素(INS)分泌量升高,促进血糖转化为糖原化脂类,促进糖原、脂肪酸、蛋白质的合成,促进脂肪沉积,抑制脂肪酸的裂解,从而降低产肉性能[24, 38]。本课题组也发现,阉牛组血液中总蛋白(TP)、尿素氮(UN)含量显著低于公牛组,INS含量显著高于公牛组[21],为2组试验牛产肉性能的变化提供了数据支持。

3.3 早期去势对荷斯坦公犊肉品质的影响

牛肉的剪切力(嫩度)、蒸煮损失、滴水损失、肉色等指标受年龄、性别、宰前应激及排酸时间等多方面因素影响[39-40],也是反映牛肉品质的重要物理指标。本研究中公牛组的肌肉剪切力、冷冻损失、滴水损失、蒸煮损失和a*值均高于阉牛组,肌肉脂肪含量和L*值低于阉牛组。与前人在荷斯坦、晋南牛、西门塔尔牛和安格斯牛上的报道结果[20, 22, 24, 34, 41]基本一致。去势可增强牛肉嫩度,这是因为去势处理会提高牛肉中蛋白质水解系统的活性[4]。蛋白水解系统中有一种能够激活钙的蛋白酶-μ-钙蛋白酶,它能够诱导关键肌原纤维蛋白降解,催化肌钙蛋白、肌联蛋白和伴肌动蛋白等蛋白降解,从而影响肌肉的韧性,使肌肉嫩度发生变化[42]。去势后牛肉各类损失降低,与阉牛背膘厚显著高于公牛有关,高背膘厚会减少因加工而造成的水分流失[43]。去势后肉色亮度大红度浅,主要是去势使育肥牛肌肉中肌红蛋白与氧气结合速率加快,氧合肌红蛋白含量升高,肉色鲜亮,同时,去势使肌内氧分压含量升高,降低了动物机体的氧化代谢能力,提高肉色的稳定性[44]

4 结论

① 本试验条件下,15.5月龄出栏,荷斯坦公牛体重显著高于阉牛。

② 出生即去势的荷斯坦阉牛直线育肥至15.5月龄可生产出2.5级大理石纹牛肉,公牛未达到评级标准。

参考文献
[1]
LI X Z, YAN C G, ZAN L S. Current situation and future prospects for beef production in China-a review[J]. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2018, 31(7): 984-991. DOI:10.5713/ajas.18.0212
[2]
曹兵海, 张越杰, 李俊雅, 等. 2020年度肉牛牦牛产业技术发展报告[J]. 中国畜牧杂志, 2021, 57(3): 240-245.
CAO B H, ZHANG Y J, LI J Y, et al. Technology development report of beef cattle and yak industry in 2020[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Science, 2021, 57(3): 240-245 (in Chinese).
[3]
郭珍珍, 孙芳, 丁丽艳, 等. 荷斯坦公犊牛生产小牛肉的研究进展[J]. 现代畜牧科技, 2020(2): 1-4, 11.
GUO Z Z, SUN F, DING L Y, et al. Research progress on the production of veal by Holstein bull calves[J]. Modern Animal Husbandry Science & Technology, 2020(2): 1-4, 11 (in Chinese).
[4]
MARTI S, REALINI C E, BACH A, et al. Effect of vitamin A restriction on performance and meat quality in finishing Holstein bulls and steers[J]. Meat Science, 2011, 89(4): 412-418. DOI:10.1016/j.meatsci.2011.05.003
[5]
孙芳, 何丽华, 辛杭书, 等. 黑龙江省肉牛产业发展现状、趋势及建议[J]. 黑龙江畜牧兽医, 2020(24): 13-16, 174.
SUN F, HE L H, XIN H S, et al. Development situation, trend and suggestions of beef cattle industry in Heilongjiang province[J]. Heilongjiang Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, 2020(24): 13-16, 174 (in Chinese).
[6]
孙芳. 利用荷斯坦奶牛犊生产小牛肉关键技术的研究[Z]. 黑龙江省, 黑龙江省农业科学院畜牧研究所, 2016-04-08.
SUN F. Study on the key technology of producing veal with Holstein calves[Z]. Heilongjiang Province, Institute of Animal Husbandry, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2016-04-08. (in Chinese)
[7]
孙芳, 王嘉博, 刘利. 奶公犊谷饲直线育肥生产小牛肉饲养技术[C]//第八届中国牛业发展大会论文集, 昌吉: 中国畜牧业协会, 2013: 525-528.
SUN F, WANG J B, LIU L. Feeding technology of veal in straight line fattening of cow calves[C]//Proceedings of the 8th China Cattle Industry Development Conference, Changji. China Animal Agriculture Association, 2013: 525-528.
[8]
SCHOONMAKER J P, LOERCH S C, FLUHARTY F L, et al. Effect of an accelerated finishing program on performance, carcass characteristics, and circulating insulin-like growth factor Ⅰ concentration of early-weaned bulls and steers[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2002, 80(4): 900-910. DOI:10.2527/2002.804900x
[9]
闫向民. 去势对新疆褐牛公牛产肉性能与胴体品质影响的研究[D]. 硕士学位论文. 乌鲁木齐: 新疆农业大学, 2014.
YAN X M. The research on performance and carcass quality of castration Xinjiang brown cattle bulls beef[D]. Master's Thesis. Urumqi: Xinjiang Agricultural University, 2014. (in Chinese)
[10]
刘应进, 朱晓芳, 郭同军, 等. 去势对西门塔尔牛散栏饲养行为的影响[J]. 草食家畜, 2020(2): 31-35.
LIU Y J, ZHU X F, GUO T J, et al. Effects of castration on feeding behaviors of Simmental cattle in free stall[J]. Grass-Feeding Livestock, 2020(2): 31-35 (in Chinese).
[11]
(日)农业·食品产业技术综合研究机构. 日本饲养标准·肉用牛[M]. 曹兵海, 译. 北京: 中国农业大学出版社, 2009.
(Japan) Comprehensive research institute of agriculture and food industry technology. Japanese feeding standard for beef cattle (2008)[M]. CAO B H, translated. Beijing: China Agricultural University Press, 2009. (in Chinese)
[12]
国家市场监督管理总局, 国家标准化管理委员会. 畜禽屠宰操作规程牛: GB/T 19477-2018[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2018.
State Administration for Market Regulation, Standardization Administration. Operating procedure of livestock and poultry slaughtering-cattle: GB/T 19477-2018[S]. Beijing: Standards Press of China, 2018. (in Chinese)
[13]
中华人民共和国农业部. 肉嫩度的测定剪切力测定法: NY/T 1180-2006[S]. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2006.
The Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China. Determination of meat tenderness-shear force method: NY/T 1180-2006[S]. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2006. (in Chinese)
[14]
中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局, 中国国家标准化管理委员会. 肉与肉制品水分含量测定: GB/T 9695.15-2008[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2008.
General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China, Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China. Meat and meat products-determination of moisture content: GB/T 9695.15-2008[S]. Beijing: Standards Press of China, 2008. (in Chinese)
[15]
姚军虎, 窦铖. 肉牛生长肥育规律及其应用[J]. 内蒙古畜牧科学, 1997(4): 16-19.
YAO J H, DOU C. Law of growth and fattening of beef cattle and its application[J]. Inner Mongolian Journal of Animal Sciences and Production, 1997(4): 16-19 (in Chinese).
[16]
WORRELL M A, ZHU X S. Effect of castrated body weight on fattening performance of steers[J]. Journal of Grass and Livestock, 1989(3): 38-40 (in Chinese).
[17]
RIBEIRO E L D A, HERNANDEZ J A, ZANELLA E L, et al. Growth and carcass characteristics of pasture fed LHRH immunocastrated, castrated and intact Bos indicus bulls[J]. Meat Science, 2004, 68(2): 285-290. DOI:10.1016/j.meatsci.2004.03.008
[18]
王宝地. 去势与不去势对公犊牛生产性能的影响[J]. 今日畜牧兽医, 2014(1): 55-56.
WANG B D. Effects of castration and non-castration on performance of male calves[J]. Today Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 2014(1): 55-56 (in Chinese). DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-4092.2014.01.022
[19]
吕强, 张浩, 居来提阿不都外力, 等. 去势对青年新疆褐牛日增重、体尺指标及血清生化指标的影响[J]. 中国畜牧兽医, 2014, 41(9): 116-120.
LV Q, ZHANG H, ABUDUWAILI J L T, et al. Effect of castration on daily gain, body measurement index and serum biochemical indices of young Xinjiang brown cattle[J]. China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, 2014, 41(9): 116-120 (in Chinese).
[20]
MACH N, BACH A, REALINI C E, et al. Burdizzo pre-pubertal castration effects on performance, behaviour, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of Holstein bulls fed high-concentrate diets[J]. Meat Science, 2009, 81(2): 329-334. DOI:10.1016/j.meatsci.2008.08.007
[21]
郭珍珍, 何丽华, 辛杭书, 等. 初生去势对荷斯坦公犊体重和血液生化、激素指标的影响[J]. 黑龙江畜牧兽医, 2020, 17: 1-5.
GUO Z Z, HE L H, XIN H S, et al. Effect of castration at birth on body weight, blood biochemical and hor mone indexes of Holstein bull calves[J]. Heilongjiang Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, 2020, 17: 1-5 (in Chinese).
[22]
ZHOU Z K, GAO X, LI J Y, et al. Effect of castration on carcass quality and differential gene expression of longissimus muscle between steer and bull[J]. Molecular Biology Reports, 2011, 38(8): 5307-5312. DOI:10.1007/s11033-011-0680-y
[23]
BRETSCHNEIDER G. Effects of age and method of castration on performance and stress response of beef male cattle: a review[J]. Livestock Production Science, 2005, 97(2/3): 89-100.
[24]
张喜忠, 闫益波, 王栋才, 等. 晋南牛公牛与阉牛育肥性能和肉品质的比较研究[J]. 畜牧与兽医, 2017, 49(5): 26-29.
ZHANG X Z, YAN Y B, WANG D C, et al. Comparative study on fattening performance and meat quality between Jinnan cattle bulls and steers[J]. Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, 2017, 49(5): 26-29 (in Chinese).
[25]
赵张晗. 去势对小尾寒羊羔羊育肥期生长性能、营养物质消化及羊肉品质的影响[D]. 硕士学位论文. 保定: 河北农业大学, 2018.
ZHAO Z H. Effects of castration on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and mutton quality of small tail Han sheep lambs during fattening period[D]. Master's Thesis. Baoding: Hebei Agricultural University, 2018. (in Chinese)
[26]
杨秀平. 动物生理学[M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2002.
YANG X P. Animal physiology[M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2002 (in Chinese).
[27]
吴宏达, 王嘉博, 亓美玉, 等. 奶公犊肉用性能及肉质变化规律分析[J]. 东北农业大学学报, 2014, 45(8): 55-64.
WU H D, WANG J B, QI M Y, et al. Analysis of beef performance and quality changes of dairy bull calves[J]. Journal of Northeast Agricultural University, 2014, 45(8): 55-64 (in Chinese). DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1005-9369.2014.08.009
[28]
毛元廷. 延边黄牛公牛和阉牛生长及产肉性能的比较研究[D]. 硕士学位论文. 延吉: 延边大学, 2011.
MAO Y T. The comparison research on growing and productive performance between Yanbian yellow bulls and steers[D]. Master's Thesis. Yanji: Yanbian University, 2011. (in Chinese)
[29]
杜柳柳, 李秋凤, 李妍, 等. 去势对荷斯坦奶公牛生长性能、血液生化指标及屠宰性能的影响[J]. 中国畜牧杂志, 2016, 52(7): 75-79.
DU L L, LI Q F, LI Y, et al. Effects of castration on growth performance, blood biochemical indexes and slaughter performance of Holstein bulls[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Science, 2016, 52(7): 75-79 (in Chinese). DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0258-7033.2016.07.016
[30]
王淑辉. 利用基因芯片对阉割引起牛生长发育和脂肪沉积变化分子机理的研究[D]. 博士学位论文. 北京: 中国农业科学院, 2008.
WANG S H. The study on the molecular mechanism of growth and fatty deposition by genechip in beef cattle[D]. Ph. D. Thesis. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2008. (in Chinese)
[31]
LEE B, YOON S, CHOI Y M. Comparison of marbling fleck characteristics between beef marbling grades and its effect on sensory quality characteristics in high-marbled Hanwoo steer[J]. Meat Science, 2019, 152: 109-115. DOI:10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.02.019
[32]
石风华. 非常规饲料替代玉米饲喂肉牛对瘤胃发酵、养分消化率、生产性能和胴体品质的影响[D]. 博士学位论文. 北京: 中国农业大学, 2014.
SHI F H. Effects of replacement of maize grains with non-conventinal feeds in the diet of beef cattle on rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, growth performance and carcass characteristics[D]. Ph. D. Thesis. Beijing: China Agricultural University, 2014. (in Chinese)
[33]
刘丽. 黄牛及其改良牛产肉性能和肉品质量分析及中国牛肉等级标准的研究与制定[D]. 博士学位论文. 南京: 南京农业大学, 2000.
LIU L. Analysis of beef performance and quality of yellow cattle and crossbreed and the research and establishing of beef grading system in China[D]. Ph. D. Thesis. Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University, 2000. (in Chinese)
[34]
郭同军. 去势影响西门塔尔牛脂肪沉积的生理机制研究[D]. 博士学位论文. 乌鲁木齐: 新疆农业大学, 2015.
GUO T J. Study on the physiological mechanism of fat deposition by castration in Simmental cattle[D]. Ph. D. Thesis. Urumqi: Xinjiang Agricultural University, 2015. (in Chinese)
[35]
BONG J J, JEONG J Y, RAJASEKAR P, et al. Differential expression of genes associated with lipid metabolism in longissimus dorsi of Korean bulls and steers[J]. Meat Science, 2012, 91(3): 284-293. DOI:10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.02.004
[36]
丁兰兰, 刘策, 郭娉婷, 等. 肉羊眼肌面积4种测定方法的比较[J]. 中国畜牧杂志, 2016, 52(17): 68-71.
DING L L, LIU C, GUO P T, et al. Comparison of four methods for determination of eye muscle area in sheep[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Science, 2016, 52(17): 68-71 (in Chinese).
[37]
闫向民, 耿娟, 安尧汶, 等. 不同月龄去势对新疆褐牛公牛增重及产肉性能的影响[J]. 黑龙江畜牧兽医, 2018(13): 79-82, 87.
YAN X M, GENG J, AN Y M, et al. Effect of castration on weight gain and meat performance of different months old Xinjiang brown cattle[J]. Heilongjiang Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, 2018(13): 79-82, 87 (in Chinese).
[38]
傅宏庆, 宗佳丽, 江涛, 等. 脐静脉血脂联素、胰岛素和IGF-1含量与犊牛初生质量的相关性[J]. 中国兽医学报, 2018, 38(3): 564-569.
FU H Q, ZONG J L, JIANG T, et al. A relationship between adiponectin, insulin, IGF-1 in cord blood and calf birth weight of cows[J]. Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science, 2018, 38(3): 564-569 (in Chinese).
[39]
MAHMOOD S, ROY B C, LARSEN I L, et al. Understanding the quality of typical and atypical dark cutting beef from heifers and steers[J]. Meat Science, 2017, 133: 75-85. DOI:10.1016/j.meatsci.2017.06.010
[40]
HOLDSTOCK J, AALHUS J L, UTTARO B A, et al. The impact of ultimate pH on muscle characteristics and sensory attributes of the longissimus thoracis within the dark cutting (Canada B4) beef carcass grade[J]. Meat Science, 2014, 98(4): 842-849. DOI:10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.07.029
[41]
KNIGHT T W, COSGROVE G P, DEATH A F, et al. Effect of interval from castration of bulls to slaughter on carcass characteristics and meat quality[J]. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 1999, 42(3): 269-277. DOI:10.1080/00288233.1999.9513376
[42]
KOOHMARAIE M, GEESINK G H. Contribution of postmortem muscle biochemistry to the delivery of consistent meat quality with particular focus on the calpain system[J]. Meat Science, 2006, 74(1): 34-43. DOI:10.1016/j.meatsci.2006.04.025
[43]
郭珍珍. 去势与否对荷斯坦公牛犊增重性能、血液生化指标和肉品质的比较研究[D]. 硕士学位论文. 哈尔滨: 东北农业大学, 2020.
GUO Z Z. Comparative study on the weight gain performance, blood biochemical index and meat quality of Holstein bull calves by castration or not[D]. Master's Thesis. Harbin: Northeast Agricultural University, 2020. (in Chinese)
[44]
田万年, 周悦, 李香子, 等. 延边黄牛阉牛和公牛背最长肌差异表达基因的筛选与鉴定[J]. 中国畜牧杂志, 2014, 50(5): 14-17.
TIAN W N, ZHOU Y, LI X Z, et al. Screening and identification of the differentially expressed genes in longissimus dorsi of Yanbian steers and bulls[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Science, 2014, 50(5): 14-17 (in Chinese). DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0258-7033.2014.05.004