动物营养学报    2022, Vol. 34 Issue (9): 6056-6063    PDF    
不同硒源对雌性水貂繁殖性能及其后代生长性能的影响
张婷1 , 王卓1 , 郭肖兰1 , 李光玉2 , 徐超1     
1. 中国农业科学院特产研究所, 长春 130112;
2. 青岛农业大学动物科技学院, 青岛 266109
摘要: 本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同硒源对雌性水貂繁殖性能及其后代生长性能的影响。选取80只配种期初产母貂, 随机分成4组, 每组20个重复, 每个重复1只。对照组(CN组)饲喂基础饲粮(硒含量0.18 mg/kg), 试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加0.2 mg/kg(以硒计)亚硒酸钠(SS组)、酵母硒(SY组)、硒代蛋氨酸(Se-Met组)。试验期130 d。结果表明: 1)Se-Met组和SY组仔貂21日龄体重显著高于CN组(P<0.05), Se-Met组和SY组仔貂42日龄体重显著高于CN组和SS组(P<0.05)。各组之间母貂窝产仔数及仔貂初生窝重、初生体重、7日龄体重、35日龄体重无显著差异(P>0.05)。2)SY组母貂血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性显著高于CN组和SS组(P<0.05), Se-Met组母貂血清活性氧(ROS)含量极显著低于CN组和SS组(P<0.01)。各组之间母貂血清总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性及硒、丙二醛(MDA)含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。3)SY组和Se-Met组仔貂血清硒含量显著高于CN组和SS组(P<0.05), SY组和Se-Met组仔貂血清GSH-Px活性显著高于CN组(P<0.05)。各组之间仔貂血清T-SOD活性及MDA、ROS含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。4)各组之间仔貂血清三碘甲腺原氨酸(T3)、甲状腺素(T4)、生长激素(GH)和胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。综上所述, 饲粮中添加不同硒源对母貂繁殖性能无显著影响; 与亚硒酸钠相比, 饲粮中添加酵母硒或硒代蛋氨酸可提高母貂及其后代抗氧化能力, 促进21~42日龄仔貂生长。
关键词: 水貂    硒源    繁殖性能    生长性能    
Effects of Different Selenium Sources on Reproductive Performance of Female Minks and Growth Performance of Their Offspring
ZHANG Ting1 , WANG Zhuo1 , GUO Xiaolan1 , LI Guangyu2 , XU Chao1     
1. Institute of Special Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Changchun 130112, China;
2. College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
Abstract: This experiment was conducted to study the effects of dietary different selenium sources on reproductive performance of female minks and growth performance of their offspring. Eighty primiparous minks during copulation period were randomly divided into 4 groups with 20 replicates per group and 1 mink per replicate. Minks in the control group (CN group) were fed a basal diet (selenium content was 0.18 mg/kg), and others in experimental groups were fed the basal diets supplemented with 0.2 mg/kg (as selenium) sodium selenite (SS group), selenium yeast (SY group) and selenomethionine (Se-Met group), respectively. The experiment lasted for 130 days. The results showed as follows: 1) the body weight at 21 days of age of baby minks in Se-Met group and SY group was significantly higher than that in CN group (P < 0.05), and the body weight at 42 days of age of baby minks in Se-Met group and SY group was significantly higher than that in CN group and SS group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in litter size of female minks and litter weight, birth weight, body weight at 7 days of age and body weight at 35 days of age of baby minks among all groups (P>0.05). 2) The serum glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity of female minks in SY group was significantly higher than that in CN group and SS group (P < 0.05), and the serum reactive oxygen (ROS) content of female minks in Se-Met group was significantly lower than that in CN group and SS group (P < 0.01). There were no significant differences in serum total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity and selenium, malondialdehyde (MDA) contents of female minks among all groups (P>0.05). 3) The serum selenium content of baby minks in SY group and SE-Met group was significantly higher than that in CN group and SS group (P < 0.05), and the serum GSH-Px activity of baby minks in SY group and SE-Met group was significantly higher than that in CN group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in serum T-SOD activity and MDA, ROS contents of baby minks among all groups (P>0.05). 4) There were no significant differences in contents of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in serum of baby minks among all groups (P>0.05). In conclusion, dietary different selenium sources have no significant effect on reproductive performance of female minks; compared with sodium selenite, dietary adding selenium yeast and selenomethionine can increase the antioxidant capacity of female minks and their offspring, and promote the growth of baby minks aged from 21 to 42 days.
Key words: mink    selenium sources    reproductive performance    growth performance    

繁殖期母体新陈代谢增强,对能量和氧的需求增加,容易产生过多自由基,导致机体氧化系统与抗氧化系统失衡,引发氧化应激[1]。研究发现,妊娠期的氧化应激会导致母体胎盘血管功能紊乱,引发胎盘血流减少,造成胎儿生长受限[2-3]。硒是动物饲料常用的抗氧化剂。硒可通过胎盘和乳汁传递给后代,因此繁殖期母畜硒的摄入不仅影响其自身繁殖性能,还影响后代的生长发育。外源硒主要分为无机硒和有机硒,有机硒的效果往往优于无机硒。Hu等[4]研究发现,与无机硒相比,妊娠后期母猪饲粮中添加有机硒可提高初生仔猪窝重及断奶体重。Zhan等[5]报道,妊娠期和泌乳期母猪饲粮中添加硒代蛋氨酸可显著提高仔猪从出生到断奶的平均日增重。目前国内外关于繁殖期水貂硒营养的报道较少。NRC(1982)[6]推荐水貂饲粮硒添加水平为0.1 mg/kg。张婷等[7]饲喂育成期水貂干粉饲料,发现同时添加0.2 mg/kg硒和200 mg/kg维生素E具有促生长作用。水貂饲粮中往往含有高比例的鱼类及禽类副产品,因含有较高水平的不饱和脂肪酸,容易发生氧化。前人研究发现,长期饲喂水貂氧化的脂肪,会导致其采食量下降,生长性能降低[8]。因此,本试验以繁殖期雌性水貂为研究对象,探讨不同硒源对其繁殖性能及后代生长性能的影响,为繁殖期水貂合理应用硒源,提高生产水平提供依据。

1 材料与方法 1.1 试验材料

亚硒酸钠(纯度为44.7%)、酵母硒(硒浓度为2 000 mg/kg)、硒代蛋氨酸(纯度为99%)均为市售。基础饲粮为鲜饲料,由吉林省某农业公司配制。水貂选自农业部长白山野生生物资源重点野外科学观测实验站。

1.2 试验方法 1.2.1 试验设计与饲养管理

选取80只配种期初产母貂,随机分成4组,每组20个重复,每个重复1只。对照组(CN组)饲喂基础饲粮(硒含量0.18 mg/kg),试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加0.2 mg/kg(以硒计)亚硒酸钠(SS组)、酵母硒(SY组)和硒代蛋氨酸(Se-Met组)。试验期130 d。基础饲粮以黄花鱼、鸡杂、鸡骨架、膨化玉米等为主要原料,同时添加由矿物质、维生素等组成的营养性添加剂制成,基础饲粮组成及营养水平分别见表 1表 2

表 1 基础饲粮组成 Table 1 Composition of the basal diet (as fed basis)  
表 2 基础饲粮营养水平 Table 2 Nutrient levels of the basal diet

试验开始后每天饲喂2次,早上饲喂总量的40%,下午饲喂总量的60%,共300 g,并根据采食情况适当调整。于2018年3月3日开始对水貂实施人工放对配种,采用“1+1+8”周期复配方式(即第1天初配、第2天连配、第9天复配的配种方式)。由专人记录各组水貂配种、产仔及仔貂生长等数据。

1.2.2 样品采集

选择产仔日期接近的母貂及其后代,分别于2018年5月20日和2018年6月10日进行采血。每组选取8只母貂,断指采血4 mL于促凝管中,静置待血清析出后4 500 r/min、4 ℃离心10 min,收集血清,置于-80 ℃冰箱中保存。从采血的8只母貂的后代中挑选2只雄性仔貂,断指采血2 mL于促凝管中,血清析出方法及保存方式同母貂。

1.2.3 测定指标及方法

饲粮粗蛋白质含量采用全自动凯氏定氮仪(FOSS,美国)进行测定,方法参照GB/T 6432—2018;粗脂肪含量采用脂肪提取仪(BUCHI,瑞士)进行测定,方法参照GB/T 6433—2006;钙含量采用乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)络合滴定法进行测定,方法参照GB/T 6436—2018;磷含量采用钒钼酸铵比色法测定,方法参照GB/T 6437—2018;硒含量采用原子荧光光度计(AFS-9130,北京)进行测定,方法参照李明远[9]

采用还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)消耗法测定血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性,采用黄嘌呤氧化法测定血清总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性,采用硫代巴比妥酸法测定血清丙二醛(MDA)含量,试剂盒均购自南京建成生物工程研究所。血清活性氧(ROS)、甲状腺素(T4)、三碘甲腺原氨酸(T3)、生长激素(GH)和胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)含量采用微孔板分光光度计(Biotek,美国)进行测定,试剂盒购自上海双赢生物科技有限公司。

1.3 数据统计

试验数据采用Excel 2003进行初步整理,采用SAS 8.0软件中GLM程序进行统计分析,多重比较采用Duncan氏法。结果以平均值±标准差表示,P < 0.01为差异极显著,P < 0.05为差异显著,P>0.05为差异不显著。

2 结果 2.1 不同硒源对水貂繁殖性能及其后代生长性能的影响

表 3可知,Se-Met组和SY组仔貂21日龄体重显著高于CN组(P<0.05),但与SS组差异不显著(P>0.05);Se-Met组和SY组仔貂42日龄体重显著高于CN组和SS组(P<0.05)。各组之间母貂窝产仔数及仔貂初生窝重、初生体重、7日龄体重、35日龄体重无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表 3 不同硒源对水貂繁殖性能及其后代生长性能的影响 Table 3 Effects of different selenium sources on reproductive performance of minks and growth performance of their offspring
2.2 不同硒源对泌乳期水貂血清硒含量及抗氧化指标的影响

表 4可知,SY组母貂血清GSH-Px活性显著高于CN组和SS组(P<0.05),但与Se-Met组差异不显著(P>0.05);Se-Met组母貂血清ROS含量极显著低于CN组和SS组(P<0.01),但与SY组差异不显著(P>0.05)。各组之间母貂血清T-SOD活性及硒、MDA含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表 4 不同硒源对泌乳期水貂血清硒含量及抗氧化指标的影响 Table 4 Effects of different selenium sources on serum Se content and antioxidant indexes of minks during lactation period
2.3 不同硒源对断奶水貂血清硒及抗氧化指标的影响

表 5可知,SY组和Se-Met组仔貂血清硒含量显著高于CN组和SS组(P<0.05);SY组和Se-Met组仔貂血清GSH-Px活性显著高于CN组(P<0.05),但与SS组差异不显著(P>0.05)。各组之间仔貂血清T-SOD活性及MDA、ROS含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表 5 不同硒源对断奶水貂血清硒及抗氧化指标的影响 Table 5 Effects of different selenium sources on serum Se and antioxidant indexes of weaned minks
2.4 不同硒源对断奶水貂血清激素含量的影响

表 6可知,各组之间仔貂血清T3、T4、GH和IGF-1含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。

表 6 不同硒源对断奶水貂血清激素含量的影响 Table 6 Effects of different selenium sources on serum hormone contents of weaned minks
3 讨论 3.1 不同硒源对雌性水貂繁殖性能及仔貂生长性能的影响

动物的繁殖性能主要受遗传因素决定,但也受营养因素调控。硒作为抗氧化剂,能保护卵母细胞、着床前的胚胎以及卵巢组织免受氧化应激的损伤,进而改善雌性动物繁殖性能[10-11]。有关不同硒源对畜禽繁殖性能影响的报道众多,但结论不一。本研究结果显示,各组母貂窝产仔数以及仔貂初生窝重、初生体重差异不显著,说明不同硒源对母貂繁殖性能无显著影响,这与Ma等[12]在猪和Gunter等[13]在牛上的研究结果一致。这可能与动物种类和胎次有关。在医学上的研究表明,相较于高胎次母亲,初产母亲机体氧化应激水平低而脐带血和血浆抗氧化能力高[14]。本试验研究对象均为初产水貂,基础饲粮中含有的硒和维生素E作为抗氧化剂可能满足了母貂维持体内氧化-抗氧化体系动态平衡的需要。

硒可通过胎盘和乳汁传递给后代,因此沉积到胚胎组织器官中的硒可通过影响后代的代谢来调节其生长发育。Hu等[4]研究表明,在妊娠后期和哺乳期母猪饲粮中补充硒代蛋氨酸可提高初乳和常乳中硒含量,进而提高仔猪断奶体重。本研究结果表明,母貂饲粮中添加酵母硒或硒代蛋氨酸均可显著提高仔貂21和42日龄体重。水貂出生至21日龄以母乳为食,21日龄以后逐渐采食母貂饲粮。在奶牛上的研究显示,补充有机硒可提高乳汁产量[15]。刘可园等[16]报道,硒可提高蓝狐对饲粮中营养物质的消化率。据此推测,饲粮中添加酵母硒或硒代蛋氨酸可能通过促进母貂泌乳和仔貂对饲粮中营养物质的消化吸收而提高21~42日龄仔貂生长性能。具体原因还需通过试验进一步验证。

3.2 不同硒源对泌乳期水貂血清硒及抗氧化指标的影响

研究发现,不同硒源在动物肠道内吸收方式不同。亚硒酸钠等无机硒主要以被动扩散形式在小肠内被吸收,而酵母硒等有机硒可通过与蛋氨酸吸收类似的途径被主动吸收[17]。相比于无机硒,有机硒中大部分硒可进入肝脏中参与硒蛋白的合成,增加机体内总硒的贮存量,进而发挥其较强的抗氧化作用。Yoon等[18]研究发现,饲粮中添加酵母硒可提高妊娠期母猪血清硒含量。Payne等[19]在肉鸡上的研究结果显示,与亚硒酸钠相比,饲粮中添加酵母硒可显著提高血浆硒含量。本研究结果表明,饲粮中添加不同硒源对母貂血清硒含量无显著影响,但与CN组相比,SY组和Se-Met组母貂血清硒含量分别提高了13.04%和17.39%,这与朱翱翔等[20]在育成期湖羊上的报道一致。有研究认为,组织和血液中的硒可互相转换,保证血液硒含量处于一种稳态平衡。本试验中,CN组母貂可能通过动用组织中沉积的硒来维持一定的血液硒含量,进而导致各组母貂血清硒含量差异不显著。GSH-Px是机体抗氧化系统中最重要的硒蛋白,可催化还原内源性过氧化氢和羟自由基,从而减少血液中脂质过氧化物及自由基含量。石磊等[21]在妊娠母羊上的研究表明,饲粮中添加酵母硒可显著提高血液GSH-Px活性。Warken等[22]给围产期奶牛肌肉注射亚硒酸钠后发现,其血清ROS含量显著下降。本试验结果发现,与CN组相比,饲粮中添加酵母硒可显著提高母貂血清GSH-Px活性,而添加硒代蛋氨酸可极显著降低血清ROS含量。这一结果说明,饲粮中添加酵母硒或硒代蛋氨酸有利于提高泌乳期母貂机体抗氧化能力。

3.3 不同硒源对断奶期水貂血清硒及抗氧化指标的影响

母畜乳汁及饲粮中硒含量影响其后代硒的摄入与沉积,进而影响机体抗氧化能力。Gunter等[13]在妊娠母牛上的研究发现,与亚硒酸钠相比,饲粮中添加硒酵母可显著提高犊牛出生时全血硒含量。在本试验中,与CN组和SS组相比,饲粮中添加硒代蛋氨酸或酵母硒均可显著提高断奶仔貂血清硒含量,这与Yoon等[18]在仔猪上的研究结果一致。这可能是由于不同硒源经母体转运到后代的效率不同导致的。在仔猪上的研究表明,有机硒通过胎盘转运给胎儿的效率比无机硒高,且有机硒通过乳腺转运给后代的效率比无机硒高,因此胎儿及初生后代机体贮存的硒含量也高[23-24]。硒是GSH-Px活性中心的重要组成部分,体内硒含量的高低决定了GSH-Px的活性,进而影响机体抗氧化能力。高建忠等[25]研究了不同硒源对仔猪机体抗氧化能力的影响,结果发现饲粮中添加硒可以显著提高仔猪血液GSH-Px活性,而添加有机硒较添加无机硒效果更明显。Mahan等[26]报道,仔猪饲粮中添加富硒酵母较亚硒酸钠可以显著提高血清GSH-Px活性。本研究结果与前人报道基本一致,说明饲粮中添加酵母硒或硒代蛋氨酸可显著提高断奶仔貂血清GSH-Px活性,进而有利于提高机体抗氧化能力。

3.4 不同硒源对断奶水貂血清激素含量的影响

硒对甲状腺激素的调控作用主要是通过硒酶表现出来的。研究表明,脱碘酶Ⅰ结构中含有硒酶,而脱碘酶Ⅰ可催化T4脱碘转变为生物学活性强的T3[27]。T3是调节戊核磷酸循环酶因素之一,不仅能调节脂肪酸代谢和蛋白质合成,还能调控胰岛素和GH的mRNA表达。硒缺乏会导致脱碘酶活性降低,减少T3的生成量,降低机体GH和IGF-1含量,使动物生长发育受阻。李星[28]研究表明,母猪妊娠后期和泌乳期饲粮中添加有机硒比添加无机硒提高了断奶仔猪血清T3含量,降低了血清T4含量。石磊[29]研究结果表明,给围术期羊补充适量硒可以提高血清GH含量。然而在本试验中,饲粮中添加不同硒源对断奶仔貂血清T3、T4、GH及IGF-1含量均无显著影响。

4 结论

饲粮中添加不同硒源对母貂繁殖性能无显著影响;与亚硒酸钠相比,饲粮中添加酵母硒或硒代蛋氨酸可提高母貂及其后代抗氧化能力,促进21~42日龄仔貂生长。

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