动物营养学报    2021, Vol. 33 Issue (6): 3237-3249    PDF    
饲粮添加植物精油和酸化剂组合对麻黄肉鸡生长性能、肠道健康和肉品质的影响
曾子悠1,2 , 苟清碧3 , 古长松1,2 , 黄李蓉1,2 , 李彬1,2 , 穆玉云4 , 谭权4 , 李鹏4 , 富相奎5 , 朱正鹏1,2 *     
1. 四川特瑞美生物科技有限公司, 成都 610000;
2. 四川特驱农牧科技集团有限公司, 成都 610207;
3. 西南科技大学生命科学与工程学院, 绵阳 621000;
4. 诺伟司国际贸易(上海)有限公司, 上海 200080;
5. 黑龙江省农业科学院, 哈尔滨 150086
摘要: 本试验旨在研究饲粮添加植物精油和酸化剂组合对麻黄肉鸡生长性能、免疫器官指数、肠道健康和肉品质的影响。选取630只1日龄的麻黄肉鸡(母鸡),随机分为3个组,每个组7个重复,每个重复30只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,抗生素组在基础饲粮中添加15 mg/kg亚甲基双水杨酸杆菌肽+20 mg/kg阿维拉霉素,植物精油和酸化剂组(EOA组)在基础饲粮中添加15 g/t植物精油+250 g/t酸化剂。试验期分为4个生长阶段:1~21日龄、22~42日龄、43~63日龄和64~84日龄,共计84 d。结果表明:1)试验全期(1~84日龄),EOA组肉鸡末重相较于对照组显著提高(P < 0.05);1~21日龄,EOA组肉鸡末重相较于其他2组显著降低(P < 0.05),平均日增重相较于抗生素组显著降低(P < 0.05);22~42日龄,EOA组料重比相较于对照组显著降低(P < 0.05);43~63日龄,EOA组肉鸡末重和平均日采食量相较于抗生素组显著降低(P < 0.05)。2)21日龄时,EOA组肉鸡法氏囊指数相较于对照组显著升高(P < 0.05);42日龄时,EOA组肉鸡法氏囊指数相较于抗生素组显著升高(P < 0.05)。3)21和42日龄时,与对照组相比,EOA组肉鸡空肠隐窝深度显著降低(P < 0.05),绒毛高度/隐窝深度(V/C)值显著升高(P < 0.05);且42日龄时,EOA组肉鸡空肠隐窝深度和V/C值均显著优于抗生素组(P < 0.05)。4)63日龄时,与对照组相比,EOA组肉鸡胸肌剪切力显著降低(P < 0.05),胸肌24 h黄度值显著升高(P < 0.05);84日龄时,EOA组肉鸡胸肌蒸煮损失与其他2组相比显著降低(P < 0.05);63日龄时,与对照组相比,EOA组肉鸡腿肌剪切力显著降低(P < 0.05),腿肌滴水损失显著低于抗生素组(P < 0.05);84日龄时,与对照组相比,EOA组肉鸡腿肌剪切力、24 h亮度值和蒸煮损失显著降低(P < 0.05),腿肌45 min红度值和pH显著升高(P < 0.05),腿肌45 min亮度值显著高于抗生素组(P < 0.05)。综上所述,饲粮添加植物精油和酸化剂组合可以提高麻黄肉鸡生长性能,改善免疫器官指数、空肠形态和肉品质。
关键词: 麻黄肉鸡    植物精油    酸化剂    生长性能    肠道健康    肉品质    
Effects of Dietary Plant Essential Oil and Acidifier Combination on Growth Performance, Intestinal Health and Meat Quality of Mahuang Broilers
ZENG Ziyou1,2 , GOU Qingbi3 , GU Changsong1,2 , HUANG Lirong1,2 , LI Bin1,2 , MU Yuyun4 , TAN Quan4 , LI Peng4 , FU Xiangkui5 , ZHU Zhengpeng1,2 *     
1. Sichuan TEK-MAX Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610000, China;
2. Sichuan Tequ Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Group Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610207, China;
3. School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621000, China;
4. Novus International Trading(Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200080, China;
5. Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
Abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary plant essential oil and acidifier combination on growth performance, immune organ index, intestinal health and meat quality of Mahuang broilers. A total of 630 Mahuang female broilers of one-day-old were randomly divided into 3 groups with 7 replicates in each group and 30 broilers in each replicate. Broilers in the control group were fed a basal diet, those in the antibiotics group were fed the basal diet supplemented with 15 mg/kg bacitracin methylene disalicylate+20 mg/kg avilamycin, and those in the plant essential oil+acidifier group (EOA group) were fed the basal diet supplemented with 15 g/t plant essential oil+250 g/t acidifier, respectively. The trail lasted for 84 days and was divided into four growth stages which were 1 to 21 days of age, 22 to 42 days of age, 43 to 63 days of age and 64 to 84 days of age. The results showed as follows: 1) during the whole trial period (1 to 84 days of age), the final body weight of broilers in EOA group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). From 1 to 21 days of age, the final body weight of broilers in EOA group was significantly lower than that in the control group and the antibiotics group (P < 0.05), and the average daily weight gain was significantly lower than that in the antibiotics group (P < 0.05). From 22 to 42 days of age, compared with the control group, the feed to gain ratio in EOA group was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). From 43 to 63 days of age, the final body weight and the average daily feed intake of broilers in EOA group were significantly lower than that in the antibiotics group (P < 0.05). 2) At 21 days of age, the bursa of Fabricius index of broilers in EOA group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). At 42 days of age, the bursa of Fabricius index of broilers in EOA group was significantly higher than that in the antibiotics group (P < 0.05). 3) At 21 and 42 days of age, compared with the control group, the crypt depth in jejunum of broilers in EOA group was significantly decreased and the villus height to crypt depth ratio (V/C) was significantly increased (P < 0.05). In addition, at 42 days of age, the crypt depth and V/C in jejunum of broilers in EOA group were significantly better than those in the antibiotics group (P < 0.05). 4) At 63 days of age, compared with the control group, the shear force in breast muscle of broilers in EOA group was significantly decreased (P < 0.05), and the yellowness in breast muscle at 24 h after slaughter was significantly increased (P < 0.05). At 84 days of age, the cooking loss in breast muscle of broilers in EOA group was significantly lower than that in the other two groups (P < 0.05). At 63 days of age, compared with the control group, the shear force in leg muscle of broilers in EOA group was significantly decreased (P < 0.05), and the drip loss in leg muscle was significantly lower than that in the antibiotics group (P < 0.05). At 84 days of age, compared with the control group, the shear force, lightness at 24 h after slaughter and cooking loss in leg muscle of broilers in EOA group were significantly decreased (P < 0.05), the redness and pH at 45 min after slaughter in leg muscle were significantly (P < 0.05), and the lightness at 45 min after slaughter in leg muscle was significantly increased compared with the antibiotics group (P < 0.05). In summary, dietary plant essential oil and acidifier combination can improve the growth performance, immune organ index, jejunal morphology and meat quality of Mahuang broilers.
Key words: Mahuang broilers    plant essential oil    acidifier    growth performance    intestinal health    meat quality    

大量前人研究表明,酸化剂[1]和植物提取物[2-3]能提高畜禽的生长性能、改善畜产品品质等,因此均有代替饲料中抗生素的可能。苯甲酸是酸化剂的一种,具有广谱抗菌性[4]。研究表明,在白羽肉鸡饲粮中添加苯甲酸能提高肉鸡的生长性能,改善肠道健康[5-6]。香芹酚和百里香酚均具有抗氧化、抑菌和促进动物生长等作用[7-8]。王兰[9]研究表明,白羽肉鸡饲粮中添加含百里酚、香芹酚和肉桂醛的混合精油能提高肉鸡的抗氧化能力和免疫机能,改善肉鸡肠道健康。精油和酸化剂作为功能性饲料添加剂应用于肉鸡生产中已越来越受到大众的关注。Basmacioǧlu-Malayoǧlu等[10]研究表明,有机酸和植物精油组合使用能提高白羽肉鸡生长性能,改善肠道健康,且二者具有协同和加性效应。因此,植物精油复合物和酸化剂组合添加模式,可能为解决“禁抗”带来的问题提供了新的解决可能。目前关于植物精油和酸化剂在替代抗生素方面的研究主要集中于白羽肉鸡上,关于黄羽肉鸡的研究相对较少,而植物精油复合物和酸化剂组合添加模式对黄羽肉鸡的研究更是未见报道。因此,本试验旨在研究饲粮添加植物精油和酸化剂组合对麻黄肉鸡生长性能、免疫器官指数、肠道形态和肉品质的影响,评估其是否具有替代抗生素在麻黄肉鸡生产上的应用潜力,为生产实践提供参考依据。

1 材料与方法 1.1 试验材料

本试验所用植物精油是含有香芹酚和百里香酚2种活性成分包被的分子组合,酸化剂是以包被苯甲酸为主的保护型有机酸组合。植物精油和酸化剂来源于某国际贸易有限公司。试验所用基础饲粮组成及营养水平见表 1

表 1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础) Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (DM basis)  
1.2 试验设计

本试验选取630只1日龄的麻黄肉鸡(母鸡),随机分为3个组,每个组7个重复,每个重复30只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,抗生素组在基础饲粮中添加15 mg/kg亚甲基双水杨酸杆菌肽+20 mg/kg阿维拉霉素,植物精油+酸化剂组在基础饲粮中添加15 g/t植物精油+250 g/t酸化剂。植物精油+酸化剂组中添加的植物精油和酸化剂等量替代基础饲粮配方中的玉米,所有试验饲粮使用同一批次原料且在相同的工艺条件下生产并抽样备检。试验期分为4个生长阶段:1~21日龄、22~42日龄、43~63日龄和64~84日龄,共计84 d。

1.3 饲养管理

试验在四川特瑞美生物科技有限公司肉鸡试验舍内进行,各处理的养殖设备和条件一致,肉鸡自由采食和饮水,正常执行饲养管理和免疫。

1.4 样品采集

于21和42日龄,每个重复选取1只接近平均体重的肉鸡屠宰,打开腹腔,迅速剥离肠道,剪取2 cm空肠组织,置于4%多聚甲醛溶液中固定,用于制作组织切片。于63和84日龄,每个重复选取1只接近平均体重的肉鸡屠宰,采集胸肌和腿肌用于测定肉品质。

1.5 测定指标和方法 1.5.1 生长性能

每阶段试验开始和结束时空腹12 h按重复称重并记录,计算平均日增重(ADG);每日记录各重复采食量,计算平均日采食量(ADFI)和料重比(F/G)。

1.5.2 肠道形态

空肠组织采用苏木精-伊红(HE)染色,具体测定方法参考胡均等[11]的方法,电子光学显微镜(40×)观察拍照,采用Image-Pro Plus测定绒毛高度和隐窝深度,并计算绒毛高度/隐窝深度(V/C)值。

1.5.3 免疫器官指数

完整取出肉鸡脾脏、法氏囊和胸腺,剪去周边组织,滤纸擦去血液后称重,用以计算免疫器官指数。

1.5.4 肉品质

于63和84日龄,每个重复选取1只接近平均体重的肉鸡屠宰,分别取左右两侧胸肌和腿肌用于测定肌肉pH、肉色、滴水损失、蒸煮损失和剪切力,pH采用HI98163微电脑酸度-氧化还原-温度测定仪(HANNA公司,意大利)进行测定,肉色采用Ci6X分光光度仪(X-Rite公司,美国)进行测定,剪切力采用MAQC-12肉品剪切力测定仪(南京铭奥公司)进行测定采用。具体的测定方法参考Zhu等[12]的方法。

1.6 数据统计与分析

试验数据使用Excel 2019进行初步计算处理与整理,采用SPSS 24.0进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),并用Duncan氏法进行多重比较,P<0.05为差异显著,结果以平均值和均值标准误表示。

2 结果 2.1 饲粮添加植物精油和酸化剂组合对麻黄肉鸡生长性能的影响

表 2可知,试验全期(1~84日龄),与对照组相比,抗生素组和植物精油+酸化剂组麻黄肉鸡末重显著提高(P < 0.05);但是,各组之间ADFI、ADG和F/G无显著差异(P>0.05)。1~21日龄,与对照组和抗生素组相比,植物精油+酸化剂组麻黄肉鸡末重显著降低(P < 0.05);与对照组相比,抗生素组ADFI显著提高(P < 0.05);与抗生素组相比,植物精油+酸化剂组ADG显著降低(P < 0.05);各组之间F/G无显著差异(P>0.05)。22~42日龄,与对照组相比,抗生素组和植物精油+酸化剂组F/G显著降低(P < 0.05);各组之间末重、ADG和ADFI无显著差异(P>0.05)。43~63日龄,与抗生素组相比,植物精油+酸化剂组麻黄肉鸡末重和ADFI显著降低(P < 0.05);各组之间ADG和F/G无显著差异(P>0.05)。64~84日龄,与对照组相比,抗生素组和植物精油+酸化剂组麻黄肉鸡末重显著提高(P < 0.05);各组之间ADFI、ADG和F/G无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表 2 饲粮添加植物精油和酸化剂组合对麻黄肉鸡生长性能的影响 Table 2 Effects of dietary plant essential oil and acidifier combination on growth performance of Mahuang broilers
2.2 饲粮添加植物精油和酸化剂组合对麻黄肉鸡免疫器官指数的影响

表 3可知,21日龄时,与对照组相比,植物精油+酸化剂组麻黄肉鸡法氏囊指数显著升高(P < 0.05);各组之间脾脏指数和胸腺指数无显著差异(P>0.05)。42日龄时,与抗生素组相比,植物精油+酸化剂组麻黄肉鸡法氏囊指数显著升高(P < 0.05);各组之间脾脏指数和胸腺指数无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表 3 饲粮添加植物精油和酸化剂组合对麻黄肉鸡免疫器官指数的影响 Table 3 Effects of dietary plant essential oil and acidifier combination on immune organ indices of Mahuang broilers  
2.3 饲粮添加植物精油和酸化剂组合对麻黄肉鸡空肠形态的影响

表 4图 1可知,21日龄时,与对照组相比,植物精油和酸化剂组麻黄肉鸡空肠隐窝深度显著降低(P < 0.05),V/C值显著升高(P < 0.05)。42日龄时,与对照组和抗生素组相比,植物精油和酸化剂组麻黄肉鸡空肠隐窝深度显著降低(P < 0.05),V/C值显著升高(P < 0.05)。

表 4 饲粮添加植物精油和酸化剂组合对麻黄肉鸡空肠形态的影响 Table 4 Effects of dietary plant essential oil and acidifier combination on jejunal morphology of Mahuang broilers
图 1 饲粮添加植物精油和酸化剂组合对麻黄肉鸡空肠形态的影响 Fig. 1 Effects of dietary plant essential oil and acidifier combination on jejunal morphology of Mahuang broilers (40×)
2.4 饲粮添加植物精油和酸化剂组合对麻黄肉鸡胸肌肉品质的影响

表 5可知,63日龄时,与对照组相比,植物精油和酸化剂组麻黄肉鸡胸肌剪切力显著降低(P < 0.05);与对照组和抗生素组相比,植物精油和酸化剂组麻黄肉鸡胸肌24 h黄度(b*)值显著升高(P < 0.05)。84日龄时,与对照组和抗生素组相比,植物精油和酸化剂组麻黄肉鸡胸肌蒸煮损失显著降低(P < 0.05)。

表 5 饲粮添加植物精油和酸化剂组合对麻黄肉鸡胸肌肉品质的影响 Table 5 Effects of dietary plant essential oil and acidifier combination on meat quality in breast muscle of Mahuang broilers
2.5 饲粮添加植物精油和酸化剂组合对麻黄肉鸡腿肌肉品质的影响

表 6可知,63日龄时,与对照组相比,植物精油和酸化剂组麻黄肉鸡腿肌剪切力显著降低(P < 0.05);与对照组相比,抗生素组麻黄肉鸡腿肌pH24 h显著提高(P < 0.05);与抗生素组相比,植物精油和酸化剂组麻黄肉鸡腿肌滴水损失显著降低(P < 0.05)。84日龄时,与对照组相比,植物精油和酸化剂组麻黄肉鸡腿肌剪切力、蒸煮损失和24 h亮度(L*)值均显著降低(P < 0.05),45 min红度(a*)值和pH45 min显著升高(P < 0.05);与抗生素组相比,植物精油和酸化剂组麻黄肉鸡腿肌45 min L*值显著升高(P < 0.05)。

表 6 饲粮添加植物精油和酸化剂组合对麻黄肉鸡腿肌肉品质的影响 Table 6 Effects of dietary plant essential oil and acidifier combination on meat quality in leg muscle of Mahuang broilers
3 讨论 3.1 饲粮添加植物精油和酸化剂组合对麻黄肉鸡生长性能的影响

苯甲酸是一种弱有机酸,近年关于苯甲酸对肉鸡生长性能的研究较少,且报道结论并不一致。户陆女[13]研究表明,饲粮添加6 g/kg苯甲酸能够降低黄羽肉鸡试验前期(21~42日龄)和试验全期(21~63日龄)的ADG和ADFI;宋凡春[14]研究表明,饲粮添加500和250 mg/kg包被苯甲酸在后期(22~41日龄)对白羽肉鸡生长性能作用效果不显著。这说明酸化剂的剂量、肉鸡生长阶段和品种的不同会对肉鸡生长性能产生较大差异。植物精油类产品作为一类减抗或替抗产品,具有相当大的应用潜力。Tiihonen等[15]和Giannenas等[16]研究表明,百里香酚在具有挑战性的养殖环境或未做正常免疫程序情况下,能够促进白羽肉鸡生长性能的提升,这表明饲养环境可能影响植物精油在肉鸡生产上的使用效果。本试验结果表明,饲粮添加植物精油和酸化剂组合可以显著提高麻黄肉鸡全期末重;试验前期(1~21日龄),植物精油和酸化剂组末重相较于其他2组显著降低,ADG相较于抗生素组显著降低;试验中期(22~42日龄),植物精油和酸化剂组F/G相较于对照组显著降低;试验中后期(43~63日龄),植物精油和酸化剂组末重和ADFI相较于抗生素组显著降低;试验后期(64~84日龄),植物精油和酸化剂组末重相较于对照组显著提高。以上结果表明,植物精油和酸化剂联用具有阶段效应,可以提高麻黄肉鸡生长中期生长性能,且从全期来看可以提高麻黄肉鸡末重。同本试验结果相似,相关研究表明,饲粮中添加苯甲酸和植物精油组合,白羽肉鸡ADG有提高的趋势[17],F/G降低[18]。相关研究表明,不同植物精油与酸化剂组合相比于单独添加植物精油和酸化剂对提高白羽肉鸡生长性能作用更佳[19]。本试验结果与前人的研究存在一些差异,原因可能与植物精油和酸化剂联用效果及其使用剂量、精油自身构成及比例、植物精油与酸化剂之间的配比协同作用以及肉鸡生长阶段、品种和饲养环境等有关。

3.2 饲粮添加植物精油和酸化剂组合对麻黄肉鸡免疫器官指数的影响

脾脏是禽类外周免疫器官,胸腺是细胞免疫的中枢器官,法氏囊则是禽类特有的体液免疫器官,也是B淋巴细胞发育成熟的场所。脏器指数是判断畜禽生物学特性的指标之一,Rivas等[20]研究表明胸腺、脾脏和法氏囊的重量可以用来评价雏鸡的免疫状态。本试验结果表明,21日龄时,植物精油和酸化剂组麻黄肉鸡法氏囊指数相较于对照组显著升高;42日龄时,植物精油和酸化剂组麻黄肉鸡法氏囊指数相较于抗生素组显著升高。横向比较,21和42日龄时黄羽肉鸡脏器指数均下降,这可能与肉仔鸡发育成熟相关。许丽惠[21]研究表明,在黄羽肉鸡饲粮中添加包被酸化剂可以提高28日龄的法氏囊指数。彭青云等[22]研究表明,饲粮添加300 mg/kg牛至精油提高了42日龄白羽肉鸡的法氏囊指数。本试验中,植物精油和酸化剂组麻黄肉鸡法氏囊指数的提高意味着植物精油和酸化剂可能刺激黄羽肉鸡的免疫应答反应,增强免疫功能,但潜在的机制还需更加深入探索。

3.3 饲粮添加植物精油和酸化剂组合对麻黄肉鸡空肠形态的影响

肠道形态结构可以评估肠道的功能,研究表明较高的绒毛高度和较浅的隐窝深度说明畜禽的消化吸收功能增强和高吸收率,绒毛高度变高还可以减少有害菌的定植[23]。Lambert等[24]研究表明,香芹酚和百里香酚可以破坏病原微生物结构,杀灭病原菌。苯甲酸可以通过改变肠道微生物菌群从而改善肠道健康[14]。本试验结果表明,21和42日龄时,与对照组相比,植物精油和酸化剂组麻黄肉鸡空肠隐窝深度显著降低,V/C值显著升高;且42日龄时,植物精油和酸化剂组隐窝深度和V/C值均显著优于抗生素组。相关研究表明,饲粮添加苯甲酸使得白羽肉鸡空肠隐窝深度降低[18],空肠绒毛高度升高[25]。张杏莉[26]研究表明,在黄羽肉鸡(公鸡)饲粮中添加精油+有机酸微囊包被制剂可以提高肉鸡空肠绒毛高度,降低隐窝深度。本试验结果与上述研究结果基本一致,这说明植物精油和酸化剂对麻黄肉鸡的肠道形态改善有一定促进作用。

3.4 饲粮添加植物精油和酸化剂组合对麻黄肉鸡肉品质的影响

肌肉品质可以通过肌肉嫩度、系水力、蒸煮损失、pH和肉色等指标来衡量。滴水损失和蒸煮损失通常来衡量系水力,系水力高则滴水损失和蒸煮损失低,系水力可以衡量冰鲜鸡肉储藏和烹煮过程的水分流失,是一个经济指标。系水力还会影响肌肉的嫩度、颜色等指标。肌肉嫩度被认为是消费者对肉类适口性或质量的评价最重要的因素,常用剪切力来表示。pH则通常被用来评估肉类的感官品质,肌肉的pH与系水力、嫩度和风味等相关[27]。肉色L*值说明氧合的肌红蛋白的含量,a*值的大小说明肌肉中脱氧肌红蛋白含量的高低和存在的状态,b*值则反映肌红蛋白被氧化成为高铁肌红蛋白的含量[28]。本试验结果表明,饲粮添加植物精油和酸化剂组合,麻黄肉鸡胸肌和腿肌滴水损失、剪切力和蒸煮损失降低,pH升高,肉色也有一定改善;不过,抗生素组和植物精油和酸化剂组麻黄肉鸡63日龄的胸肌剪切力显著降低,但84日龄却没有该效果,可能原因是抗生素或者植物精油和酸化剂改善鸡的肉质效果可能与作用时间有关,且前期好于后期。张杏莉[26]研究表明,在黄羽肉鸡(公鸡)饲粮中添加精油+有机酸微囊包被制剂可以改善胸肌肌肉滴水损失和剪切力。Hernández-Coronado等[29]研究表明,白羽肉鸡饮水中添加墨西哥牛至精油可以降低腿肌的蒸煮损失,提高胸肌a*值。李玉礼[30]研究表明,饲粮添加百里香酚和肉桂酸混合物提高胸肌和腿肌的pH并降低滴水损失。Young等[31]研究表明,在白羽肉鸡饲粮中添加3%牛至精油,其胸肌b*值高于对照组。Tekce等[32]在饮水中添加精油混合物增加肌肉a*值。目前关于植物精油和酸化剂改善肉质的机制尚不清楚,可能原因是增强了麻黄肉鸡的抗氧化能力。相关研究表明,畜禽抗氧化水平的提高和脂质过氧化水平的降低可以改善肉品质[33]。综上所述,植物精油和酸化剂组合对麻黄肉鸡肌肉品质的改善方面有一定作用,且可能通过提高机体抗氧化能力提高肉品质,但是具体作用机制还需进一步研究。

4 结论

本试验条件下,饲粮添加植物精油和酸化剂组合可以提高麻黄肉鸡生长性能,改善免疫器官指数、空肠形态和肉品质。

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