黄粉虫粉对肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能、肉品质及肌肉风味物质含量的影响

引用本文

吴利楠, 袁佳丽, 李海英, 马德英, 蒋腾, 张广杰, 张帅, 苏楠, 葛豪, 孙影影. 黄粉虫粉对肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能、肉品质及肌肉风味物质含量的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2022, 34(8): 5011-5025.

WU Linan, YUAN Jiali, LI Haiying, MA Deying, JIANG Teng, ZHANG Guangjie, ZHANG Shuai, SU Nan, GE Hao, SUN Yingying. Effects of Tenebrio molitor Larvae Meal on Growth Performance, Slaughter Performance, Meat Quality and Muscle Flavor Substance Contents of Broilers[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2022, 34(8): 5011-5025.

黄粉虫粉对肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能、肉品质及肌肉风味物质含量的影响

吴利楠¹ , 袁佳丽² , 李海英¹ , 马德英² , 蒋腾¹ , 张广杰² , 张帅² , 苏楠¹ , 葛豪² , 孙影影²

1. 新疆农业大学动物科学学院, 乌鲁木齐 830052;
2. 新疆农业大学农学院, 乌鲁木齐 830052

收稿日期: 2022-01-13

基金项目: 新疆科技厅创新团队项目(2020D14036);自治区畜禽种业提升项目(2022xjjq-z-01);自治区级大学生创业项目(S202110758052X)

作者简介: 吴利楠(1996—), 女, 河南虞城人, 硕士研究生, 研究方向为动物生产。E-mail: 1043183931@qq.com.

通信作者: 李海英, 教授, 博士生导师, E-mail: lhy-3@163.com;
马德英, 教授, 博士生导师, E-mail: mdyxnd@163.com.

摘要: 本试验旨在探究黄粉虫粉对良凤花肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能、肉品质及肌肉风味物质含量的影响。试验选取1日龄的良凤花肉公鸡600只, 随机分为5组, 每组5个重复, 每个重复24只, 对照组饲喂基础饲粮, 试验组分别饲喂用3%、5%、7%和9%的黄粉虫粉替代基础饲粮中部分豆粕的试验饲粮, 试验期为70 d。结果表明: 1)1~28日龄时, 3%、5%组平均日采食量均极显著高于对照组、7%和9%组(P < 0.01);9%组28日龄末重和平均日增重均极显著低于对照组和其余添加水平组(P < 0.01), 料重比极显著高于对照组和其余添加水平组(P < 0.01)。29~70日龄时, 3%组70日龄末重显著或极显著高于对照组和其余添加水平组(P < 0.05或P < 0.01), 5%组70日龄末重极显著高于7%组(P < 0.01), 显著高于9%组(P < 0.05);3%组平均日增重极显著高于对照组和其余添加水平组(P < 0.01), 5%、9%组极显著高于7%组(P < 0.01);7%组料重比显著高于3%和5%组(P < 0.05)。1~70日龄时, 3%组平均日增重显著或极显著高于对照组和其余添加水平组(P < 0.05或P < 0.01), 5%组显著或极显著高于7%和9%组(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。2)与对照组相比, 各添加水平组屠宰性能指标均无显著差异(P>0.05)。3)3%和5%组腿肌的滴水损失率(24 h)均显著低于对照组和9%组(P < 0.05)。4)3%组肌肉中天门冬氨酸(Asp)、丝氨酸(Ser)、谷氨酸(Glu)、亮氨酸(Leu)、苏氨酸(Thr)、络氨酸(Tyr)、精氨酸(Arg)含量及风味氨基酸总量、甜味氨基酸总量、鲜味氨基酸总量、芳香族氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸(EAA)和总氨基酸(TAA)含量均显著或极显著高于对照组(P < 0.05或P < 0.01), 组氨酸(His)含量极显著低于对照组(P < 0.01);3%组肌肉中肉豆蔻酸(C14 ∶ 0)含量显著升高(P < 0.05)。综上所述, 在良凤花肉鸡饲粮中添加3%黄粉虫粉可提高肉鸡的生长性能, 提高肌肉的保水性能, 增强肉鸡肌肉的营养价值、风味、鲜味等特性, 降低肌肉中的不良风味水平, 从而提高其肉品质。本试验条件下, 建议1~70日龄良凤花肉公鸡饲粮中黄粉虫粉的添加水平为3%。

关键词: 黄粉虫粉肉鸡生长性能肉品质风味物质

Effects of Tenebrio molitor Larvae Meal on Growth Performance, Slaughter Performance, Meat Quality and Muscle Flavor Substance Contents of Broilers

WU Linan¹ , YUAN Jiali² , LI Haiying¹ , MA Deying² , JIANG Teng¹ , ZHANG Guangjie² , ZHANG Shuai² , SU Nan¹ , GE Hao² , SUN Yingying²

1. College of Animal Sciences, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China;
2. Agricultural College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China

Corresponding author: LI Haiying, professor, E-mail: lhy-3@163.com;
MA Deying, professor, E-mail: mdyxnd@163.com.

Abstract: Effects of Tenebrio molitor larvae meal on growth performance, slaughter performance, meat quality and muscle flavor substance contents of Liangfenghua broilers were studied. A total of 600 one-day-old Liangfenghua male broilers were selected and randomly divided into 5 groups with 5 replicates in each group and 24 replicates in each group. Broilers in the control group were fed a basal diet and those in the experimental groups were fed diets with 3%, 5%, 7% and 9% Tenebrio molitor larvae meal instead of part of soybean meal in the basal diet. The experiment lasted for 70 days. The results showed as follows: 1) from 1 to 28 days of age, the average daily feed intake in the 3% and 5% groups was extremely significantly higher than that in the control group, 7% and 9% groups (P < 0.01); the 28-day-old final weight and average daily weight gain in the 9% group were extremely significantly lower than those in the control group and other supplemental level groups (P < 0.01), and the feed-to-gain ratio was extremely significantly higher than that in the control group and other supplemental level groups (P < 0.01). At the age of 29 to 70 days, the final weight at 70 days of age in the 3% group was significantly or extremely significantly higher than that in the control group and other supplemental level groups (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), and the final weight at 70 days of age in the 5% group was significantly higher than that in the 7% group (P < 0.01), and significantly higher than that in the 9% group (P < 0.05); the average daily weight gain in the 3% group was extremely significantly higher than that in the control group and the rest of the supplemental level groups (P < 0.01), the 5% and 9% groups were extremely significantly higher than the 7% group (P < 0.01); the feed-to-gain ratio in the 7% group was significantly higher than that in the 3% and 5% groups (P < 0.05). At 1 to 70 days of age, the average daily weight gain in the 3% group was significantly or extremely significantly higher than that in the control group and the other supplement level groups (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), and the 5% group was significantly or extremely significantly higher than 7% and 9% groups (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). 2) Compared with control group, there were no significant differences in slaughter performance indexes in all supplemental level groups (P>0.05). 3) The drip loss rate (24 h) of leg muscle in 3% and 5% groups was significantly lower than that in control group and 9% group (P < 0.05). 4) The contents of Asp, Thr, Ser, Glu, Leu, Tyr, Arg and the total amount of flavor amino acids, total amount of sweet amino acids, total fresh amino acids, total aromatic amino acids, essential amino acids and total amino acids in the 3% group were significantly or extremely significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Compared with the control group, the His content was extremely significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.01); the content of myristic acid (C14 ∶ 0) in 3% group increased significantly (P < 0.05). In summary, adding 3% Tenebrio molitor larvae meal to the diet of Liangfenghua broilers can improve the growth performance of broilers, improve the water retention performance of muscle, and enhance the nutritional value, flavor and umami taste of muscle of the broilers and other characteristics, reduce the level of undesirable flavor in the muscle, thereby improving its meat quality. It is recommended that the optimal supplemental level of Tenebrio molitor larvae meal in the diet of 1 to 70-day-old Liangfenghua broilers is 3%.

Key words: Tenebrio molitor larvae meal broilers growth performance meat quality flavor substance

近年来随着我国家禽养殖规模逐渐增大，家禽对于饲料原料的需求也在不断上升，尤其是蛋白质饲料原料短缺这一问题较为突出。家禽蛋白质饲料原料供不应求已成为制约我国现代畜牧业健康、可持续发展的瓶颈。鉴于此，寻找新型可替代蛋白质饲料原料具有重要意义。昆虫是地球上最为丰富的生物类群，属于可再生生物资源。黄粉虫是当前备受关注的昆虫之一，具有饲养空间小、饲料转化率高、适应集约化饲养能力强及生长周期短等特点^[1]，近年来广泛用于处理餐厨垃圾和农产品加工下脚料等有机废弃物^[2]。同时，黄粉虫是一种优质的昆虫源蛋白质原料，氨基酸种类齐全且比例较为均衡，粗蛋白质含量也较为丰富^[3-5]，还能够提取具有抑菌^[6-7]、抗氧化^[7]、免疫调节^[7]等功能的生物活性物质。因黄粉虫营养物质种类和含量均较丰富，且经研究证实饲用无毒无害^[8]，可作为动物蛋白质饲料添加在家禽基础饲粮中用以替代部分常规蛋白质饲料，缓解家禽蛋白质饲料紧张等问题。Bovera等^[9]在棕羽肉鸡饲粮中添加29.65%黄粉虫粉替代基础饲粮中的豆粕，发现添加黄粉虫粉组能够显著提高肉鸡饲料转化率和营养物质表观消化率。Khan等^[10]在肉鸡饲粮中分别添加蝇蛆粉、蚕粉和黄粉虫粉替代基础饲粮中的豆粕，发现添加黄粉虫粉组相较于添加蝇蛆粉组和蚕粉组能够显著降低肉鸡料重比，显著改善肌肉保水性能，并对肉鸡死淘率无负面影响。王晓翠等^[11]探究在蛋鸡饲粮中添加动物蛋白质和不同植物蛋白质对蛋鸡产蛋性能和蛋品质的影响，研究表明，添加黄粉虫组相较于双低菜籽粕组、豆粕组和棉籽粕组，蛋鸡产蛋率和平均日采食量显著提高。在肉鸡的生产研究中发现，黄粉虫可对肉鸡的生长性能^[12-15]、肉品质^[16-19]及抗氧化指标^[19]等产生不同的影响，然而，鲜有黄粉虫对于家禽肉质风味物质含量影响的研究报道。因此，在本研究中，以良凤花肉鸡作为试验对象，通过对比不同添加水平的黄粉虫粉对良凤花肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能、肉品质及肌肉风味物质含量的影响，为黄粉虫粉在肉鸡饲粮中的添加应用提供参考依据。

1 材料与方法 1.1 试验动物与设计

本试验在新疆农业大学环境昆虫转化有机废弃物产业化研究基地进行。试验所用黄粉虫粉均由该基地提供，黄粉虫粉的主要营养成分含量见表 1。

表 1 黄粉虫粉的主要营养成分含量 Table 1 Main nutrient contents of Tenebrio molitor larva meal

试验选用健康、体重相近的1日龄良凤花肉公鸡600只，随机分为5组，每组5个重复，每个重复24只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮，试验组分别饲喂用3%、5%、7%和9%的黄粉虫粉替代基础饲粮中部分豆粕的试验饲粮，试验期为70 d。试验全期分为2个阶段，即1~28日龄和29~70日龄，按照肉鸡生长发育规律分别进行饲粮配制，各组饲粮营养水平基本一致，其组成及营养水平见表 2。

表 2 饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础) Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of diets (air-dry basis)

%
项目 Items	黄粉虫粉添加水平 Tenebrio molitor larva meal supplemental level/%
	1~28日龄1 to 28 days of age					29~70日龄29 to 70 days of age
	0	3	5	7	9	0	3	5	7	9
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn	58.50	60.00	61.00	62.00	63.50	65.00	66.50	67.00	68.00	69.50
豆粕Soybean meal	28.00	24.00	21.50	19.00	16.00	22.00	18.00	15.50	13.00	10.00
黄粉虫粉 Tenebrio molitor larva meal		3.00	5.00	7.00	9.00		3.00	5.00	7.00	9.00
棉籽蛋白Cottonseed protein	5.00	5.00	5.00	5.00	5.00	5.00	5.00	5.00	5.00	5.00
豆油Soybean oil	3.50	3.00	2.50	2.00	1.50	3.00	2.50	2.50	2.00	1.50
预混料Premix¹⁾	5.00	5.00	5.00	5.00	5.00	5.00	5.00	5.00	5.00	5.00
合计Total	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels²⁾
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg)	12.46	12.52	12.52	12.51	12.53	12.56	12.62	12.73	12.73	12.74
粗蛋白质CP	19.35	19.31	19.35	19.40	19.27	17.22	17.18	17.18	17.23	17.10
粗脂肪EE	6.12	6.62	6.79	6.97	7.15	5.75	6.25	6.90	7.07	7.25
粗纤维CF	2.79	2.79	2.79	2.80	2.79	2.60	2.60	2.60	2.60	2.59
钙Ca	0.79	0.78	0.77	0.77	0.76	0.81	0.80	0.79	0.79	0.78
磷P	0.54	0.54	0.54	0.54	0.54	0.48	0.48	0.48	0.48	0.48
有效磷AP	0.30	0.29	0.29	0.28	0.28	0.25	0.25	0.24	0.24	0.23
赖氨酸Lys	1.06	1.04	1.04	1.03	1.01	0.85	0.84	0.83	0.82	0.81
蛋氨酸Met	0.39	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.38	0.38
蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸Met+Cys	0.72	0.72	0.72	0.72	0.71	0.66	0.65	0.65	0.65	0.65
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供Premix provided the following per kg of diets：1~28日龄1 to 28 days of age，VA 9 900 IU，VB₁ 1.8 mg，VB₂ 7.5 mg，VB₆ 2.94 mg，VB₁₂ 0.018 mg，VD₃ 3 600 IU，VE 61.5 mg，VK 2.4 mg，烟酸niacin 35.5 mg，叶酸folic acid 1.2 mg，D-泛酸钙D-calcium pantothenate 9.5 mg，生物素biotin 0.09 mg，Zn 69 mg，Mn 106.5 mg，Cu 8.7 mg，Fe 132.5 mg，Co 0.34 mg，Se 0.45 mg，I 0.67 mg。29~70日龄29~70 days of age，VA 9 075 IU，VB₁ 1.65 mg，VB₂ 6.85 mg，VB₆ 2.7 mg，VB₁₂ 0.017 mg，VD₃ 3 300 IU，VE 47 mg，VK 2.2 mg，烟酸niacin 32.5 mg，叶酸folic acid 1.1 mg，D-泛酸钙D-calcium pantothenate 8.8 mg，生物素biotin 0.08 mg，Zn 69 mg，Mn 106.5 mg，Cu 8.7 mg，Fe 132.5 mg，Co 0.3 mg，Se 0.4 mg，I 0.6 mg。 2)代谢能为计算值，其他为测定值。ME was a calculated value, while the others were measured values.

表 2 饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础) Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of diets (air-dry basis)

1.2 饲养管理

饲养管理均采用网上平养模式，试验期间试验鸡自由采食和饮水，饲养环境条件均一致。按常规免疫程序进行疫苗接种，每日记录喂料量、剩料量和死亡鸡只数，观察其健康状况。

1.3 测定指标及方法 1.3.1 生长性能

在1、28和70日龄，07:30对良凤花肉鸡进行空腹称重。每日按重复称取试验鸡喂料量和剩料量，若鸡只在试验期出现死亡，则立即对其增重和饲粮消耗进行校正。统计试验期内每组鸡不同日龄的体重、日采食量和死淘数，并计算各组试验鸡平均日采食量、平均体重、平均日增重、料重比和死淘率。

1.3.2 屠宰性能

在70日龄，分别从每个重复中随机选取2只肉公鸡(每组共计10只)进行屠宰。按照家禽生产性能名词术语和度量统计方法》(NY/T 823—2020)^[20]测定并计算屠宰率、半净膛率、全净膛率、腿肌率、胸肌率和腹脂率。

1.3.3 肉品质

根据1.3.2所述，将肉鸡屠宰后取其完整胸肌、腿肌，其中右侧胸肌、腿肌用以肉品质的测定，左侧胸肌用来测定肌肉中风味物质的含量。使用自动化肉色分析仪测定肉色，电极插入式pH分析仪测定pH，肌肉嫩度仪测定剪切力，本试验中肌肉滴水损失率按照《畜禽肉质的测定》(NY/T 1333—2007)^[21]进行测定。

1.3.4 肌肉风味物质含量

肌肉风味物质含量测定所用样品如1.3.3所述。从对照组和生长性能最佳组(根据生长性能结果确定为3%组)取左侧胸肌各150 g，送至四川威尔检测技术股份有限公司进行肌肉中氨基酸和脂肪酸含量的测定。肌肉中氨基酸含量测定分别按照《食品安全国家标准食品中氨基酸含量的测定》(GB 5009.124—2016)^[22]和《饲料中含硫氨基酸的测定》(GB/T 15399—2018)^[23]，均利用氨基酸自动分析仪(SYKAM，德国)进行测定。肌肉中脂肪酸含量测定按照《食品安全国家标准食品中脂肪酸的测定》(GB 5009.168—2016)^[24]，利用气相色谱仪进行测定(安捷伦7890A，美国)。

1.4 统计分析

试验数据均采用Excel 2019进行初步整理，各组间生长性能、屠宰性能和肉品质指标使用SPSS 19.0进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)，差异显著则用Duncan氏法进行多重比较，采用多项式对比，检验添加黄粉虫粉对肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能和肉品质指标变化的线性和二次效应。试验数据用平均值和均值标准误(SEM)表示。肌肉风味物质含量采用t检验进行统计分析。试验结果均以平均值±标准差(mean±SD)表示。P < 0.05表示差异显著，P < 0.01表示差异极显著。

2 结果 2.1 黄粉虫粉对良凤花肉鸡生长性能的影响

由表 3可知，1~28日龄时，与对照组相比，添加黄粉虫粉极显著影响了肉鸡平均日采食量、末重、平均日增重及料重比(P < 0.01)，且平均日采食量、末重分别呈二次曲线、线性变化(P < 0.05)，平均日增重及料重比均呈线性和二次曲线变化(P < 0.05)。3%和5%组肉鸡平均日采食量极显著高于其余添加水平组(P < 0.01)；9%组肉鸡末重和平均日增重均极显著低于其余添加水平组(P < 0.01)，料重比极显著高于其余添加水平组(P < 0.01)。

表 3 黄粉虫粉对良凤花肉鸡生长性能的影响 Table 3 Effects of Tenebrio molitor larva meal on growth performance of Liangfenghua broilers

项目 Items	黄粉虫粉添加水平 Tenebrio molitor larva meal supplemental level/%					SEM	P值 P-value
项目 Items	0(对照Control)	3	5	7	9	SEM	处理 Treatment	线性 Linear	二次 Quadratic
1~28日龄1 to 28 days of age
平均日采食量ADFI/g	40.70^Bb	42.50^Aa	41.89^Aa	40.79^Bb	40.66^Bb	0.225	0.007	0.257	0.002
初重Initial weight/g	37.63	37.97	38.08	38.55	37.38	0.184	0.341	0.872	0.129
末重Final weight/g	712.98^Aa	713.88^Aa	726.83^Aa	707.62^Aa	665.95^Bb	3.631	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.117
平均日增重ADG/g	24.12^Aa	24.14^Aa	24.60^Aa	23.90^Aa	22.45^Bb	0.124	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
料重比F/G	1.69^Bb	1.74^Bb	1.70^Bb	1.72^Bb	1.83^Aa	0.009	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.013
29~70日龄29 to 70 days of age
平均日采食量ADFI/g	115.82	121.44	115.82	115.30	117.80	1.954	0.428	0.869	0.682
末重Final weight/g	2 748.98^BCbc	2 886.85^Aa	2 813.36^ABb	2 711.37^Cc	2 729.38^BCc	12.124	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.001
平均日增重ADG/g	48.30^Bbc	51.74^Aa	49.53^Bb	47.18^Cc	49.39^Bb	0.219	< 0.001	0.215	< 0.001
料重比F/G	2.41^ab	2.35^b	2.35^b	2.45^a	2.39^ab	0.011	0.027	0.535	0.141
1~70日龄1 to 70 days of age
平均日采食量ADFI/g	85.77	89.87	86.25	85.50	86.95	0.734	0.349	0.796	0.481
平均日增重ADG/g	38.73^BCbc	40.70^Aa	39.65^ABb	38.18^Cc	38.46^BCc	0.173	< 0.001	0.029	0.001
料重比F/G	2.23	2.22	2.19	2.27	2.27	0.010	0.067	0.118	0.093
死淘率Death rate/%	9.02	6.61	4.13	6.56	3.28
同行数据肩标相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P > 0.05)，不同小写字母表示显著差异(P < 0.05)，不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P < 0.01)。下表同。 In the same row, values with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P＞0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P＜0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean significant difference (P < 0.01). The same as below.

表 3 黄粉虫粉对良凤花肉鸡生长性能的影响 Table 3 Effects of Tenebrio molitor larva meal on growth performance of Liangfenghua broilers

29~70日龄时，与对照组相比，添加黄粉虫粉极显著影响了肉鸡末重、平均日增重(P < 0.01)，显著影响了料重比(P < 0.05)，且末重呈线性和二次曲线变化(P < 0.05)，平均日增重呈二次曲线变化(P < 0.05)。其中3%和5%组肉鸡末重极显著高于其余添加水平组(P < 0.01)，5%组末重极显著高于7%组(P < 0.01)；3%组平均日增重显著高于其余添加水平组(P < 0.05)，5%组平均日增重相比7%组极显著升高(P < 0.01)；3%和5%组肉鸡料重比显著低于7%组(P < 0.05)。

1~70日龄时，与对照组相比，添加黄粉虫粉极显著影响了肉鸡平均日增重(P < 0.01)，且平均日增重呈线性和二次曲线变化(P < 0.05)。3%组肉鸡平均日增重极显著高于对照组、7%和9%组(P < 0.01)，显著高于5%组(P < 0.05)。

在肉鸡死淘率方面，添加9%黄粉虫粉肉鸡死淘率最低(3.28%)，对照组死淘率最高(9.02%)。

2.2 黄粉虫粉对良凤花肉鸡屠宰性能的影响

由表 4可知，与对照组相比，添加不同水平黄粉虫粉对肉鸡屠宰率、半净膛率、全净膛率、腿肌率、胸肌率及腹脂率各指标均无显著影响(P>0.05)。

表 4 黄粉虫粉对良凤花肉鸡屠宰性能的影响 Table 4 Effects of Tenebrio molitor larva meal on slaughter performance of Liangfenghua broilers

2.3 黄粉虫粉对良凤花肉鸡肉品质的影响

由表 5可知，与对照组相比，添加黄粉虫粉显著影响肉鸡腿肌的滴水损失率(24 h)，且呈二次曲线变化(P < 0.05)。当肉鸡饲粮中添加3%和5%黄粉虫粉时，肉鸡腿肌的滴水损失率(24 h)均显著低于对照组和9%组(P < 0.05)。在其余指标方面，添加不同水平黄粉虫粉组与对照组差异均不显著(P>0.05)。

表 5 黄粉虫粉对良凤花肉鸡肉品质的影响 Table 5 Effects of Tenebrio molitor larva meal on meat quality of Liangfenghua broilers

项目 Items	黄粉虫粉添加水平 Tenebrio molitor larva meal supplemental level/%					SEM	P值 P-value
项目 Items	0(对照Control)	3	5	7	9	SEM	处理 Treatment	线性 Linear	二次 Quadratic
肉色Meat color
45 min胸肌 45 min breast muscle	54.98	55.51	53.60	55.55	51.96	0.612	0.226	0.088	0.364
24 h胸肌 24 h breast muscle	58.63	59.61	59.80	58.07	59.13	0.585	0.878	0.852	0.700
45 min腿肌 45 min leg muscle	64.38	63.37	63.21	63.44	63.53	0.305	0.879	0.594	0.377
24 h腿肌 24 h leg muscle	66.00	65.95	68.92	66.93	65.76	0.480	0.293	0.967	0.168
pH
45 min胸肌 45 min breast muscle	5.92	5.81	5.90	5.88	5.84	0.026	0.716	0.527	0.939
24 h胸肌 24 h breast muscle	5.83	5.75	5.85	5.84	5.87	0.020	0.460	0.336	0.411
45 min腿肌 45 min breast muscle	6.14	6.11	6.16	6.07	6.14	0.068	0.921	0.828	0.835
24 h腿肌 24 h leg muscle	6.00	5.92	5.90	6.01	5.92	0.023	0.431	0.583	0.519
剪切力Shear force/N
胸肌 Breast muscle	29.97	30.86	30.05	26.32	29.71	1.173	0.722	0.496	0.934
腿肌 Leg muscle	39.33	39.74	39.29	38.94	40.48	0.854	0.987	0.854	0.793
滴水损失率Drip loss rate/%
2 h胸肌 2 h breast muscle	1.80	1.56	1.59	1.50	1.62	0.059	0.590	0.272	0.268
24 h胸肌 24 h breast muscle	3.70	3.37	3.48	3.47	3.49	0.055	0.429	0.300	0.198
2 h腿肌 2 h leg muscle	1.65	1.65	1.37	1.39	1.73	0.068	0.331	0.216	0.307
24 h腿肌 24 h leg muscle	3.61^a	3.24^b	3.16^b	3.39^ab	3.60^a	0.056	0.022	0.628	0.001

表 5 黄粉虫粉对良凤花肉鸡肉品质的影响 Table 5 Effects of Tenebrio molitor larva meal on meat quality of Liangfenghua broilers

2.4 黄粉虫粉对良凤花肉鸡肌肉风味物质含量的影响 2.4.1 黄粉虫粉对良凤花肉鸡肌肉中氨基酸含量的影响

由表 6可知，3%组肌肉中天门冬氨酸(Asp)、丝氨酸(Ser)、谷氨酸(Glu)、亮氨酸(Leu)、苏氨酸(Thr)、酪氨酸(Tyr)以及精氨酸(Arg)含量均极显著高于对照组(P < 0.01)，组氨酸(His)含量极显著低于对照组(P < 0.01)。3%组肌肉中甜味氨基酸总量、风味氨基酸总量、芳香族氨基酸总量、鲜味氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸(EAA)和总氨基酸(TAA)含量均显著或极显著高于对照组(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)，在其余指标方面，3%组与对照组均无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表 6 黄粉虫粉对良凤花肉鸡肌肉中氨基酸含量的影响 Table 6 Effects of Tenebrio molitor larva meal on amino acid contents in muscle of Liangfenghua broilers

%
项目 Items	黄粉虫粉添加水平 Tenebrio molitor larva meal supplemental level/%		P值 P-value
项目 Items	0(对照Control)	3	P值 P-value
天门冬氨酸Asp	2.15±0.05^B	2.25±0.05^A	< 0.001
丝氨酸Ser	0.89±0.04^B	0.98±0.03^A	< 0.001
谷氨酸Glu	3.47±0.06^B	3.59±0.09^A	0.003
亮氨酸Leu¹⁾	1.85±0.04^B	1.94±0.05^A	0.001
苏氨酸Thr¹⁾	1.04±0.04^B	1.13±0.02^A	< 0.001
酪氨酸Tyr	0.84±0.01^B	0.87±0.02^A	0.003
精氨酸Arg	1.51±0.03^B	1.56±0.04^A	0.002
缬氨酸Val¹⁾	1.09±0.02	1.10±0.05	0.775
异亮氨酸Ile¹⁾	1.07±0.02	1.06±0.04	0.663
甘氨酸Gly	1.01±0.02	1.02±0.04	0.504
丙氨酸Ala	1.35±0.02	1.36±0.03	0.328
苯丙氨酸Phe¹⁾	0.92±0.01	0.94±0.03	0.227
赖氨酸Lys¹⁾	2.11±0.03	2.11±0.05	0.959
组氨酸His	1.38±0.04^A	1.28±0.05^B	< 0.001
蛋氨酸Met¹⁾	0.73±0.03	0.72±0.02	0.930
脯氨酸Pro	0.76±0.01	0.77±0.02	0.442
半胱氨酸Cys	0.26±0.02	0.27±0.01	0.482
甜味氨基酸总量TSAA²⁾	5.04±0.11^B	5.25±0.10^A	< 0.001
风味氨基酸总量TFAA³⁾	9.49±0.16^B	9.78±0.22^A	0.003
芳香族氨基酸总量TAAA⁴⁾	2.19±0.03^b	2.23±0.05^a	0.046
鲜味氨基酸总量TUAA⁵⁾	15.15±0.26^b	15.62±0.37^a	0.046
必需氨基酸EAA	8.81±0.13^b	8.99±0.22^a	0.035
总氨基酸TAA	22.43±0.35^b	22.93±0.50^a	0.018
必需氨基酸/总氨基酸EAA/TAA	0.39±0.00	0.39±0.00	0.480
1)必需氨基酸。Essential amino acids. 2)甜味氨基酸包括苏氨酸、丝氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸和脯氨酸^[25]。Sweet amino acids included Thr，Ser, Gly, Ala and Pro^[25]. 3)风味氨基酸包括天门冬氨酸、谷氨酸、精氨酸、甘氨酸和丙氨酸^[25]。Flavor amino acids included Asp, Glu, Arg, Gly and Ala^[25]. 4)芳香族氨基酸包括酪氨酸和丙氨酸^[26]。Romatic amino acids included Tyr and Ala^[26]. 5)鲜味氨基酸包含天门冬氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酸、亮氨酸、精氨酸、丙氨酸、异亮氨酸、甘氨酸、缬氨酸和脯氨酸^[27]。Fresh amino acids included Asp, Ser, Glu, Leu, Arg, Ala, Iso, Gly, Val and Pro^[27].

表 6 黄粉虫粉对良凤花肉鸡肌肉中氨基酸含量的影响 Table 6 Effects of Tenebrio molitor larva meal on amino acid contents in muscle of Liangfenghua broilers

2.4.2 黄粉虫粉对良凤花肉鸡肌肉中脂肪酸含量的影响

由表 7可知，3%组肌肉中肉豆蔻酸(C14 ∶ 0)含量显著高于对照组(P < 0.05)。在其余指标方面，3%组与对照组相比均无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表 7 黄粉虫粉对良凤花肉鸡肌肉中脂肪酸含量的影响 Table 7 Effects of Tenebrio molitor larva meal on fatty acid contents in muscle of Liangfenghua broilers

项目 Items	黄粉虫粉添加水平 Tenebrio molitor larva meal supplemental level/%		P值 P-value
项目 Items	0(对照Control)	3	P值 P-value
已酸C6∶0/%	0.024±0.002	0.025±0.003	0.334
肉豆蔻酸C14∶0/%	0.007±0.002^b	0.010±0.003^a	0.017
棕榈酸C16∶0/%	0.324±0.075	0.316±0.068	0.827
硬脂酸C18∶0/%	0.054±0.011	0.060±0.026	0.488
棕榈油酸C16∶1n-7/%	0.112±0.022	0.117±0.016	0.571
油酸C18∶1n-9 c/%	0.400±0.107	0.517±0.203	0.140
亚油酸C18∶2n-6 c/%	0.371±0.094	0.407±0.172	0.578
α-亚麻酸C18∶3n-3/%	0.031±0.009	0.034±0.011	0.652
二十碳二烯酸C20∶2/%	0.005±0.001	0.005±0.001	0.935
二十碳三烯酸C20∶3n-6/%	0.008±0.001	0.008±0.001	0.633
二十碳四烯酸C20∶4n-6/%	0.048±0.004	0.051±0.006	0.227
二十二碳六烯酸C22∶6n-3/%	0.009±0.001	0.009±0.001	0.286
饱和脂肪酸SFA/%¹⁾	0.462±0.089	0.454±0.076	0.834
不饱和脂肪酸UFA/%²⁾	0.918±0.225	0.947±0.290	0.810
多不饱和脂肪酸PUFA/%³⁾	0.454±0.118	0.456±0.296	0.679
单不饱和脂肪酸MUFA/%⁴⁾	0.473±0.109	0.499±0.151	0.984
多不饱和脂肪酸/饱和脂肪酸PUFA/SFA	1.019±0.061	1.007±0.115	0.777
n-3多不饱和脂肪酸n-3 PUFA/%	0.041±0.010	0.042±0.012	0.838
n-6多不饱和脂肪酸n-6 PUFA/%	0.427±0.099	0.459±0.159	0.599
n-6多不饱和脂肪酸/n-3多不饱和脂肪酸n-6/n-3	10.534±0.240	9.647±1.388	0.063
1)饱和脂肪酸=已酸+肉豆蔻酸+棕榈酸+硬脂酸。SFA=C6 ∶ 0+C14 ∶ 0+C16 ∶ 0+C18 ∶ 0. 2)不饱和脂肪酸=棕榈油酸油酸+亚油酸+α-亚麻酸+二十碳二烯酸+二十碳三烯酸+二十碳四烯酸+二十二碳六烯酸。UFA=C16 ∶ 1n-7+C18 ∶ 1n-9 c+C18 ∶ 2n-6 c+C18 ∶ 3n-3+C20 ∶ 2+C20 ∶ 3n-6+C20 ∶ 4n-6+C22 ∶ 6n-3. 3)多不饱和脂肪酸=亚油酸+α-亚麻酸+二十碳二烯酸+二十碳三烯酸+二十碳四烯酸+二十二碳六烯酸。PUFA=C18 ∶ 2n-6 c+C18 ∶ 3n-3+C20 ∶ 2+C20 ∶ 3n-6+C20 ∶ 4n-6+C22 ∶ 6n-3. 4)单不饱和脂肪酸=棕榈油酸+油酸。MUFA=C16 ∶ 1n-7+C18 ∶ 1n-9 c.

表 7 黄粉虫粉对良凤花肉鸡肌肉中脂肪酸含量的影响 Table 7 Effects of Tenebrio molitor larva meal on fatty acid contents in muscle of Liangfenghua broilers

3 讨论 3.1 黄粉虫粉对良凤花肉鸡生长性能的影响

黄粉虫作为一种优质的昆虫蛋白质饲料原料，其蛋白质含量高于豆粕和膨化大豆，含有较丰富的甲壳素、不饱和脂肪酸和氨基酸等^[28]。李江森等^[29]在果园生态放养鸡饲粮中添加1%黄粉虫粉，显著提高了肉鸡平均日增重和体重，极显著降低肉鸡料重比。贾波等^[30]试验发现，在肉鸡饲粮中添加2%和3%的黄粉虫副产物均能不同程度地提高其平均体重和平均日增重。Biasato等^[31]在肉鸡饲粮中添加5%、10%和15%黄粉虫粉，发现当黄粉虫粉添加水平过高时，肉鸡饲料利用率下降。高妍等^[32]在用黄粉虫粪饲喂蛋鸡的试验中发现，因黄粉虫粪中粗灰分和粗纤维含量高，在蛋鸡饲粮中添加黄粉虫比例过高将导致饲粮的能值受到限制，从而导致蛋鸡的生产水平降低。

本试验结果表明，与对照组相比，肉鸡饲粮中添加3%、5%黄粉虫粉显著提高1~28日龄平均日采食量，添加3%黄粉虫粉显著提高肉鸡1~28日龄和29~70日龄的末重和平均日增重，这一结果与李江森等^[29]和贾波等^[30]的研究结果相似。在本研究中，添加3%黄粉虫粉能够改善肉鸡生长性能的原因可能有以下2个方面：1)黄粉虫本身具有特殊香味且营养含量丰富，可起到诱食作用，增加采食量，从而加快肉鸡生长速度^[33]；2)黄粉虫作为一种昆虫蛋白质饲料，其粗蛋白质含量高于豆粕，机体中氨基酸组成及比例等接近肉鸡生长所需^[34]，从而促进生长。

此外，本研究中添加黄粉虫粉水平对肉鸡平均日增重的影响呈二次曲线变化，说明肉鸡饲粮中添加黄粉虫粉水平过高时，将会导致肉鸡平均日增重下降。本研究中，随着饲粮中黄粉虫粉水平的升高，9%组的生长性能出现降低的现象，可能的原因是黄粉虫虫体含有天然甲壳素，当饲粮中黄粉虫粉的添加水平过高时，过量的甲壳素不易被单胃动物消化，导致家禽对于饲粮中蛋白质的利用率降低，从而出现家禽生长性能下降的现象^[35]，具体原因有待进一步研究。

3.2 黄粉虫粉对良凤花肉鸡屠宰性能的影响

屠宰性能是评定畜禽产肉性能的主要依据，也是衡量畜禽养殖经济效益的关键指标^[36]。Ballitoc等^[37]试验发现，添加2%黄粉虫粉可显著提高肉鸡的屠体重、屠宰率和全净膛重。Mngqi等^[38]在肉鸡饲粮中添加5%和10%黄粉虫粉，发现5%黄粉虫粉可显著提高肉鸡的屠宰率和胸肌率。冷学义等^[39]发现在肉鸡饲粮中添加黄粉虫副产物替代豆粕，对肉鸡屠宰性能无显著影响。Biasato等^[31]在肉鸡饲粮中添加5%、10%和15%黄粉虫粉均对肉鸡屠宰性能无显著影响。本研究中，与对照组相比，黄粉虫粉添加组的屠宰性能未出现显著变化，但3%组肉鸡的屠宰率有所提高，这一结果与生长性能数据相一致。推测是当黄粉虫粉添加水平为3%时，肉鸡对营养物质的利用率已接近饱和状态。

3.3 黄粉虫粉对良凤花肉鸡肉品质的影响

家禽常规肉品质评定主要包括肉色、pH、剪切力和滴水损失率等指标，以上指标能够有效反映肌肉的质地和食用品质^[40-41]。肉色不会影响肌肉滋味，却是肌肉外观评价的重要指标^[42]。肌肉pH是肉品质测定的重要指标，适宜的pH_{24 h}(5.80~6.20)有利于提升肌肉的风味^[43-44]。剪切力的大小可代表肌肉的嫩度，剪切力越小，嫩度越高，肉品质越好。肌肉的滴水损失率与系水力呈正相关，滴水损失率越小表示肌肉系水力越强，肌肉的保水性能越强^[45]。

王国泽等^[46]研究发现，在鹌鹑饲粮中添加2%和3%黄粉虫粉，鹌鹑常规肉品质中滴水损失率显著或极显著低于对照组，其中添加2%组剪切力显著升高。Dabbou等^[16]在肉鸡饲粮中添加75 g/kg黄粉虫粉，对肌肉肉色、pH及滴水损失率均无显著影响。佘韶峰等^[47]试验得出在肉鸡饲粮中添加1%、2%、3%、4%和5%美洲大蠊虫粉对肉鸡肌肉的滴水损失率、剪切力、肉色和pH均无显著差异。

本研究中，在肉鸡肉品质中，pH在5.75~6.20，利于保持肌肉的风味。3%、5%组腿肌的滴水损失率(24 h)显著降低，提高了肌肉的保水性能，改善了肉鸡的肌肉品质。值得注意的是，本研究中黄粉虫粉添加水平对肉鸡腿肌滴水损失率(24 h)的影响呈二次曲线变化，说明当黄粉虫粉添加水平过高时，会损害肌肉的保水性能。另外，各添加水平组肉色、剪切力与对照组相比均差异不显著，与王国泽等^[46]的研究结果不完全一致，可能与试验动物的品种及黄粉虫添加水平等因素有关，具体原因有待进一步研究。

3.4 黄粉虫粉对良凤花肉鸡肌肉风味物质含量的影响 3.4.1 黄粉虫粉对良凤花肉鸡肌肉中氨基酸含量的影响

肌肉中氨基酸含量是评定鸡肉食用品质的主要化学指标之一，也是衡量肌肉蛋白质营养价值高低的重要指标^[48]。风味氨基酸含量能够反映家禽肉质中风味物质含量的高低^[27]。甜味氨基酸与风味氨基酸协同呈味，使肌肉更加美味^[49]。鲜味氨基酸对于肉质的鲜味起决定作用^[50]。芳香族氨基酸是一类具有芳香环且能够赋予肌肉特殊风味的氨基酸^[51]。肌肉中必需氨基酸含量与其营养价值呈正相关^[52]。His呈苦味，对肌肉的风味口感呈现负面影响^[53]。

郝园丽等^[54]试验表明，添加3%蝇蛆干能够显著提高肌肉中鲜味氨基酸总量及相对含量。李广宏等^[55]在清远麻鸡基础饲粮中添加10%蝇蛆活性蛋白，肉鸡肌肉EAA/TAA均有提高的趋势。De Souza Vilela等^[56]在鹌鹑饲粮中添加15%的黑冰蝇幼虫粉，显著提高了鹌鹑胸肌中Asp、Glu及Lys的含量。Cullere等^[57]研究发现，在鹌鹑饲粮中添加15%脱脂黑冰蝇幼虫粉，显著提高了肌肉中Thr、Ala、Asp、Glu、Ser和Arg的含量。

本研究中，3%组肌肉中风味氨基酸Asp、Glu、Arg含量及其总量，甜味氨基酸Thr、Ser含量及其总量、鲜味氨基酸Asp、Ser、Glu、Leu、Arg含量及其总量、芳香族氨基酸Tyr含量及其总量均显著或极显著升高，EAA和TAA含量显著升高，His含量极显著降低。上述试验结果表明，添加3%黄粉虫粉在提高肉鸡生长性能与屠宰性能的同时，可显著提升肌肉的营养价值、风味和鲜味，降低肉鸡肌肉中的不良风味水平，提高肉鸡的肌肉品质。

3.4.2 黄粉虫粉对良凤花肉鸡肌肉中脂肪酸含量的影响

肉类产品的脂肪酸组成是评价肉质营养价值的重要指标，也是影响肉质风味的重要因素^[58]。饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸含量高说明肉质好，而多不饱和脂肪酸含量高则肉品质差^[59]。Loponte等^[60]在肉鸡饲粮中添加黄粉虫粉替代基础饲粮中的豆粕，显著提高了肉鸡肌肉中C14 ∶ 0的含量，极显著提高了月桂酸(C12 ∶ 0)的含量。Schiavone等^[61]在肉鸡饲粮中分别添加50%和100%黑兵蝇幼虫油替代基础饲粮中的豆油，100%黑兵蝇幼虫油组肉鸡肌肉中葵酸(C10 ∶ 0)、C12 ∶ 0和C14 ∶ 0含量极显著增加，多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量极显著降低，单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)含量差异不显著。Kieroñczyk等^[62]研究表明, 在肉鸡饲粮中添加50 g/kg黄粉虫油替代豆油可显著提高胸肌中的饱和脂肪酸(SFA)和MUFA含量。

本研究中，3%组肌肉中C14 ∶ 0的含量显著升高，其余脂肪酸含量均未出现显著变化，与前人研究结果^[60-62]不尽一致。C14 ∶ 0是一种14碳饱和脂肪酸，能够促进畜禽中脂质的合成^[63]。本研究中肌肉C14 ∶ 0含量升高，可能通过促进畜禽中脂质的合成，进而改善肉品质，具体机理有待进一步研究。

4 结论

本试验条件下，在良凤花肉公鸡饲粮中添加3%黄粉虫粉可提高生长性能，肌肉的保水性能，肌肉的营养价值、风味、鲜味等特性，降低肌肉中的不良风味水平，从而提高其肉品质，建议1~70日龄良凤花肉公鸡饲粮中黄粉虫粉的添加水平为3%。

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