2. 屯昌天之虹生态农牧有限公司, 三亚 570312
2. Tunchang Tianzhihong Ecological Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Sanya 570312, China
养猪生产中,玉米和豆粕是饲粮的主要组成成分。2020年,我国大豆总产量虽然达到历史最高水平1 961万t,但同期大豆进口超过1亿t,也创下了历史最高纪录,饲用豆粕仍主要依赖进口大豆[1]。因此,国际大豆的产销形势和价格浮动就给我国养猪业的稳定发展带来巨大的不确定性,特别是由于中美贸易摩擦,大豆价格涨幅很大,这给养猪业带来了沉重的压力,豆粕减量替代的必要性和紧迫性显得较为突出。
干酒糟及其可溶物(DDGS)作为一种营养丰富的蛋白质饲料原料,其营养成分具有高蛋白质、高有效磷、富含维生素和低淀粉含量等特点。在养猪生产中,推广DDGS的应用可以减少饲粮中豆粕的用量,对于减轻对进口大豆的依赖具有重要作用。目前,国内外虽然有文章报道了DDGS替代豆粕在生长肥育猪上的应用,但对猪胴体和肉品质的研究报道还非常有限。本文在总结和分析国内外最新试验研究成果的基础上,从DDGS的营养特性出发,探讨了饲粮中添加DDGS对猪生长性能、胴体品质和肉品质的影响,并在我国畜牧业从追求生长速度的数量型发展模式向以优质胴体品质和肉品质为生产目标的质量型模式转型的背景下,探讨DDGS在猪饲粮中使用的注意事项。
1 DDGS的营养特性DDGS的粗蛋白质含量在26%以上,含有丰富的氨基酸,可以作为猪生产中重要的饲料原料。DDGS中赖氨酸的含量较低,在使用时需要补充赖氨酸以维持饲粮氨基酸平衡。特别值得注意的是,与豆粕相比,DDGS的氨基酸标准回肠消化率不高,这与DDGS中纤维含量较高有关。DDGS中磷含量高达0.58%~0.73%,这是由于酿酒过程中酵母会释放植酸酶,会提高DDGS中的有效磷含量。DDGS中粗脂肪含量为8.8%~12.4%[2];总脂肪酸中含有80%~90%的必需脂肪酸,其中,亚油酸含量占63%左右,高含量的不饱和脂肪酸使得DDGS不易保存。此外,DDGS富含B族维生素和维生素E[3]。DDGS所含的粗纤维中纤维素含量相对较高,木质素含量较低,这就决定了其对反刍动物较为有利,而在猪生产中的应用则要控制用量[4];尤其由于仔猪消化道中的酶系统还不健全,因而仔猪断奶后,应限制DDGS的添加量[5]。
根据谷物原料来分,DDGS可分为玉米DDGS、小麦DDGS、大麦DDGS、高粱DDGS和大米DDGS,以及玉米与其他1种或几种谷物的混合物所产生的复合DDGS;不同原料、不同产地以及不同加工方法生产出来的DDGS营养成分差别较大。与玉米DDGS相比,高粱DDGS含有更多的粗蛋白质,赖氨酸和色氨酸的标准回肠消化率更高,中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量较高,而粗脂肪含量较低,亚油酸的含量较低[6]。小麦DDGS和玉米DDGS的氨基酸标准回肠消化率相近,中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维的水平均高于玉米DDGS。与小麦DDGS和玉米DDGS相比,大米DDGS的研究较少。大米DDGS的粗蛋白质水平为23%~28%,总能为20~21 MJ/kg,中性洗涤纤维为15%~30%,pH低(3.2),含有高水平的有机酸,特别是乳酸含量可达2.3%[7]。几种常见DDGS的营养特性见表 1[8-13],几种常见DDGS的氨基酸标准回肠消化率见表 2[8, 10-18]。
![]() |
表 1 几种常见DDGS的营养特性 Table 1 Nutritional characteristics of several common DDGS |
![]() |
表 2 几种常见DDGS的氨基酸标准回肠消化率 Table 2 Amino acid standard ileal digestibility of several common DDGS |
一般认为,生长育肥猪饲粮中添加25%左右的玉米DDGS对猪的生长性能有不利影响,如果配合使用酶制剂可以提高玉米DDGS的添加量。在早期也有研究表明,添加30%的玉米DDGS对猪屠宰重和平均日增重没有显著影响,但是猪的平均日采食量线性下降,料重比也线性下降[19]。国内有研究选择60 kg左右的“杜×长×大”三元杂交猪分别饲喂含8%、16%和24%玉米DDGS的饲粮,结果表明饲粮中添加24%的玉米DDGS显著降低了育肥猪的生长性能,补充复合酶则对育肥猪的生长性能有改善作用趋势[20]。Norton等[21]报道,饲粮中添加25%玉米DDGS的猪平均日增重和料重比显著降低,较高的标准回肠可消化苏氨酸/赖氨酸值有助于缓解高纤维饲粮对生长育肥猪增重和饲料转化率的负面影响。猪的生长阶段、DDGS的饲喂时间和DDGS的种类对DDGS的使用效果影响很大。育肥猪与断奶仔猪相比能较好地利用DDGS中的营养成分[22]。与玉米DDGS相比,生长育肥猪饲粮中可添加高达30%的小麦DDGS,对生长性能无不利影响[10]。
3 DDGS对猪胴体品质和肉品质的影响长期以来,人们对猪的生长速度和瘦肉率的过分追求,导致优质猪肉生产受到影响。因此,在生猪产能复苏和传统饲料原料减量替代的双重行业背景下,饲粮中添加DDGS对猪胴体品质和肉品质的影响值得更深入的关注。
3.1 DDGS对猪胴体品质的影响衡量猪胴体品质的指标包括胴体重、屠宰率、眼肌面积、瘦肉率和背膘厚等。总体来看,生长育肥猪饲粮中玉米DDGS添加量在20%左右时对猪的胴体品质没有不利影响,但随着添加量从20%提升到30%,玉米DDGS对猪的背膘厚、胴体重、屠宰率和腹脂的脂肪酸组成产生了一定的负面影响。研究表明,饲粮中添加30%玉米DDGS会使猪的腹脂变软,玉米DDGS的高不饱和脂肪酸含量可能是造成腹脂变软的主要原因[23]。Villela等[24]研究表明,饲粮中添加20%以上的玉米DDGS会降低猪肉的脂肪硬度。与添加30%玉米DDGS的玉米-豆粕型饲粮相比,在高粱-豆粕型饲粮中添加30%的高粱DDGS会提高猪肉的脂肪硬度[25]。
胴体重和屠宰率是影响猪肉生产经济效益的关键指标。研究表明,与玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮相比,育肥猪饲粮中添加30%玉米DDGS会显著降低猪的胴体重和屠宰率[26]。饲粮中添加玉米DDGS降低了饲粮能量,从而限制了能量摄入,导致猪可能无法摄入足够的能量[27],而且与玉米-豆粕型饲粮中的能量相比,玉米DDGS中的能量也较难消化。上述因素可能是导致添加玉米DDGS引起猪胴体重和屠宰率下降的主要原因。目前,缓解胴体重和屠宰率下降的成功方法是在猪屠宰前15~20 d,将高纤维的玉米DDGS饲粮改为低纤维的玉米-豆粕型饲粮[28-29]。
此外,与玉米DDGS相比,在生长育肥猪饲粮中添加30%小麦DDGS对猪的胴体品质无影响[10],这说明在以胴体品质为约束指标的养猪生产中,小麦DDGS可能会有更广阔的应用空间。
3.2 DDGS对猪肉品质的影响猪肉品质包括感官品质、营养价值、加工品质、卫生质量和人文品质等[30]。其中,感官品质中肉色、嫩度、风味、多汁性、系水力和肌内脂肪含量等,通常最受消费者关注,属于狭义的肉品质范畴。研究表明,饲粮中添加20%左右的玉米DDGS对肉品质的各项指标均无显著影响[31],但添加30%的玉米DDGS对猪肉大理石纹评分有负面影响[32]。由于通常情况下肌内脂肪的脂质沉积优先级最低,使用玉米DDGS导致猪肉大理石纹评分下降可能是由于饲粮中添加玉米DDGS时没有足够的能量用于肌内脂肪沉积[33]。
研究表明,用分别含有0、15%、30%和45%玉米DDGS的4种玉米-豆粕型饲粮饲喂60头平均体重为34 kg的猪,结果显示,随着玉米DDGS含量的上升,肌肉剪切力出现降低,且玉米DDGS对猪肉色评分有负面影响,但对猪肉多汁性或风味特性无显著影响[34]。
饲粮脂肪水平或来源在饲喂25 d后可以引起猪脂肪组织中60%以上脂肪酸组成的变化,肌肉组织中的脂肪酸组成变化发生在稍晚的4~5周内[35]。玉米DDGS含有大量的不饱和脂肪酸,Światkiewicz等[36]研究发现,与豆粕相比,玉米DDGS提高了饲粮中亚油酸、油酸的含量,降低了棕榈酸的含量,而亚油酸对肉的感官性状有不良影响;Zhang等[37]在试验中观察到,油酸含量的提高和棕榈酸含量的降低会使肌内脂肪和肉色评分变差,但对肉的多汁性有积极影响,且棕榈酸含量与屠宰后45 min pH呈正相关。DDGS影响肉品质的机制如图 1所示。
![]() |
DDGS:干酒糟及其可溶物distillers dried grains with solubles;C18 ∶ 1n-9:油酸oleic acid;C18 ∶ 2n-6:亚油酸linoleic acid;C16 ∶ 0:棕榈酸palmitic acid;↑:提高increased;↓:降低decreased;+:促进promote;-:抑制inhibit;?:不确定indetermination。 图 1 DDGS影响肉品质的机制 Fig. 1 Mechanism of DDGS affecting meat quality[36-37] |
Światkiewicz等[36]指出,在含玉米DDGS的饲粮中添加牛油和椰子油降低了猪肉的滴水损失,并提高了肌内脂肪含量。另外,在添加玉米DDGS的育肥猪饲粮中添加维生素E和氨基酸螯合铁、铜、锰、锌等微量元素可以进一步降低肉的剪切力和滴水损失,提高肌内脂肪含量,改善猪肉品质[38-39]。
4 DDGS在生长肥育猪饲养中亟待解决的问题目前在主要饲料原料数据库中,除了玉米DDGS和小麦DDGS的各营养物质的化学含量和生物可利用性参数相对比较齐全外,其他如大麦DDGS、高粱DDGS和大米DDGS的相关参数还很缺乏,而这些原料在我国比较普遍,也亟需获得其营养成分及其生物可利用性参数。
DDGS在猪饲粮中的使用越来越普遍,但是饲粮中添加各类DDGS对肉品质的影响还不清楚,特别是对肉风味的影响还未见报道,为了高效、优质地生产健康猪肉,还需要对此深入研究。DDGS含有大量不饱和脂肪酸,可能会因氧化而影响到猪肉品质,生产中常通过添加维生素E、柠檬酸和苹果酸等抗氧化剂来应对此风险,但效果还有待于进一步评估。目前有关DDGS对肉品质影响的机制研究尚浅,未来还需通过研究掌握DDGS对肉品质的影响机制,从而指导DDGS的高效使用。
近期有研究报道了一种通过从可溶物中分离高蛋白质和低纤维组分并分别干燥而开发的新型DDGS,其代谢能、氨基酸标准回肠消化率和标准全肠道消化率高于常规脱油的DDGS[40]。Espinosa等[41]研究发现,与传统的DDGS相比,利用前端-后端分馏技术生产的高蛋白质DDGS有更高的营养价值。有报道通过新技术优化变性过程提高了DDGS的蛋白质含量[42]。还有研究发现,与常规DDGS相比,冷发酵低油DDGS中氨基酸标准回肠消化率更高[43]。未来我国需要在生产技术上继续创新,以提高DDGS品质,促进其使用效果能够得到进一步的提升。
此外,酿酒发酵过程对霉菌毒素无破坏作用,反而会浓缩DDGS中的霉菌毒素,最终影响猪的生产性能和肉品质,这就要求从原料源头上做好DDGS的质量管控。目前,祛除霉菌毒素的研究方兴未艾,亟需开发消除DDGS中霉菌毒素的技术和产品。
DDGS粗纤维含量高,添加纤维素酶和木聚糖酶可提高DDGS纤维素和非淀粉多糖的消化率,有助于改善育肥猪的生长性能。不过,这方面的研究还比较有限,还需要针对DDGS原料的复杂性,进一步开展酶制剂改善DDGS营养价值的研究。
5 小结与展望DDGS在国际上属于低值产品,可以通过DDGS的进口和广泛高效利用对冲玉米和豆粕的价格上涨。同时,我国DDGS的产量也在不断扩大,DDGS的加工工艺也逐渐完善,这为科学利用DDGS提供了保障。不科学地使用DDGS会对猪胴体品质和肉品质带来不利影响,通过添加抗氧化剂、微量元素和晶体氨基酸等手段可以一定程度上消除不利影响。因此,在DDGS的使用中需要根据其特点进一步研究功能性添加剂的配合使用,明确不同猪种、不同生长阶段的DDGS添加范围和最适添加量,特别是需要针对猪胴体和肉品质建立DDGS的使用指南,以期在缓解人畜争粮危机的同时,进一步提高养猪产业链的经济效益,满足消费者对优质肉的需求。相信随着相关研究的不断深入,DDGS的应用会为畜牧业生产带来更大的经济效益。
[1] |
佚名. 《中国农业展望报告2021—2030》发布[J]. 农业工程技术, 2021, 41(12): 15. AN ON. China agriculture outlook report 2021—2030 released[J]. Agricultural Engineering Technology, 2021, 41(12): 15 (in Chinese). |
[2] |
RODRIGUEZ D A, LEE S A, STEIN H H. Growth performance and carcass quality are not different between pigs fed diets containing cold-fermented low-oil DDGS and pigs fed conventional DDGS, but pelleting improves gain to feed ratio regardless of source of DDGS[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2021, 99(8): skab129. DOI:10.1093/jas/skab129 |
[3] |
LI P, XU X, ZHANG Q, et al. Effect of different inclusion level of condensed distillers solubles ratios and oil content on amino acid digestibility of corn distillers dried grains with solubles in growing pigs[J]. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2015, 28(1): 102-110. |
[4] |
郭文华. 干酒糟及其可溶物的营养价值和在动物生产中的应用[J]. 畜牧与饲料科学, 2015, 36(3): 40-41. GUO W H. Nutritional value of dry distiller's grains and its soluble matter and its application in animal production[J]. Animal Husbandry and Feed Science, 2015, 36(3): 40-41 (in Chinese). DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1672-5190.2015.03.018 |
[5] |
WANG L F, BELTRANENA E, ZIJLSTRA R T. Diet nutrient digestibility and growth performance of weaned pigs fed wheat dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS)[J]. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2016, 218: 26-32. DOI:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.05.005 |
[6] |
OSHO S O, BABATUNDE O O, ADEOLA O. Additivity of apparent and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in wheat, canola meal, and sorghum distillers dried grains with solubles in mixed diets fed to broiler chickens[J]. Poultry Science, 2019, 98(3): 1333-1340. DOI:10.3382/ps/pey457 |
[7] |
杜军, 李梦媛, 李生涛, 等. 不同水平大米DDGS对肥育猪生长性能、胴体特征和结肠微生物区系的影响[J]. 中国饲料, 2019(24): 96-100. DU J, LI M Y, LI S T, et al. Effects of different levels of rice DDGS on growth performance, carcass characteristics and colonic microflora of finishing pigs[J]. China Feed, 2019(24): 96-100 (in Chinese). |
[8] |
RHO Y, ZHU C, KIARIE E, et al. Standardized ileal digestible amino acids and digestible energy contents in high-protein distiller's dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2017, 95(8): 3591-3597. |
[9] |
ABELILLA J J, STEIN H H. Degradation of dietary fiber in the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine of growing pigs fed corn- or wheat-based diets without or with microbial xylanase[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2019, 97(1): 338-352. DOI:10.1093/jas/sky403 |
[10] |
CURRY S M, BLAVI L, WISEMAN J, et al. Effects of distillers dried grains with solubles on amino acid digestibility, growth performance, and carcass characteristics of growing pigs[J]. Translational Animal Science, 2019, 3(2): 641-653. DOI:10.1093/tas/txz005 |
[11] |
WANG T T, OSHO S O, ADEOLA O. Additivity of apparent and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acid determined by chromic oxide and titanium dioxide in mixed diets containing wheat and multiple protein sources fed to growing pigs[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2018, 96(11): 4731-4742. DOI:10.1093/jas/sky326 |
[12] |
URRIOLA P E, HOEHLER D, PEDERSEN C, et al. Amino acid digestibility of distillers dried grains with solubles, produced from sorghum, a sorghum-corn blend, and corn fed to growing pigs[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2009, 87(8): 2574-2580. DOI:10.2527/jas.2008-1436 |
[13] |
YÁÑEZ J L, BELTRANENA E, ZIJLSTRA R T. Dry fractionation creates fractions of wheat distillers dried grains and solubles with highly digestible nutrient content for grower pigs[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2014, 92(8): 3416-3425. DOI:10.2527/jas.2013-6820 |
[14] |
KIM B G, LIU Y, STEIN H H. Effects of ileal digesta collection time on standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in corn, soybean meal, and distiller's dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2017, 95(2): 789-798. |
[15] |
宋国隆, 李德发, 朴香淑, 等. 高油玉米在猪和家禽中氨基酸消化率和能量利用率的研究[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2004, 35(2): 154-159. SONG G L, LI D F, PIAO X S, et al. Amino acid digestibility and energy availability of high oil corn varieties for swine and poultry[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2004, 35(2): 154-159 (in Chinese). DOI:10.3321/j.issn:0366-6964.2004.02.008 |
[16] |
OLIVEIRA M S F, HTOO J K, STEIN H H. 直接法和差异法评估饲料原料在生长猪上的氨基酸消化率[J]. 饲料工业, 2020, 41(24): 58-64. OLIVEIRA M S F, HTOO J K, STEIN H H. The direct and difference procedures result in similar estimates for amino acid digestibility in feed ingredients fed to growing pigs[J]. Feed Industry, 2020, 41(24): 58-64 (in Chinese). |
[17] |
PARK C S, RAGLAND D, ADEOLA O. Amino acid digestibility of corn distillers' dried grains with solubles with the addition of casein in pigs[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2018, 96(11): 4674-4684. |
[18] |
COZANNET P, PRIMOT Y, GADY C, et al. Ileal digestibility of amino acids in wheat distillers dried grains with solubles for pigs[J]. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2010, 158(3/4): 177-186. |
[19] |
李增龙. DDGS对猪生产性能和胴体品质的影响研究[J]. 饲料广角, 2012(10): 44-46. LI Z L. Effects of DDGS on performance and carcass quality of pigs[J]. Feed China, 2012(10): 44-46 (in Chinese). DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-8358.2012.10.034 |
[20] |
吴丹, 贾连平, 陈冠军, 等. DDGS对肥育猪生长性能和血清生化指标的影响[J]. 华北农学报, 2010, 25(Z1): 184-189. WU D, JIA L P, CHEN G J, et al. Effects of adding DDGS to the diet of finishing pigs on growth performance and serum biochemical indexes[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2010, 25(Z1): 184-189 (in Chinese). |
[21] |
NORTON S A, XUE P C, RAMER B, et al. 205 An adjusted SID-Thr: Lys ratio offsets growth performance depressions in finishing pigs fed moderately high distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS)[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2020, 98(Supplement_3): 17. |
[22] |
马慧慧, 魏凤仙, 徐彬, 等. DDGS在猪鸡日粮中的应用及其质量控制研究进展[J]. 河南农业科学, 2017, 46(1): 1-6. MA H H, WEI F X, XU B, et al. Research progress on application of DDGS in pig and chicken feed and quality control[J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2017, 46(1): 1-6 (in Chinese). |
[23] |
WHITNEY M H, SHURSON G C, JOHNSTON L J, et al. Growth performance and carcass characteristics of grower-finisher pigs fed high-quality corn distillers dried grain with solubles originating from a modern Midwestern ethanol plant[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2006, 84(12): 3356-3363. DOI:10.2527/jas.2006-099 |
[24] |
VILLELA C C E J, COX R B, SHURSON G C, et al. Effects of adding minimally refined cottonseed oil or crude glycerol to diets containing 40% corn distiller's dried grains with solubles on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and pork fat firmness of growing-finishing pigs[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2017, 95(7): 3057-3067. |
[25] |
SOTAK K M, HOUSER T A, GOODBAND R D, et al. The effects of feeding sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles on finishing pig growth performance, carcass characteristics, and fat quality[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2015, 93(6): 2904-2915. DOI:10.2527/jas.2014-8022 |
[26] |
COBLE K F, DEROUCHEY J M, TOKACH M D, et al. Effects of distillers dried grains with solubles and added fat fed immediately before slaughter on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2017, 95(1): 270-278. |
[27] |
WHITTEMORE C T, GREEN D M, KNAP P W. Technical review of the energy and protein requirements of growing pigs: protein[J]. Animal Science, 2001, 73(3): 363-373. DOI:10.1017/S1357729800058331 |
[28] |
LERNER A B, TOKACH M D, DEROUCHEY J M, et al. Effects of switching from corn distillers dried grains with solubles- to corn- and soybean meal-based diets on finishing pig performance, carcass characteristics, and carcass fatty acid composition[J]. Translational Animal Science, 2020, 4(2): txaa070. |
[29] |
ASMUS M D, DEROUCHEY J M, TOKACH M D, et al. Effects of lowering dietary fiber before marketing on finishing pig growth performance, carcass characteristics, carcass fat quality, and intestinal weights[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2014, 92(1): 119-128. DOI:10.2527/jas.2013-6679 |
[30] |
尹靖东. 动物肌肉生物学与肉品科学[M]. 北京: 中国农业大学出版社, 2011: 12. YIN J D. Animal muscle biology and meat quality[M]. Beijing: China Agricultural University Press, 2011: 12 (in Chinese). |
[31] |
LEE S D, JUNG H J, CHO K H, et al. Effects of corn dried distiller's grains with solubles and enzyme premix supplements on growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality parameters in finishing pigs[J]. Animal Science Journal, 2011, 82(3): 461-467. DOI:10.1111/j.1740-0929.2010.00848.x |
[32] |
YING W, TOKACH M D, DEROUCHEY J M, et al. Effects of dietary L-carnitine and dried distillers grains with solubles on growth, carcass characteristics, and loin and fat quality of growing-finishing pigs[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2013, 91(7): 3211-3219. DOI:10.2527/jas.2012-5606 |
[33] |
HARRIS E K, MELLENCAMP M A, JOHNSTON L J, et al. Effect of time interval between the second Improvest® dose and slaughter and corn dried distillers grains with solubles feeding strategies on carcass composition, primal cutout, and pork quality of immunologically castrated pigs[J]. Meat Science, 2017, 127: 13-20. DOI:10.1016/j.meatsci.2017.01.003 |
[34] |
MCCLELLAND K M, RENTFROW G, CROMWELL G L, et al. Effects of corn distillers dried grains with solubles on quality traits of pork[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2012, 90(11): 4148-4156. DOI:10.2527/jas.2011-4779 |
[35] |
APPLE J K, MAXWELL C V, GALLOWAY D L, et al. Interactive effects of dietary fat source and slaughter weight in growing-finishing swine: Ⅰ.Growth performance and longissimus muscle fatty acid composition[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2009, 87(4): 1407-1422. DOI:10.2527/jas.2008-1453 |
[36] |
ŚWIATKIEWICZ M, OLSZEWSKA A, GRELA E R, 等. The effect of replacement of soybean meal with corn dried distillers grains with solubles (cDDGS) and differentiation of dietary fat sources on pig meat quality and fatty acid profile[J]. Animals, 2021, 11(5): 1277. |
[37] |
ZHANG Y F, ZHANG J J, GONG H F, et al. Genetic correlation of fatty acid composition with growth, carcass, fat deposition and meat quality traits based on GWAS data in six pig populations[J]. Meat Science, 2019, 150: 47-55. DOI:10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.12.008 |
[38] |
王红, 石宝明, 单安山, 等. 玉米脱水酒精糟及其可溶物和维生素E水平对肥育猪生长性能、胴体和肉品质的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2012, 24(2): 314-321. WANG H, SHI B M, SHAN A S, et al. Effects of dietary corn distillers dried grains with solubles and vitamin E on growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of finishing pigs[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2012, 24(2): 314-321 (in Chinese). DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2012.02.018 |
[39] |
刘沛庆. 玉米-DDGS型日粮中添加有机微量元素对生长肥育猪生产性能及胴体品质的影响[D]. 硕士学位论文. 武汉: 华中农业大学, 2017. LIU P Q. Effects of organic trace elements added to corn DDGS diet on performance and carcass quality of growing finishing pigs[D]. Master's Thesis. Wuhan: Huazhong Agricultural University, 2017. (in Chinese) |
[40] |
CRISTOBAL M, ACOSTA J P, LEE S A, et al. A new source of high-protein distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) has greater digestibility of amino acids and energy, but less digestibility of phosphorus, than de-oiled DDGS when fed to growing pigs[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2020, 98(7): skaa200. DOI:10.1093/jas/skaa200 |
[41] |
ESPINOSA C D, STEIN H H. High-protein distillers dried grains with solubles produced using a novel front-end-back-end fractionation technology has greater nutritional value than conventional distillers dried grains with solubles when fed to growing pigs[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2018, 96(5): 1869-1876. |
[42] |
诺维塔营养品有限公司. 高蛋白质的含可溶物干酒糟及其方法: CN201680021847.5[P]. 2016-03-10. Novita Nutrition Co., Ltd. Soluble dry distiller's grains with high protein and its method: CN201680021847.5[P]. 2016-03-10. (in Chinese) |
[43] |
RODRIGUEZ D A, LEE S A, STEIN H H. Digestibility of amino acids, but not fiber, fat, or energy, is greater in cold-fermented, low-oil distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) compared with conventional DDGS fed to growing pigs[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2020, 98(10): skaa297. DOI:10.1093/jas/skaa297 |