引用本文
李岩, 戴东文, 杨英魁, 王迅, 刘书杰, 红卫, 柴沙驼, 王书祥. 不同精粗比饲粮对育肥后期牦牛生长性能、营养物质表观消化率、血清生化指标及瘤胃发酵参数的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2022, 34(5): 3056-3065.
LI Yan, DAI Dongwen, YANG Yingkui, WANG Xun, LIU Shujie, HONG Wei, CHAI Shatuo, WANG Shuxiang. Effects of Diets with Different Concentrate to Roughage Ratios on Growth Performance, Nutrient Apparent Digestibilities, Serum Biochemical Indexes and Rumen Fermentation Parameters of Yak in Late Stage of Fattening[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2022, 34(5): 3056-3065.
不同精粗比饲粮对育肥后期牦牛生长性能、营养物质表观消化率、血清生化指标及瘤胃发酵参数的影响
1. 青海大学畜牧兽医科学院, 西宁 810016;
2. 青海省高原放牧家畜营养与饲料科学重点实验室, 西宁 810016;
3. 青海省牦牛工程技术研究中心, 西宁 810016;
4. 泽库县西卜沙乡 团结村生态畜牧业专业合作社, 泽库 811400
2. 青海省高原放牧家畜营养与饲料科学重点实验室, 西宁 810016;
3. 青海省牦牛工程技术研究中心, 西宁 810016;
4. 泽库县西卜沙乡 团结村生态畜牧业专业合作社, 泽库 811400
摘要: 本试验旨在研究不同精粗比饲粮对育肥后期牦牛生长性能、营养物质表观消化率、血清生化指标及瘤胃发酵参数的影响。选取36头健康状况良好、体重[(246.43±14.85) kg]相近的育肥后期公牦牛, 随机分为3组, 每组12头。各组分别饲喂精粗比为65:35、70:30和75:25的试验饲粮, 分别记为C65组、C70组和C75组。预试期15 d, 正试期60 d。结果表明: 1)C65组和C70组的总增重和平均日增重显著高于C75组(P < 0.05), 料重比显著低于C75组(P < 0.05)。2)C65组和C70组的干物质表观消化率显著高于C75组(P < 0.05), C65组的粗蛋白质表观消化率显著高于C75组(P < 0.05), C65组的中性洗涤纤维表观消化率显著高于C70组和C75组(P < 0.05)。3)C75组的血清球蛋白(GLB)含量和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性显著低于C65组和C70组(P < 0.05)。4)C65组的瘤胃液pH和微生物蛋白含量显著高于C70组和C75组(P < 0.05), C65组的瘤胃液氨态氮含量显著低于C70组和C75组(P < 0.05), C65组的瘤胃液异丁酸和异戊酸含量显著低于C70组(P < 0.05)。由此可见, 增加饲粮精粗比可降低育肥后期牦牛总增重和平均日增重, 对蛋白质的合成、营养物质的消化有一定的抑制作用。本试验条件下, 育肥后期牦牛饲粮精粗比为65:35时育肥效果最佳。
关键词:
牦牛 营养物质表观消化率 血清生化指标 瘤胃发酵参数 精粗比
Effects of Diets with Different Concentrate to Roughage Ratios on Growth Performance, Nutrient Apparent Digestibilities, Serum Biochemical Indexes and Rumen Fermentation Parameters of Yak in Late Stage of Fattening
1. Qinghai Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China;
2. Key Laboratory of Plateau Grazing Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Qinghai Province, Xining 810016, China;
3. Yak Engineering Technology Research Centre of Qinghai Province, Xining 810016, China;
4. Ecological Animal Husbandry Professional Cooperative of Tuanjie Village, Xibusha Township, Zeku County, Zeku 811400, China
2. Key Laboratory of Plateau Grazing Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Qinghai Province, Xining 810016, China;
3. Yak Engineering Technology Research Centre of Qinghai Province, Xining 810016, China;
4. Ecological Animal Husbandry Professional Cooperative of Tuanjie Village, Xibusha Township, Zeku County, Zeku 811400, China
Abstract: This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of diets with different concentrate to roughage ratios on growth performance, nutrient apparent digestibilities, serum biochemical indexes and rumen fermentation parameters of yak in late stage of fattening. Thirty-six healthy male yaks in late stage of fattening with similar body weight [(246.43±14.85) kg] were selected and randomly divided into 3 groups with 12 yak in each group. Yak in 3 groups were fed experimental diets which the concentrate to roughage ratios were 65:35, 70:30 and 75:25, respectively, as group C65, group C70 and group C75. The pre-experimental period lasted for 15 days, and the experimental period lasted for 60 days. The results showed as follows: 1) the total weight gain and average daily gain of group C65 and group C70 were significantly higher than those of group C75 (P < 0.05), and the feed to gain ratio was significantly lower than that of group C75 (P < 0.05). 2) The dry matter apparent digestibility of group C65 and group C70 was significantly higher than that of group C75 (P < 0.05), the crude protein apparent digestibility of group C65 was significantly higher than that of group C75 (P < 0.05), and the neutral detergent fiber apparent digestibility of group C65 was significantly higher than that of group C70 and group C75 (P < 0.05). 3) The serum globulin (GLB) content and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity of group C75 were significantly lower than those of group C65 and group C70 (P < 0.05). 4) The rumen fluid pH and microbial protein content of group C65 were significantly higher than those of group C70 and group C75 (P < 0.05), the rumen fluid ammonia nitrogen content of group C65 was significantly lower than that of group C70 and group C75 (P < 0.05), and the contents of isobutyric acid and isovaleric acid in rumen fluid of group C65 were significantly lower than those of group C70 (P < 0.05). In conclusion, increasing the dietary concentrate to roughage ratio can reduce the total weight gain and average daily weight gain of yak in late stage of fattening, and it has a certain inhibitory effect on protein synthesis and nutrient digestion. Under this experimental condition, the best fattening effect is achieved when the dietary concentrate to roughage ratio is 65:35.
Key words:
yak nutrient apparent digestibilities serum biochemical indexes rumen fermentation parameters concentrate to roughage ratio
牦牛是青藏高原珍贵的草食家畜，其适应高海拔、低氧环境，并为当地牧民提供牛奶、肉类等必需品，是当地经济发展的主要推动力[1]。随着牦牛产业的迅速发展，牦牛短期育肥模式需要向更加科学的舍饲育肥方向发展，牦牛育肥的精准饲喂将成为研究热点。适宜的饲粮精粗比可以提高反刍动物的生长性能和营养物质的消化能力，优化瘤胃微生物区系。饲粮中高精料水平易导致瘤胃酸中毒；而精料水平过低，反刍动物摄入的能量和蛋白质水平不足，则导致生长性能下降[2-3]。目前，反刍动物在不同饲粮精粗比下对营养物质的消化利用、血清生化指标及瘤胃发酵参数的影响已有较多的研究[4-6]。Chen等[7]研究结果显示，提高饲粮精粗比可以提高母羊的营养物质表观消化率。崔安[8]研究表明，秦川肉牛在饲喂30:70、50:50和70:30的精粗比饲粮时，饲喂70:30精粗比饲粮组的平均日增重(ADG)和瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸产量显著高于其他2组。本试验在对育肥前期牦牛各项指标研究[9]的基础上，以体重为245 kg左右的牦牛为研究对象，探讨不同精粗比饲粮对育肥后期牦牛生长性能、营养物质表观消化率、血清生化指标及瘤胃发酵参数的影响，旨在找出育肥后期牦牛适宜的饲粮精粗比，以达到舍饲牦牛短期育肥的目的。
1 材料与方法 1.1 试验地点本试验于2020年3—4月在青海省贵南县老扎西养殖基地进行。试验在育肥前期试验的基础上继续进行。
1.2 试验动物与试验设计育肥前期试验结束后，选取健康、体况良好和体重[(246.43±14.85) kg]相近的公牦牛36头，随机分为3组，每组12头。3组试验牦牛分别饲喂精粗比为65:35、70:30和75:25的试验饲粮，分别记为C65组、C70组和C75组。预试期15 d，正试期60 d。
1.3 试验饲粮与饲养管理试验饲粮的配制参考《牦牛营养研究论文集》[10]，试验饲粮组成及营养水平见表 1。每天饲喂2次(08:00和17:00)，保证充足的水源，统一管理。
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表 1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础) Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (DM basis) |
正式试验结束时进行空腹颈静脉采血，血样静置后离心，取上清液2 mL置于-20 ℃保存待测。在试验第60天，空腹条件下用胃管式采样器采150 mL瘤胃液，4层纱布过滤后取50 mL瘤胃液立即测定pH，剩余样品液氮保存待测。饲养试验结束后每组选择体重相近的4头牦牛进行消化试验，参照Zhao等[12]方法，连续3 d每隔6 h收集1次粪样，混合连续收集3 d的粪样，取300 g左右，加入30 mL 10 %硫酸固氮。消化试验期间每天采集饲粮及剩余样品，充分混合后取500 g左右，粪样与饲粮65 ℃烘干至恒重，粉碎后-20 ℃保存待测。
1.5 指标测定 1.5.1 生长性能预试期和正试期结束时，对牦牛进行空腹称重并计算平均日增重。每天晨饲前记录投料量，第2天晨饲前记录第1天的余料量，并计算干物质采食量(DMI)和料重比(F/G)。
1.5.2 营养物质表观消化率干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、钙(Ca)和磷(P)含量的测定参考国家标准[13-16]。中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量的测定采用盐酸不溶灰分(AIA)法[17]，计算公式参考赵金标等[18]。
1.5.3 血清生化指标血清生化指标委托青海省人民医院测定，使用仪器为全自动生化仪(AU5831，贝克曼库尔特公司，美国)。
1.5.4 瘤胃发酵参数pH用便携式pH计(HI98108)测定。氨态氮(NH3-N)含量采用比色法[19]测定。采用考马斯亮蓝法[20]测定微生物蛋白(MCP)含量。使用气相色谱仪(GC-2014，岛津公司，日本)测定挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)含量[21-22]。
1.6 数据分析采用SPSS 26.0软件进行单因素方差分析，Duncan氏法进行组间多重比较。所有试验结果以平均值和均值标准误(SEM)表示，P < 0.05表示差异显著。
2 结果 2.1 不同精粗比饲粮对育肥后期牦牛生长性能的影响由表 2可知，C65组和C70组的总增重和平均日增重显著高于C75组(P < 0.05)，料重比显著低于C75组(P < 0.05)。各组之间终末体重和干物质采食量无显著差异(P>0.05)。
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表 2 不同精粗比饲粮对育肥后期牦牛生长性能的影响 Table 2 Effects of diets with different concentrate to roughage ratios on growth performance of yak in late stage of fattening |
由表 3可知，随着饲粮精粗比的增加，干物质、粗蛋白质、中性洗涤纤维表观消化率逐渐降低，均在C65组最高；其中，C65组和C70组的干物质表观消化率显著高于C75组(P < 0.05)，C65组的粗蛋白质表观消化率显著高于C75组(P < 0.05)，C65组的中性洗涤纤维表观消化率显著高于C70组和C75组(P < 0.05)。各组之间酸性洗涤纤维表观消化率无显著差异(P>0.05)。
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表 3 不同精粗比饲粮对育肥后期牦牛营养物质表观消化率的影响 Table 3 Effects of diets with different concentrate to roughage ratios on nutrient apparent digestibilities of yak in late stage of fattening |
由表 4可知，C75组的血清球蛋白(GLB)含量和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性显著低于C65组和C70组(P < 0.05)。各组之间其余血清生化指标无显著差异(P>0.05)。
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表 4 不同精粗比饲粮对育肥后期牦牛血清生化指标的影响 Table 4 Effects of diets with different concentrate to roughage ratios on serum biochemical indexes of yak in late stage of fattening |
由表 5可知，随着饲粮精粗比的增加，瘤胃液pH和MCP含量逐渐降低，C65组的瘤胃液pH和MCP含量显著高于C70组和C75组(P < 0.05)。随着饲粮精粗比的增加，瘤胃液NH3-N含量逐渐升高，C65组的瘤胃液NH3-N含量显著低于C70组和C75组(P < 0.05)。C65组的瘤胃液异丁酸含量显著低于C70组和C75组(P < 0.05)。C65组的瘤胃液异戊酸含量显著低于C70组(P < 0.05)。
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表 5 不同精粗比饲粮对育肥后期牦牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响 Table 5 Effects of diets with different concentrate to roughage ratios on rumen fermentation parameters of yak in late stage of fattening |
育肥牦牛在最后45~60 d称为育肥后期，这段时期要控制饲料的精粗比，并且要给牦牛提供更多的精饲料和充足的饮水；这种饲喂方式可以促进肌肉生长[23]。适宜的精料比例会对营养物质的消化起到促进作用[24]。探究育肥后期牦牛适宜饲粮精粗比也显得尤为重要。戴东文等[9]研究发现，饲粮精粗比为65:35组牦牛的平均日增重显著高于其他各组。李蒋伟等[25]研究了不同饲粮精粗比对藏羊生长性能的影响，发现饲喂精粗比为60:40的饲粮时，藏羊的平均日增重最高。本试验结果表明，育肥后期牦牛的平均日增重在C65组最高，与以上研究结果一致。刘晓牧等[26]研究表明，增加精料饲喂量可改变反刍动物瘤胃微生物区系，增强粗纤维的降解能力，提高干物质采食量。本试验结果表明，3组之间牦牛的干物质采食量差异不显著，原因可能是高精料水平下反刍动物所需的干物质采食量比较稳定。料重比随着饲粮精料水平的增加而增加，原因可能是高精料水平下，瘤胃微生物区系的平衡被打破，导致营养物质不被吸收、营养物质表观消化率降低。由此可见，育肥后期的牦牛对精料耐受能力有限[27]。
3.2 不同精粗比饲粮对育肥后期牦牛营养物质表观消化率的影响当饲粮精料比例过高时，瘤胃内大量碳水化合物发酵导致pH降低，同时降低了粗饲料在瘤胃内的分解速率，从而降低了反刍动物的营养物质表观消化率[24]。本试验结果表明，随着饲粮精粗比的增加，干物质表观消化率逐渐降低，且C65组和C70组显著高于C75组。这与周汉林等[28]研究中当精料比例超过70%时干物质表观消化率降低是一致的。徐萍等[29]李斌昌[30]研究发现，当精料的进食水平增加或者饲粮精粗比增加时，肉牛粗蛋白质表观消化率显著升高。但本试验研究表明，随着饲粮精粗比的增加，育肥后期牦牛粗蛋白质表观消化率逐渐降低，其原因可能是育肥后期牦牛在高精料水平下，65:35的精粗比是较为合适的。饲粮中的中性洗涤纤维含量变化是通过调整精粗比来实现的，随着饲粮精粗比的增加，中性洗涤纤维表观消化率逐渐降低，C65组的中性洗涤纤维表观消化率最高，这与李斌昌等[31]对中性洗涤纤维表观消化率的研究结果一致。
3.3 不同精粗比饲粮对育肥后期牦牛血清生化指标的影响血清中的各项生化指标都与动物机体的代谢有着密切的联系，葡萄糖是动物生长发育和机体代谢的主要来源，是机体中糖动态平衡的主要体现，也能反映机体的健康和营养水平。本试验结果表明，C65组血清葡萄糖含量最高，随着饲粮精粗比的增加，血清葡萄糖含量逐渐下降。燕文平等[32]研究结果表明，在一定的范围内适当提高精料的比例，血清葡萄糖含量也会随之增加，与本试验结果不一致。这说明超过一定的精料水平后，瘤胃内容物发酵异常使革兰氏阳性菌增殖，导致产生大量乳酸，影响机体代谢和生长发育[33]。
血清总蛋白、尿素氮含量是反映动物对营养物质吸收和代谢的重要指标[9, 24, 34]。本试验中，血清总蛋白含量随着饲粮精粗比的增加而降低，血清尿素氮含量随着饲粮精粗比的增加而升高。戴东文等[9]研究发现，血清总蛋白含量随着饲粮精粗比的增加先升高再降低，在精粗比为65:35时达到最大；血清尿素氮含量随着饲粮精粗比的增加先降低再升高，在精粗比为65:35时最小，此结果与本试验结果一致。随着饲粮精粗比的增加，血清尿素氮含量升高，说明动物体内氮沉积减少，蛋白质合成量也减少，育肥效果不理想。
血清中转氨酶的活性与肝脏的代谢密切相关。肝脏代谢异常会导致肝细胞受损，从而导致血清转氨酶的活性升高[35]。本试验表明，C65组和C70组的血清谷丙转氨酶活性显著高于C75组，说明在一定范围内提高精料水平有利于牦牛的育肥，同时也可能会对反刍动物的肝脏代谢产生影响。球蛋白具有免疫作用，机体的蛋白之水平在一定程度上可反映机体的免疫状况[36]。本试验表明，C65组和C70组的血清球蛋白含量显著高于C75组，表明适当提高精料水平有助于提高牦牛自身的免疫功能。
3.4 不同精粗比饲粮对育肥后期牦牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响挥发性脂肪酸可以为反刍动物提供60%~80%的可消化能量，是瘤胃微生物增殖的重要碳源，也是评价瘤胃发酵状况的主要指标[37]。秦正君等[38]研究发现，精饲料比例越高，瘤胃中的总挥发性脂肪酸含量随之升高，pH随之降低。本试验研究结果表明，C65组的瘤胃液pH显著高于C70组和C75组，瘤胃液总挥发性脂肪酸含量随着饲粮精粗比的增加逐渐升高，从而导致瘤胃pH降低[32]。本试验还发现，饲粮精粗比的变化对瘤胃液乙酸、丙酸、丁酸含量没有显著影响，而异丁酸含量随着饲粮精粗比的增加逐渐升高，异戊酸含量随着饲粮精粗比的增加先升高再降低。其原因可能是精料比例过高、动物年龄、采食时间、反刍动物的健康状况以及饲养环境或海拔高度的影响[39]。NH3-N是合成MCP的前体物质，其含量是反刍动物瘤胃发酵参数的重要指标，也是瘤胃微生物生长的重要条件。本试验研究表明，随着饲粮精粗比的增加，瘤胃液NH3-N含量逐渐升高，瘤胃液MCP含量逐渐下降。胡丹丹[40]研究发现，奶牛瘤胃中NH3-N含量随着饲粮精粗比的增加而升高，与本试验结果一致。这说明了在精料比例增加的过程中，NH3-N的利用被抑制，导致合成的MCP含量降低，本试验中随着精料比例的增加MCP含量降低也证实了这一点。
4 结论增加饲粮精粗比可降低育肥后期牦牛总增重和平均日增重，对蛋白质的合成、营养物质的消化有一定的抑制作用。本试验条件下，育肥后期牦牛饲粮精粗比为65:35时育肥效果最佳。
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