动物营养学报    2019, Vol. 31 Issue (11): 5012-5017    PDF    
初产母猪妊娠末期乳房形态与体况和泌乳力的相关性分析
张龙林1,2 , 李浩1,2 , 谷雪玲1,2 , 常凌1,2 , 宋泽和1,2 , 范志勇1,2     
1. 湖南农业大学动物科学技术学院, 长沙 410128;
2. 湖南畜禽安全生产协同创新中心, 长沙 410128
摘要: 本试验旨在研究初产母猪妊娠末期乳房形态与其泌乳性能及体况的潜在联系,为母猪哺乳期泌乳性能的科学评估提供依据。选取体况正常、健康、预产期相近的长×大(LY)二元初产母猪26头,于妊娠(109±2)d对所选母猪的乳房形态进行测量,记录哺乳期母猪每窝仔猪的初生窝重、断奶窝重、母猪分娩和断奶背膘厚,并进行相关性分析。乳房形态指标包括有效乳头数(ENN)、单侧乳头间距(DT)、对乳头间距(DP)、乳头基部与乳房腹中线距离(MID)、乳头基部与乳房外侧和腹部的交界处距离(EXT)、总单侧乳头间距(TL)。结果表明:初产母猪右侧乳头基部与乳房腹中线距离(MID-R)与哺乳期断奶仔猪数和存活率之间呈极显著负相关(P < 0.01),DP与窝增重呈正相关趋势(0.05≤P < 0.10);其次,母猪乳房形态与体况变化联系紧密,本试验中,初产母猪的分娩背膘厚与DT呈显著负相关(P < 0.05),断奶背膘厚与DP、右侧乳头基部与乳房外侧和腹部的交界处的距离(EXT-R)呈显著负相关(P < 0.05),与左侧乳头基部与乳房外侧和腹部的交界处的距离(EXT-L)有负相关趋势(0.05≤P < 0.10),与左侧乳房所有乳头的长度之和(TL-L)有正相关趋势(0.05≤P < 0.10),背膘损失与MID-R呈显著正相关(P < 0.05),与EXT-L有正相关趋势(0.05≤P < 0.10)。综上所述,初产母猪乳房形态与其泌乳性能和体况密切相关,但随评估指标和背膘厚度不同而存在一定差异,妊娠末期对乳间距与乳腺发育程度高度相关,可作为预测哺乳期泌乳力大小的重要指标,对有效评估初产母猪生产性能具有良好参考价值。
关键词: 乳房形态    泌乳力    体况    初产母猪    
Correlation Analysis between Breast Morphology and Body Condition, Lactation Capacity in Primiparous Sows at the End of Pregnancy
ZHANG Longlin1,2 , LI Hao1,2 , GU Xueling1,2 , CHANG Ling1,2 , SONG Zehe1,2 , FAN Zhiyong1,2     
1. College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;
2. Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha 410128, China
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the potential relationship between breast morphology and lactation performance and body condition of primiparous sows at the end of pregnancy, and to provide a basis for scientific evaluation of lactation performance of sows. Twenty-six primiparous sows (Landrace×Yorkshire) with normal and healthy body condition, and similar parturition date were selected, and the breast morphology of the sows were measured and recorded at day (109±2) of pregnancy/gestation. The birth litter weight, weaning litter weight, backfat of lactating sows at farrowing and weaning were recorded, and a correlation analysis was performed. The indexes of breast morphology included effective nipple number (ENN), the distance between each teat pair (DP), the distance between each teat on one side of the udder (DT), the distance between the base of the teat and the ventral midline section of the udder (MID), the distance between the base of the teat and the exterior junction of the udder with the abdomen (EXT) and the length of the udder (sum of all dist-teat, TL). The results showed that there was a significant negative correlation between MID-R and the number of weaned piglets and livability in lactation (P < 0.01), and there was a positive correlation between DP and litter weight gain (0.05 ≤ P < 0.10). Besides, the breast morphology of the sows was closely related to the changes in body condition. In present experiment, a significant negative correlation between the backfat of primiparous sows at farrowing and DT was observed (P < 0.05), and a significant negative correlation between weaning backfat and DP, EXT-R were also discovered (P < 0.05). In addition, the weaning backfat of sows had the signigicant tendency of correlation with EXT-L (0.05 ≤ P < 0.10), but positive correlation with TL-L (0.05 ≤ P < 0.10). Moreover, backfat loss had a significant positive correlation with MID-R (P < 0.05) and had the signigicant tendency of correlation with EXT-L (0.05 ≤ P < 0.10). In summary, the mammary morphology of primiparous sows is closely related to their lactation performance and body condition, but there are some differences depending on the evaluation indexes and backfat thickness. The distance between each teat pair is highly correlated with the degree of mammary gland development at the end of pregnancy, which can be used as an important predictor of lactation force, and has a vital reference value for effectively evaluating the performance of primiparous sows.
Key words: breast morphology    lactation    body condition    primiparous sow    

母乳是哺乳仔猪获取营养的唯一来源,母猪乳房的发育状况是影响母猪泌乳性能的关键因素。初产母猪泌乳性能的高低受其乳腺组织发育完善程度的影响,是决定母猪头胎生产性能及其后利用年限的主要因素[1-4],通过准确测量分娩前乳房形态,为科学评估母猪哺乳期生产表现及进行母猪的高效育种和精准营养提供参考。早期评价乳房发育的状况主要通过对母猪屠宰解剖实现,但样本有限、操作繁琐、成本高昂,难以在生产中推广应用[5-6]。新的研究表明,母猪乳房的外在形态特征与乳腺组织总DNA量、RNA量具有显著相关性,可作为评价母猪乳腺发育状况的重要依据,在生产中具有较好的应用价值[7-10]。母猪体况与其泌乳力之间的联系始终是研究者关注的热点,但有关母猪体况对乳房发育的影响及其在哺乳期母猪泌乳性能预测方面的作用,则始终是研究的薄弱环节。因此,本试验以初产母猪为试验对象,分析其乳房外在形态指标与体况、仔猪增重及存活率等指标的相关性,旨在为生猪养殖环节中母猪乳房发育的评定提供参考。

1 材料与方法 1.1 试验材料与试验动物

试验器材:软胶带、皮卷尺、游标卡尺、背膘仪、电子称。

试验动物:初产母猪、仔猪(21日龄断奶)。

1.2 试验设计与饲养管理

本试验于2018年5月至2018年7月在湖南省益阳市南县大北农众仁旺种猪科技有限公司进行。选取体况正常[体重为(190±10) kg,不拱背]、健康(无明显皮肤问题与肢蹄病)及预产期相近的长×大(LY)二元初产母猪26头,于妊娠(109±2) d对所选母猪的乳房形态进行测量,并记录哺乳期母猪每窝仔猪的初生窝重(第1次调窝后)与断奶窝重(期间死猪重量记录用来数据矫正)、母猪分娩背膘厚及断奶背膘厚。试验饲粮由大北农长沙分公司设计并提供,其组成及营养水平见表 1。采用德国WEDA公司的4PXA饲喂系统,饲养管理及免疫程序均按猪场管理流程进行。

表 1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础) Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (DM basis)
1.3 测定指标及方法 1.3.1 乳房形态指标

在母猪妊娠(109±2) d 08:00至10:00对母猪乳房形态指标进行测量,测量和命名方法参照Farmer等[7],具体指标包括:有效乳头数(effective nipple number,ENN)、单侧乳头间距(dist-teat,DT)、总单侧乳头间距(total length of the udder,TL)、对乳头间距(dist-pair,DP)、乳头基部与乳房腹中线的距离(ventral midline section,MID)、乳头基部与乳房外侧和腹部的交界处的距离(dist-exterior,EXT)。

1.3.2 母猪体况和生产性能

记录母猪的产仔数、产活仔数、死胎数、仔猪初生窝重、21日龄仔猪窝重,并计算断奶窝增重。在母猪分娩和断奶当天,用超声波背膘仪测定母猪左侧P2点背膘厚度,并计算哺乳期背膘损失。本试验共选用母猪26头,表 2以“平均值±标准差”描述本试验中所测得母猪乳房形态指标和繁殖性能的概况。

表 2 母猪乳房形态指标和繁殖性能 Table 2 Sows breast morphology indexes and reproductive performance
1.4 统计分析

数据利用Excel 2017进行初步统计,采用SPSS 21.0软件进行偏相关性分析,0.05≤P<0.10为差异有显著趋势,P<0.05为差异显著,P<0.01为差异极显著。

2 结果与分析 2.1 乳房形态与繁殖性能相关分析

表 3可知,初产母猪的乳头基部与乳房腹中线的距离(右)(MID-R)与断奶活仔数和存活率之间均呈极显著负相关(P<0.01);初产母猪的窝增重与DP呈正相关趋势(0.05≤P<0.10)。

表 3 乳房形态与繁殖性能相关分析 Table 3 Correlation analysis of breast morphology and reproductive performance
2.2 乳房形态与母猪体况相关分析

表 4可知,初产母猪的分娩背膘厚与DT呈显著负相关(P<0.05);初产母猪的断奶背膘厚与DP、乳头基部与乳房外侧和腹部的交界处的距离(右)(EXT-R)呈显著负相关(P<0.05),与乳头基部与乳房外侧和腹部的交界处的距离(左)(EXT-L)呈负相关趋势(0.05≤P<0.10),与总左侧乳头间距(TL-L)呈正相关趋势(0.05≤P<0.10);其背膘损失与MID-R呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与EXT-L呈正相关趋势(0.05≤P<0.10)。

表 4 乳房形态与母猪体况相关分析 Table 4 Correlation analysis between breast morphology and sows body condition
3 讨论 3.1 乳房形态与母猪繁殖性能相关分析

母乳是保障哺乳仔猪生长发育和存活的重要因素,其产量与乳腺发育呈正相关关系[11-12]。Nielsen等[13]和Kim等[14]研究报道,母猪带仔数和仔猪断奶均重与其乳腺发育状况呈正相关关系,即哺乳期间良好的乳腺发育(乳腺重量和DNA、RNA含量较高)可促进哺乳仔猪健康生长。Farmer等[7]发现,乳房外部形态指标与乳腺实质重量相关性较高,初产母猪乳房组织发育主要发生在妊娠中后期,即妊娠70 d以后至分娩,主要包括乳房组织增重、乳腺组织学变化和DNA积累[2-3, 15-17]。其中,母猪乳房上皮细胞分化相关的细胞器增多和腺泡内分泌物的大量积累在妊娠90~105 d完成[3, 18]。妊娠109 d前后,母猪乳腺发育已经基本完成,乳房形态特征稳定[17],此时测得的数据与分娩时母猪的乳腺发育状态已十分接近。Balzani等[9]证实,母猪乳房随着乳腺发育逐渐增大,乳腺发育状况与其饱满度呈正相关,这与本试验中DP与仔猪窝增重的正相关趋势是吻合的,表明母猪泌乳力与乳房饱满程度呈正相关关系。值得注意的是,本试验中MID与断奶仔猪数、存活率存在显著负相关关系。MID作为描述乳头至母猪体腹中线的距离的指标,当MID过高时,仔猪存活率下降,其原因可能是对乳之间的距离高度增加,不利于新生仔猪从上侧乳头汲取初乳,乳头利用率下降,从而导致其从母乳获取抗体及营养物质减少。因此,DP和MID均可作为母猪乳腺发育状况的评定指标,在一定程度上反映母猪的带仔能力。

3.2 乳房形态与母猪体况相关分析

母猪体况与其泌乳力之间的联系始终是研究者关注的热点,但乳房形态与体况之间的联系却涉及不多,略显薄弱。Farmer等[19]报道,母猪膘情过肥或过瘦都会降低乳腺的发育程度。Head等[20]研究表明,与偏瘦母猪相比,过肥母猪乳腺组织发育更慢且产仔后泌乳量更低,在妊娠末期,肥母猪乳腺组织中DNA含量仅为瘦母猪的25%,而乳泡细胞数仅为其的50%。张万明[21]报道,尽管过肥母猪和偏瘦母猪的乳腺组织重量相似,但过肥母猪在妊娠第112天的乳腺DNA含量相对偏瘦母猪显著降低。本试验数据构建了母猪在分娩及断奶时背膘厚度与乳腺外在形态指标的潜在联系。母猪分娩背膘厚与DT呈显著正相关,与上述试验结果存在一定差距。其原因可能是,本试验条件下,妊娠后期母猪体况控制较好。断奶背膘厚则与DP、EXT-R呈显著负相关,与EXT-L具有负相关趋势,与TL具有正相关趋势。其原因可能是乳腺发育状况良好,泌乳力随之增强,导致其断奶背膘损失较多。然而,受限于样本量的缘故,关于乳腺外在形态指标参数及乳腺形态与母猪体况水平之间的关系还有待进一步研究。

4 结论

由此可见,初产母猪乳房形态与其泌乳性能和体况密切相关,但准确度随评估指标不同存在一定差异。首先,妊娠末期DP与乳腺发育程度高度相关,可作为预测哺乳期泌乳力大小的重要指标,对有效评估初产母猪生产性能具有良好参考价值。其次,体况水平对初产母猪泌乳性能影响明显,其背膘厚度可视作乳房外在形态和乳腺发育调控的重要指标。

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