动物营养学报    2022, Vol. 34 Issue (12): 8029-8037    PDF    
复合酸化剂对伊拉兔生长性能、免疫和抗氧化功能以及空肠形态的影响
杨国峰 , 狄斌 , 贺佳仪 , 王长康 , 甘乾福 , 高玉云     
福建农林大学动物科学学院(蜂学学院),福州 350002
摘要: 本试验旨在研究复合酸化剂对伊拉兔生长性能、免疫和抗氧化功能以及空肠形态的影响。选取192只体重相近、健康的(35±2)日龄断奶商品伊拉兔公兔,随机分为4个组,每组6个重复,每个重复8只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,抗生素组饲喂在基础饲粮中添加60 mg/kg盐霉素的饲粮;试验组饲喂在基础饲粮中分别添加0.1%(试验Ⅰ组)和0.2%复合酸化剂(试验Ⅱ组)的饲粮(复合酸化剂的有效成分为甲酸和丙酸)。试验期28 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ组伊拉兔平均日采食量显著提高(P < 0.05),平均日增重有提高趋势(P=0.076);抗生素组和试验Ⅰ组腹泻率显著降低(P < 0.05)。各组料重比之间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。2)与对照组相比,饲粮添加不同水平复合酸化剂对伊拉兔免疫器官指数无显著影响(P>0.05);抗生素组和试验Ⅰ组血清白细胞介素-6含量显著降低(P < 0.05),抗生素组、试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组血清肿瘤坏死因子-α含量显著降低(P < 0.05)。各组血清白细胞介素-1β和白细胞介素-10含量之间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。3)与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ组伊拉兔肝脏丙二醛含量有降低趋势(P=0.084)。各组其他肝脏抗氧化指标之间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。4)与对照组相比,抗生素组、试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组伊拉兔空肠绒毛高度和绒毛高度/隐窝深度值显著提高(P < 0.05)。各组空肠隐窝深度之间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上所述,饲粮添加复合酸化剂可以增强伊拉兔免疫功能,改善空肠形态,提高提高平均日采食量,降低腹泻率,其中以添加0.1%复合酸化剂效果较佳,与添加抗生素的效果相似,具有良好的替抗潜力。
关键词: 伊拉兔    复合酸化剂    生长性能    免疫    抗氧化    空肠形态    
Effects of Compound Acidifiers on Growth Performance, Immune and Antioxidant Function and Jejunum Morphology of Ira Rabbits
YANG Guofeng , DI Bin , HE Jiayi , WANG Changkang , GAN Qianfu , GAO Yuyun     
College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
Abstract: This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of compound acidifiers on growth performance, immune and antioxidant function and jejunum morphology of Ila rabbits. A total of 192 healthy (35±2) day-old male Ila rabbits with similar body weight were randomly divided into 4 groups with 6 replicates per group and 8 rabbits per replicate. Rabbits in the control group were fed a basal diet, those in the antibiotic group were fed the basal diet supplemented with 60 mg/kg salinomycin, and those in the experimental groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.1% (experimental group Ⅰ) and 0.2% compound acidifiers (experimental group Ⅱ), respectively. The active components in compound acidifiers were formic acid and propionic acid. The experiment lasted for 28 days. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, the average daily feed intake of Ila rabbits in experimental group Ⅰ was significantly increased (P < 0.05), and the average daily gain had an increasing trend (P=0.076); the diarrhea rate in the antibiotic group and experimental group Ⅰ was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in feed to gain ratio among all groups (P>0.05). 2) Compared with the control group, diets supplemented with different levels of compound acidifiers had no significant effects on immune organ indices of Ila rabbits (P>0.05); the serum interleukin-6 content in the antibiotic group and experimental group Ⅰ was significantly decreased (P < 0.05), and the serum tumor necrosis factor-α content in the antibiotic group, experimental group Ⅰ and experimental group Ⅱ was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in serum contents of interleukin-1β and interleukin-10 among all groups (P>0.05). 3) Compared with the control group, the malondialdehyde content in liver of Ila rabbits in experimental group Ⅰ had a tendency to decrease (P=0.084). There were no significant differences in the other liver antioxidant indices among all groups (P>0.05). 4) Compared with the control group, the villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio in jejunum of Ila rabbits in the antibiotic group, experimental group Ⅰ and experimental group Ⅱ were significantly increased (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the crypt depth in jejunum among all groups (P>0.05). In conclusion, dietary compound acidifiers can enhance the immune function, improve jejunum morphology, increase the average daily feed intake, and reduce the diarrhea rate of Ila rabbits. Dietary 0.1% compound acidifiers have the best effect, which is similar to the effects of adding antibiotics, and has a good potential to replace antibiotics.
Key words: Ira rabbits    compound acidifiers    growth performance    immune    antioxidant    jejunum morphology    

幼兔断奶应激是目前养兔业面临的严重问题,断奶前幼兔所需的主要营养物质和免疫蛋白来自于母乳,断奶后幼兔失去母乳的被动免疫且幼兔处于生长阶段,自身的消化机能和免疫系统发育不完善,体内消化酶和胃酸分泌不足,极易引起断奶幼兔腹泻甚至死亡[1]。因此,改善幼兔断奶应激是当前养兔生产中迫在眉睫的问题。酸化剂具有调节胃肠道菌群、提高消化道酶活、改善免疫功能、促进营养物质吸收和调节胃肠道pH等功能[2-6]。国内研究发现,饲粮中添加0.1%复合酸化剂(二甲酸钾和磷酸复合)可显著增加商品肉兔平均日增重,降低料重比,并显著提高养分表观消化率,改善肉兔生长性能[7]。国外研究发现,饲粮中添加2%柠檬酸可显著提高肉兔的末重和平均日采食量,降低料重比,提高饲料转化率,增加体内淋巴细胞数量,增强肉兔免疫能力[8]。不过,复合酸化剂在兔生产中的应用较少,且其对肝脏抗氧化能力及作用机制鲜有报道。同时,复合酸化剂的有效成分不同,其对试验结果的影响也有差异。因此,本试验使用小分子有机酸(甲酸和丙酸)组成的复合酸化剂来探究其对伊拉兔生长性能、免疫和抗氧化功能以及空肠形态的影响,以筛选出较为合适的添加剂量,为酸化剂在伊拉兔中的生产应用提供理论依据和实践指导。

1 材料与方法 1.1 试验设计

试验选取192只(35±2)日龄健康、体重接近的断奶商品伊拉兔公兔,随机分为4个组,每组6个重复,每个重复8只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,参照山东省地方标准《肉兔饲养标准》(DB 37/T 1835—2011)营养需要配制,为颗粒料,其组成及营养水平见表 1;抗生素组饲喂在基础饲粮中添加60 mg/kg盐霉素的饲粮;试验组饲喂在基础饲粮中分别添加0.1%(试验Ⅰ组)和0.2%复合酸化剂(试验Ⅱ组)的饲粮。复合酸化剂由漳州某生物科技有限公司提供,其中含29%甲酸、6%丙酸、30%木质磺酸盐以及35%二氧化硅载体。试验期28 d,期间试验兔自由采食,充足饮水,按正常免疫程序进行免疫接种。

表 1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础) Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis)  
1.2 样品采集

试验第27天21:00禁食不禁水,试验第28天09:00开始对试验兔进行空腹称重,记录宰前活重。从各组的每个重复中分别选择1只接近平均体重的试验兔,耳缘静脉采血,颈部放血处死,打开腹腔,将肝脏、空肠取出,取适当大小肝脏组织,-80 ℃保存,取3 cm左右的空肠中段,用生理盐水冲洗干净,于4%多聚甲醛中固定。

1.3 检测指标及方法 1.3.1 生长性能

试验期间,每天17:00记录各组试验兔采食量和余料量,计算平均日采食量、平均日增重和料重比;观察每天每只试验兔的腹泻情况,统计腹泻率。计算公式如下:

1.3.2 免疫器官指数

试验兔屠宰后,切开颈部和腹腔,分离并摘取胸腺、脾脏、圆小囊和蚓突,剔除脂肪组织,用滤纸吸干血水后准确称重,计算免疫器官指数。计算公式如下:

1.3.3 血清免疫指标

试验兔耳缘静脉采血约5 mL,注入不含抗凝剂的真空采血管中,室温静置30 min后,3 000 r/min离心15 min;将上清液收集于EP管中,-20 ℃保存。血清白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量采用酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)试剂盒(南京建成生物工程研究所)进行测定,严格按照试验盒说明书进行操作。

1.3.4 肝脏抗氧化指标

试验兔屠宰后,取肝脏组织,于-80 ℃保存。肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化氢酶(GSH-Px)活性、总抗氧能力(T-AOC)以及丙二醛(MDA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量和GSH/GSSG值,采用ELISA试剂盒(南京建成生物工程研究所)进行测定,严格按照试验盒说明书进行操作。

1.3.5 空肠形态

空肠组织经过固定、脱水、包埋、切片、染色和封片等处理,在光学显微镜观察并测量其绒毛高度、隐窝深度,并计算绒毛高度/隐窝深度(V/C)值。

1.4 数据统计分析

试验数据用Excel 2021整理后,采用SPSS 26.0统计软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),并采用Duncan氏法进行多重比较检验,结果以“平均值±标准差”表示,以P<0.05为差异显著,0.05<P < 0.10为差异有显著趋势。

2 结果与分析 2.1 复合酸化剂对伊拉兔生长性能的影响

表 2可知,与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ组伊拉兔平均日采食量显著提高(P < 0.05),平均日增重有提高趋势(P=0.076);抗生素组和试验Ⅰ组腹泻率显著降低(P < 0.05)。各组料重比之间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表 2 复合酸化剂对伊拉兔生长性能的影响 Table 2 Effects of compound acidifiers on growth performance of Ira rabbits
2.2 复合酸化剂对伊拉兔免疫器官指数的影响

表 3可知,各组伊拉兔免疫器官指数之间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表 3 复合酸化对伊拉兔免疫器官指数的影响 Table 3 Effects of compound acidifiers on immune organ indices of Ira rabbits  
2.3 复合酸化剂对伊拉兔血清免疫指标的影响

表 4可知,与对照组相比,抗生素组和试验Ⅰ组伊拉兔血清IL-6含量显著降低(P < 0.05),抗生素组、试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组血清TNF-α含量显著降低(P < 0.05)。各组血清IL-1β和IL-10含量之间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表 4 复合酸化剂对伊拉兔血清免疫指标的影响 Table 4 Effects of compound acidifiers on serum immune indices of Ira rabbits  
2.4 复合酸化剂对伊拉兔肝脏抗氧化指标的影响

表 5可知,与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ组伊拉兔肝脏MDA含量有降低趋势(P=0.084)。各组其他肝脏抗氧化指标之间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表 5 复合酸化剂对伊拉兔肝脏抗氧化指标的影响 Table 5 Effects of compound acidifiers on liver antioxidant indices of Ira rabbits
2.5 复合酸化剂对伊拉兔空肠形态的影响

表 6可知,与对照组相比,抗生素组、试验组Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组伊拉兔空肠绒毛高度和V/C值显著提高(P < 0.05)。各组空肠隐窝深度之间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。由图 1可以看出,如红色箭头所指,在100×放大下,对照组空肠肠绒毛顶端微绒毛较多出现脱落和断裂,肠绒毛排列相对不整齐、疏松,肠绒毛相对较短;抗生素组和试验Ⅰ组空肠肠绒毛整体结构完整,肠微绒毛未见明显脱落,肠绒毛排列相对整齐、紧密,肠绒毛相对较长;试验Ⅱ组空肠肠绒毛顶端也出现了部分脱落、断裂,但明显较对照组少,肠绒毛排列相对整齐、紧密,肠绒毛明显比对照组长。

表 6 复合酸化剂对伊拉兔空肠形态的影响 Table 6 Effects of compound acidifiers on jejunum morphology of Ira rabbits
图 1 伊拉兔空肠组织切片 Fig. 1 Jejunal tissue sections of Ila rabbits (100×)
3 讨论 3.1 复合酸化剂对伊拉兔生长性能的影响

断奶幼兔易发生腹泻,从而影响其生长发育。酸化剂可以调节肠道菌群,增强消化酶活性,提高机体免疫力,并促进机体对营养物质的消化吸收,从而改善断奶幼兔的生长性能[9]。本研究结果发现,与对照组相比,饲粮添加0.1%复合酸化剂可以显著提高伊拉兔平均日采食量,且有提高平均日增重的趋势。Luise等[10]研究发现,饲粮添加甲酸可显著提高断奶仔猪平均日增重,有降低平均日采食量和料重比的趋势。费洪标等[11]研究发现,饲粮添加0.1%复合酸化剂可显著提高断奶獭兔平均日增重。这些研究与本试验研究结果基本一致。其主要原因可能是:1)甲酸具有良好的酸化作用,能够调节肠道菌群的平衡,促进动物肠道内营养物质的吸收[12];2)丙酸经畜禽吸收后,可通过糖异生途径转化为葡萄糖,从而促进机体发育[13]。本研究结果还发现,饲粮添加复合酸化剂对伊拉兔料重比无显著影响,这与Debi等[8]的研究结果基本一致;但Long等[14]和Bosi等[15]研究表明,饲粮添加酸化剂可以显著降低料重比,改善饲料报酬。造成这种差异的原因可能与复合酸化剂的组成成分、添加剂量、饲养动物以及饲养环境等不同有关。吴秋玉等[16]研究发现,饲粮添加1%有机酸可显著降低断奶仔猪腹泻率,有效预防仔猪腹泻。本试验结果显示,饲粮添加复合酸化剂可显著降低幼兔腹泻率,其原理可能是酸化剂通过降低肠道pH,改变菌群最适pH,调节肠道菌群平衡,从而降低腹泻率。

3.2 复合酸化剂对伊拉兔免疫功能的影响

免疫器官是机体防御系统的重要组成部分,其生长发育状况会影响机体的免疫能力。本试验结果显示,饲粮添加复合酸化剂对伊拉兔免疫器官指数无不良影响,这与冯国亮等[17]的研究结果基本一致;但李万军[18]研究显示,饲粮添加复合酸化剂可显著提高肉鸡免疫器官指数。结果的差异性可能是不同畜禽对酸化剂的利用能力不同,以及复合酸化剂的组成成分对畜禽的影响也不同。

免疫反应和炎症反应是机体的保护性防御反应,正常情况下机体免疫系统处于平衡状态,当免疫失衡时,免疫系统会产生大量炎症反应,并可能诱导疾病产生[19]。炎症因子含量的变化可以间接说明机体炎症反应的强弱,并反映机体的健康状态。Wang等[20]研究发现,饲粮添加复合酸化剂可以显著降低断奶仔猪血清TNF-α含量,显著提高血清免疫球蛋白G(IgG)含量,增强断奶仔猪免疫能力。程远之等[21]研究发现,饲粮添加0.2%乳酸型酸化剂可显著提高断奶仔猪血清IgG和免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量,并显著提高十二指肠和空肠免疫因子的表达,增强断奶仔猪免疫能力。Kuang等[22]研究发现,饲粮添加复合有机酸可抑制断奶仔猪空肠促炎细胞因子的表达。本试验结果发现,与对照组相比,饲粮添加复合酸化剂可以显著降低伊拉兔血清促炎因子IL-6和TNF-α含量,增强断奶幼兔免疫能力。这与Han等[23]和汪晶晶[24]的研究结果基本一致。酸化剂增强机体免疫能力的原因可能是:1)部分酸化剂如延胡索酸等参与了机体三羧酸循环,能够产生ATP维持机体供能,从而提高免疫力[25];2)部分酸化剂如丙酸等可以通过糖异生等途径合成葡萄糖,保证机体正常营养需求和物质代谢[13];3)有机酸具有杀菌和调节pH的功能,能够促进机体消化吸收营养物质,从而增强机体免疫能力,提高抗病力[26]

3.3 复合酸化剂对伊拉兔肝脏抗氧化功能的影响

抗氧化是机体健康状况的重要指标之一。机体产生过多氧自由基会引起氧化损伤,正常情况下,机体通过维持抗氧化系统的平衡状态来保持氧自由基的平衡。刘新泽等[27]研究表明,饲粮添加0.1%复合酸化剂可以显著提高肉鸡血清T-AOC,显著降低血清MDA含量,增强肉鸡抗氧化能力,改善肉鸡健康状况。秦枫等[28]研究表明,饲粮添加延胡索酸能够提高幼兔血清T-AOC和SOD活性,降低血清MDA含量,增强机体抗氧化能力,维持机体健康。王铭洋等[29]研究表明,饮水型酸化剂可显著降低蛋鸡肝脏MDA含量,显著提高肝脏T-AOC。酸化剂增强机体抗氧化能力的原因可能是:1)部分有机酸参与机体三羧酸循环,为机体供能,从而提高机体清除自由基的能力[25];2)部分有机酸可作为GSH-Px合成的原料,提高机体抗氧化能力[30]。本试验结果显示,饲粮添加复合酸化剂有降低伊拉兔肝脏MDA含量的趋势,这与前人结果基本一致。本试验中,各组其他抗氧化指标之间均无显著差异,其原因可能是复合酸化剂的组成成分不同、饲养动物不同以及饲养环境差异等因素导致。

3.4 复合酸化剂对伊拉兔空肠形态的影响

肠道是机体最大的免疫器官,肠道形态尤其是绒毛高度和隐窝深度是机体肠道健康的重要指标。肠道绒毛边缘可分泌多种消化酶,所以绒毛高度越高,机体消化吸收能力越强;隐窝深度代表肠细胞生产率,隐窝越浅,细胞成熟度越高,分泌功能越强[31]。周嘉鑫等[32]研究表明,饲粮中添加0.09%甲酸+0.06%木质磺酸混合制品可显著提高黄羽肉鸡空肠绒毛高度和V/C值,改善肉鸡肠道形态。Chen等[33]研究表明,饲粮添加苯甲酸可显著降低断奶仔猪空肠隐窝深度,提高空肠V/C值,促进肠道营养物质吸收。何博等[34]研究发现,饲粮添加甲酸和二甲酸钾可显著提高肉鸡回肠绒毛高度和V/C值,促进肠细胞增殖,改善肠道形态。以上研究表明,饲粮添加酸化剂可以改善肠道形态,促进肠道发育。本试验结果显示,与对照组相比,饲粮添加复合酸化剂可以显著提高伊拉兔空肠绒毛高度和V/C值,这与前人研究结果基本一致。其原因可能是:1)酸化剂可以降低肠道pH,调节肠道微生物平衡,促进肠道发育[35];2)甲酸对大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌等病原菌具有很强的抑制作用,能降低病原菌的生长与增殖,缓解肠道黏膜炎症反应,增强绒毛高度和分泌功能[34]

4 结论

①   在本试验条件下,饲粮添加复合酸化剂可以增强伊拉兔免疫功能,改善空肠形态,提高平均日采食量,降低腹泻率。

②   综合本试验结果,以添加0.1%复合酸化剂效果较好。

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