动物营养学报    2020, Vol. 32 Issue (9): 3986-3992    PDF    
黑水虻在家禽生产中的应用研究进展
陈继发     
宜春学院生命科学与资源环境学院, 宜春 336000
摘要: 黑水虻易饲养、繁殖快、产出高,其粗蛋白质、不饱和脂肪酸、类胡萝卜素等含量较高,必需氨基酸种类较齐全,并可提取几丁质、抗菌肽等生物活性物质,是一种颇具潜力的蛋白质饲料资源。研究表明,黑水虻能够部分替代饲粮中常规蛋白质饲料,提高家禽生产性能、提升产品品质、增强机体免疫和抗氧化能力以及改善肠道健康。本文综述了黑水虻的营养特性及其应用于家禽生产中的最新研究成果,以期为其在家禽生产中的应用提供参考。
关键词: 黑水虻    营养特性    家禽    应用    
Research Advances in Application of Hermetia illucens in Poultry Production
CHEN Jifa     
College of Life Science and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yichun 336000, China
Abstract: The Hermetia illucens is easy to raise, and has strong reproductive ability and high output, and also has high contents of crude protein, unsaturated fatty acids and carotenoids, and complete species of essential amino acids. Moreover, it can be extracted some biological active substances such as chitins and antibacterial peptides. Thus, it can be used as a kind of high-quality protein feed source. It is reported that Hermetia illucens can partially replace conventional protein feeds in poultry diets, increase growth and production performance of poultry, improve the product quality, enhance the body antioxidant and immune functions, and promote the intestinal health. In this article, we have elaborated the nutritional characteristic of Hermetia illucens and summarized the latest research findings on the application of Hermetia illucens in poultry production, in order to provide reference for it using in poultry production.
Key words: Hermetia illucens    nutritional characteristic    poultry    application    

据联合国粮农组织估计,到2050年全世界人口将增长至90亿,这将导致全球对肉、蛋产品的需求量大幅增加,同时人畜争粮现象也将日益突出,特别是对蛋白质饲料的需求。豆粕和鱼粉是传统的蛋白质饲料资源,但因价格居高、产量不足等问题,导致优质蛋白质饲料原料缺乏,严重制约了全球养殖业的可持续发展,寻求安全、优质、丰富的蛋白质饲料替代资源是全世界共同面临的课题。昆虫是地球上最大的生物类群,被认为是颇具开发潜力的蛋白质饲料资源。黑水虻(Hermetia illucens L.)是近几年研究热门的昆虫之一,据行业经济研究网资料,近5年我国黑水虻总产量不断增长,2018年总产量超过120万t。黑水虻具有繁殖快、易饲养、产出高等特点,同时可消耗餐厨垃圾和动物粪便等废弃物,有利于降低环境污染[1-2];此外,黑水虻含有较丰富的粗蛋白质、不饱和脂肪酸、矿物质和类胡萝卜素等,氨基酸种类较齐全[3-6],且还能提取几丁质、抗菌肽等生物活性物质[5, 7],可作为一种优质蛋白质饲料原料。本文阐述了黑水虻的营养特性,综述了其应用于家禽生产中的最新研究成果,以期为黑水虻在家禽生产中的应用提供参考。

1 黑水虻的营养特性

黑水虻营养较丰富,其营养成分含量因养殖基质不同存在较大差异[8-9]。由表 1可知,黑水虻幼虫粉(Hermetia illucens larvae meal,HILM)粗蛋白质含量可达42%~61%[10-11],必需氨基酸含量较高,其中赖氨酸、苏氨酸和异亮氨酸含量高于豆粕,组氨酸、缬氨酸含量高于豆粕和鱼粉,蛋氨酸、亮氨酸和色氨酸含量与豆粕相近[12]。脂肪方面,HILM粗脂肪含量为33%~47%,不饱和脂肪酸含量高达32%~37%,特别是ω-6多不饱和脂肪酸含量较高[5-6]。HILM中矿物质含量较丰富,钙、磷含量分别高达4.4%~6.0%、0.80%~0.95%[13-15];铁、锰含量是鱼粉和豆粕的数倍,钙、磷、镁、钠、锌含量均高于豆粕(表 1)。另外,黑水虻还含有较丰富的维生素和类胡萝卜素[5],且可提取抗菌肽、几丁质等生物活性物质[5, 7]

表 1 HILM、鱼粉和豆粕的营养成分含量(干物质基础) Table 1 Nutrition contents of HILM, fish meal and soybean meal (DM basis)

一些学者研究了HILM替代常规蛋白质饲料后对家禽饲粮养分表观消化率的影响。Bovera等[15]报道,用7.3% HILM替代蛋鸡饲粮中25%的豆粕对干物质和有机物回肠表观消化率无显著影响,但用14.6% HILM替代饲粮中50%的豆粕显著降低了干物质、有机物和粗蛋白质回肠表观消化率;类似的,用17% HILM完全替代蛋鸡饲粮中的豆粕显著降低了干物质、有机物和粗蛋白质回肠表观消化率[16];用10.12%、15.00%脱脂HILM替代肉鹌鹑饲粮中的豆粕显著降低了粗脂肪表观消化率[17]。然而,Mwaniki等[18]研究指出,用15%脱脂HILM替代蛋鸡饲粮中的豆粕显著提高了中性洗涤纤维表观消化率和表观代谢能;Gariglio等[19]也报道,用3%、6%、9%部分脱脂HILM替代肉鸭饲粮中的玉米蛋白粉显著提高了粗脂肪和粗蛋白质表观消化率,并发现部分脱脂HILM对饲粮养分表观消化率的影响与肉鸭日龄有关。此外,在肉鸡上的研究表明,部分脱脂、脱脂HILM均富含表观消化率高的多种氨基酸,可作为肉鸡饲粮优质氨基酸来源[20-21]。综上所述,用HILM替代常规蛋白质饲料对家禽饲粮养分消化率的影响与其替代比例、是否脱脂和家禽种类、年龄有关。总体上,添加适量脱脂HILM对饲粮养分消化率不会产生负面影响。黑水虻含有较高的几丁质,几丁质难以消化,饲粮几丁质含量随黑水虻添加量的提高而增加,饲料适口性也会受到影响,同时饲粮可消化养分也随之减少,因而过高添加量的黑水虻一定程度上降低了饲粮养分消化率。

2 黑水虻在家禽生产中的应用 2.1 提高家禽生长或生产性能

表 2可知,黑水虻作为蛋白质饲料利用的形式主要有黑水虻预蛹、HILM及脱脂或部分脱脂HILM。有学者研究表明,黑水虻部分替代饲粮中豆粕或鱼粉提高了家禽生产性能,这与其能改善机体物质代谢、抗氧化和提高免疫性能与肠道健康水平有关[15, 19, 22-24]。综合前人研究结果可知,黑水虻替代饲粮常规蛋白质饲料的比例因家禽种类及年龄阶段、所替代常规蛋白质饲料种类、黑水虻添加形式等的不同存在一定差异,生产中需要综合考虑以上因素合理应用黑水虻,一般其添加量以不超过15%为宜;另因黑水虻不饱和脂肪酸含量高,建议对其进行脱脂处理以延长饲料保质期。

表 2 黑水虻对家禽生长或生产性能的影响 Table 2 Effects of Hermetia illucens on growth or production performance in poultry
2.2 改善肉禽屠宰性能,提升家禽产品品质

黑水虻能改善肉禽屠宰性能、提升产品品质。Loponte等[24]报道,用10%、19% HILM替代饲粮中的豆粕显著提高了鹧鸪的胴体重;Gunawan等[30]研究显示,饲喂新鲜黑水虻幼虫显著提高了肉鸭的胴体重;Cullere等[31]研究发现,用HILM替代饲粮中的豆油有提高肉鸡腿肌重的趋势,并显著降低了胸肌胆固醇含量;另外,添加10.12%、15.00% HILM显著降低了鹌鹑肌肉pH[17];添加15%脱脂HILM显著提高了鹌鹑胸肌中钙、苏氨酸、丙氨酸、谷氨酸、单不饱和脂肪酸含量,降低了多不饱和脂肪酸含量[32]。最近,Pieterse等[33]报道,饲粮添加15%黑水虻预蛹粉对肉鸡屠宰性能和肉品质有一定改善作用。

黑水虻也能改善禽蛋蛋壳品质,提高蛋黄颜色。研究报道,添加5.0%、7.5%脱脂HILM显著提高了鸡蛋蛋黄颜色,且添加5.0%脱脂HILM还提高了蛋壳强度和蛋壳厚度[13];随饲粮中脱脂HILM添加量的提高,鸡蛋蛋黄颜色和蛋壳强度呈线性提高[18];另外,用10%、15%脱脂HILM替代饲粮中的豆粕显著提高了鹌鹑蛋蛋壳重、蛋壳比例和蛋黄颜色[28]。HILM提高蛋黄颜色与其含有较丰富的类胡萝卜素有关[5],能使更多色素沉积于蛋黄。同时,添加黑水虻也有利于维持鸡蛋新鲜度,这可能与其含有几丁质、维生素C和生育酚等有关,这些物质具有抗氧化活性。Kawasaki等[25]报道,用10%黑水虻预蛹替代饲粮中的豆粕、豆油显著提高了鸡蛋蛋白重量和蛋白高度;Irawan等[34]研究指出,用8%干黑水虻、新鲜黑水虻幼虫和黑水虻提取物分别替代饲粮中的鱼粉均显著提高了鸡蛋蛋黄指数,降低了蛋黄丙二醛含量;Zotte等[28]研究发现,添加10%、15%脱脂HILM均显著降低了贮存28 d后鹌鹑蛋蛋黄丙二醛含量。此外,黑水虻对禽蛋营养指标也有改善作用。Secci等[5]研究表明,用17% HILM完全替代饲粮中豆粕显著提高了鸡蛋蛋黄γ-生育酚、叶黄素、总类胡萝卜素和ω-6多不饱和脂肪酸含量,降低了全蛋胆固醇含量;添加黑水虻提取物显著降低了鸡蛋蛋黄中脂肪含量[34]。黑水虻对家禽屠宰性能和肉、蛋品质的改善作用与其含有较丰富的粗蛋白质、矿物质、类胡萝卜素和几丁质及调节机体物质代谢有关。

2.3 改善家禽机体物质代谢,增强免疫和抗氧化性能

研究表明,用HILM替代饲粮中的豆粕能改善家禽机体物质代谢。Gariglio等[19]报道,随饲粮中部分脱脂HILM添加量的提高,肉鸭血清甘油三酯、总胆固醇和镁含量呈线性降低,铁含量呈线性提高;用10%、19% HILM替代饲粮中的豆粕显著降低了鹧鸪血清尿素氮和尿酸含量[24];用HILM替代饲粮中的豆粕显著降低了蛋鸡血清尿素氮、胆固醇、甘油三酯和钙含量[14-15]。血清尿素氮和尿酸含量能反映机体蛋白质利用情况,其含量越低说明机体蛋白质利用率越高;甘油三酯和总胆固醇含量可以反映机体脂质代谢水平,二者含量降低提示机体脂肪分解和代谢能力增强,体内脂肪沉积减少。综上所述,添加HILM可提高家禽机体蛋白质利用率和脂质代谢水平,并可能影响机体矿物质代谢,有利于改善家禽产品品质。

血液肌酐和尿素氮含量是评价肾功能的重要指标,二者含量升高,一般提示机体肾功能减退;当肝功能异常或肝细胞受损时血液中谷丙转氨酶和碱性磷酸酶活性提高。Loponte等[24]报道,用10%、19% HILM替代饲粮中的豆粕显著降低了鹧鸪血清肌酐和尿素氮含量;用17% HILM替代饲粮中的豆粕显著降低了蛋鸡血清肌酐含量,提高了血清球蛋白含量[14];类似的,随饲粮中部分脱脂HILM添加量的提高,肉鸭血清肌酐含量和碱性磷酸酶活性呈线性降低[19]。另外,饲粮添加1%、2%、3%黑水虻幼虫均显著提高了肉鸡脾脏CD3+、CD4+ T淋巴细胞百分数和血清溶菌酶活性,添加2%、3%黑水虻幼虫还显著提高了肉鸡沙门氏菌感染的存活率,降低了内脏器官和盲肠沙门氏菌数量[35]。以上试验结果表明,添加黑水虻有利于维护家禽肝肾功能,提升机体免疫水平。此外,添加HILM还能改善家禽机体抗氧化性能。Dabbou等[23]报道,随饲粮中HILM添加量的提高,肉鸡血清总抗氧化能力呈线性提高趋势,谷胱甘肽过氧化酶活性呈线性提高;类似的,随饲粮中部分脱脂HILM添加量的增加,肉鸭血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性和总抗氧化能力有一定提高,丙二醛和硝基酪氨酸含量呈线性降低[19]。黑水虻含有抗菌肽、溶菌酶等活性物质[5, 7],它们具有抗菌、抑炎、免疫调节等作用,可减少有害物质对动物内脏器官和机体抗氧化、免疫系统造成的损害;同时,其含有较丰富的几丁质、维生素C、生育酚[5],这些物质具有抗氧化活性,有利于改善机体抗氧化性能。

2.4 改善家禽肠道健康

饲粮中添加HILM有利于促进家禽肠道发育。Bovera等[15]报道,用7.3%、14.6% HILM替代饲粮中的豆粕显著提高了肉鸡空肠和整个肠道相对重量;Cutrignelli等[16]也指出,用17% HILM替代饲粮中的豆粕显著提高了蛋鸡消化道重量。Gariglio等[27]研究发现,用3%、6%、9%部分脱脂HILM替代饲粮中的玉米蛋白粉对肉鸭小肠黏膜形态无显著影响;HILM添加量达到15%时显著降低了肉鸡小肠绒毛高度,提高了隐窝深度[25];类似的,添加17% HILM对蛋鸡肠道形态有负面影响[17]。可见,HILM对家禽肠道结构的影响与其添加量有关,较高添加量的HILM可能损害肠黏膜结构。添加黑水虻能促进鸡盲肠中挥发性脂肪酸的产生,调节肠道菌群结构及多样性。用10%黑水虻预蛹、黑水虻幼虫替代饲粮中的豆粕和豆油可在一定程度上增加蛋鸡盲肠中乙酸、丙酸和总挥发性脂肪酸含量,并提高盲肠微生物Chao1指数和β多样性[22];用HILM替代蛋鸡、肉鸡饲粮中的豆粕或玉米粉可显著增加盲肠中挥发性脂肪酸产量,改善肠道菌群,提高盲肠微生物多样性[16, 22, 36]。此外,饲粮中添加HILM能显著提高肉鸡小肠麦芽糖酶和蔗糖酶活性,降低肠道γ-谷氨酰转移酶活性[16]。综上所述,用黑水虻部分替代饲粮中的常规蛋白质饲料有利于改善家禽肠道健康,这与其含有抗菌肽、几丁质等生物活性成分和调节机体物质代谢有关。目前,有关黑水虻对家禽肠黏膜免疫及屏障功能的研究很少,且关于肠道菌群的研究不够深入,可进一步探究其对机体物质代谢的影响与肠道菌群的潜在联系,并借助现代分子生物学技术研究黑水虻对肠道屏障功能的调控作用及其机制。

3 小结与展望

目前关于黑水虻作为蛋白质饲料的应用研究多局限于干粉或鲜饲,导致其一些重要生理作用未充分发挥出来;因黑水虻可提取抗菌肽、几丁质等活性物质,能调节家禽肠道功能,在饲料禁抗的大背景下添加黑水虻有利于维护动物肠道健康;此外,有关黑水虻对动物生长或生产性能产生影响的作用机制的研究很少。因此,今后尚需系统地开展以下研究:1)制订完备的黑水虻饲养规程和加工工艺标准,加大其深加工的研发力度,重点开发黑水虻提取物;2)开展较长周期动物饲养试验,系统评估黑水虻作为蛋白质饲料的安全性,并关注同源性污染问题;3)探究黑水虻在不同种类动物及其不同年龄阶段饲粮中替代常规蛋白质饲料的适宜比例,为制订其在动物饲粮配方中的应用参考标准积累数据;4)深入探讨黑水虻对动物产品品质的影响及其作用机制;5)应用组学和现代分子生物学等技术研究黑水虻对动物机体代谢和肠道功能的调节作用及分子机制。黑水虻应用于养殖业既有利于缓解蛋白质饲料资源的缺乏,又可减少动物粪便造成的环境污染,助力环境友好型畜牧业发展。随着黑水虻深加工工艺的不断完善、提升及其在畜牧生产中应用研究的不断推进、深入,黑水虻将在未来畜牧业中发挥重要作用。

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