动物营养学报    2022, Vol. 34 Issue (2): 1194-1204    PDF    
抗菌肽对育成期母貂生长性能、养分表观消化率及肠道菌群的影响
宇晓军 , 李丹丹 , 王路义 , 郭贽豪 , 王光 , 王利华     
青岛农业大学动物科技学院, 青岛 266109
摘要: 本试验旨在探究抗菌肽对育成期母貂生长性能、养分表观消化率及肠道菌群的影响。选取65日龄体重相近的短毛黑母貂60只,随机分为6组,每组10个重复,每个重复1只。各组饲粮中分别添加0(对照组)、100、200、300、400、500 mg/kg的抗菌肽(天蚕素活性多肽)。预试期1周,正试期8周。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,200 mg/kg抗菌肽添加组末重、平均日增重显著升高(P<0.05),100、200、400、500 mg/kg抗菌肽添加组体长显著升高(P<0.05)。2)与对照组相比,200、300、400 mg/kg抗菌肽添加组1~5周粗蛋白质表观消化率显著升高(P<0.05),100、200、300、400 mg/kg抗菌肽添加组6~8周粗脂肪表观消化率显著升高(P<0.05)。3)与对照组相比,200、300 mg/kg抗菌肽添加组Ace指数显著升高(P<0.05),300 mg/kg抗菌肽添加组Chao1指数显著升高(P<0.05)。在门水平上,与对照组相比,100、200 mg/kg抗菌肽添加组厚壁菌门相对丰度显著升高(P<0.05),100、200、300 mg/kg抗菌肽添加组变形菌门相对丰度显著降低(P<0.05)。在属水平上,与对照组相比,200、300 mg/kg抗菌肽添加组乳酸菌属相对丰度显著升高(P<0.05),400 mg/kg抗菌肽添加组伯克霍尔德菌属相对丰度显著升高(P<0.05),100、200、300、400和500 mg/kg抗菌肽添加组梭菌属相对丰度显著降低(P<0.05)。综合以上指标,在本试验条件下,饲粮中添加100、200 mg/kg抗菌肽可提高育成期母貂末重、平均日增重、体长以及粗蛋白质和粗脂肪表观消化率,调节菌群多样性,提高厚壁菌门、乳酸菌属相对丰度,降低变形菌门、梭菌属相对丰度。
关键词: 抗菌肽    水貂    生长性能    养分表观消化率    肠道菌群    
Effects of Antimicrobial Peptide on Growth Performance, Nutrient Apparent Digestibilities and Intestinal Flora of Growing Female Minks
YU Xiaojun , LI Dandan , WANG Luyi , GUO Zhihao , WANG Guang , WANG Lihua     
College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
Abstract: The present experiment was conducted to explore the effects of antimicrobial peptide on growth performance, nutrient apparent digestibilities and intestinal flora of growing female minks. Sixty short-haired black female minks with similar body weight at 65 days of age were selected and divided into 6 groups with 10 replicates per group and 1 mink per replicate. Minks in six groups were fed basal diets supplemented with 0 (control group), 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide, respectively. The pre-test lasted for 1 week, and the experiment lasted for 8 weeks. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, the final weight and average daily gain of 200 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide addition group were significantly increased (P < 0.05), and the body length of 100, 200, 400 and 500 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide addition groups was significantly increased (P < 0.05). 2) Compared with the control group, the crude protein apparent digestibility during 1 to 5 weeks of 200, 300 and 400 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide addition groups was significantly increased (P < 0.05), and the ether extract apparent digestibility during 6 to 8 weeks of 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide addition groups was significantly increased (P < 0.05). 3) Compared with the control group, the Ace index of 200 and 300 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide addition groups was significantly increased (P < 0.05), and the Chao1 index of 300 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide addition group was significantly increased (P < 0.05). At the phylum level, compared with the control group, the Firmicutes relative abundance of 100 and 200 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide addition groups was significantly increased (P < 0.05), and the Proteobacteria relative abundance of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide addition groups was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). At the genus level, compared with the control group, the Lactobacillus relative abundance of 200 and 300 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide addition groups was significantly increased (P < 0.05), the Burkholderia relative abundance of 400 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide addition group was significantly increased (P < 0.05), and the Clostridium relative abundance of 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide addition groups was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). In conclusion, under this experimental condition, dietary supplemented with 100 and 200 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide can improve final weight, average daily gain, body length and apparent digestibilities of crude peotein and ether extract, adjust the diversity of intestinal flora, increase the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Lactobacillus, and decrease the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Clostridium of growing female minks.
Key words: antimicrobial peptides    minks    growth performance    nutrient apparent digestibilities    intestinal flora    

肠道菌群是肠道功能的重要组成部分,其数量庞大,与宿主相互依存,可影响肠道内蛋白质、脂肪等营养物质的消化吸收,还与机体免疫机能、疾病预防[1]、肠道健康密切相关[2]。毛皮动物的饲喂以动物源性的鲜饲料为主,鲜饲料在炎热的夏季容易滋生细菌,引发肠道疾病[3],因此保持肠道健康对于提高毛皮动物生产水平、减少经济损失尤为重要。抗菌肽(antimicrobial peptides,ABPs)是生物细胞特定基因编码产生的一类小分子多肽,是由多种生物细胞特定基因编码经外界条件诱导产生的一类具有广谱抗细菌、真菌、病毒、原虫,抑杀肿瘤细胞,具有免疫活性[4-6]等作用的多肽,是机体对抗微生物、病毒和真菌的先天防御系统[7]。天蚕素抗菌肽是被发现最早、研究最彻底、效果最明显的一类抗菌肽[8],在畜禽养殖中广泛应用。已有研究表明,添加天蚕素抗菌肽可以改善动物肠道黏膜形态[9],修复肠道炎症损伤[10-11],改善肠道菌群[12],降低发病率,提高动物的生长性能[13]。肠道健康与营养调控关系的研究越来越备受关注。因此,本试验以育成期母貂为研究对象,在饲粮中添加不同水平的抗菌肽,探究其对育成期母貂生长性能、养分表观消化率和肠道菌群的影响,以确定其在水貂养殖过程中的作用效果及适宜添加水平。

1 材料与方法 1.1 试验设计和饲养管理

选择60只65日龄体重相近的健康短毛黑母貂,随机分为6组,每组10个重复,每个重复1只。各组饲粮中分别添加0(对照组)、100、200、300、400、500 mg/kg的抗菌肽(天蚕素活性多肽≥100万单位/g,纯度≥98%)。基础饲粮参照NRC(1982)和文献[14-16]配制,其组成及营养水平见表 1。试验于2020年7月4日至2020年9月6日在山东省海阳市某水貂养殖场进行,预试期1周,正试期8周。试验分为1~5周和6~8周2个阶段。试验貂已完成犬瘟热和细小病毒疫苗接种。水貂采用棚舍饲养,自然光照,每天05:00和17:00各饲喂1次,自由饮水。

表 1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平 Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets 
1.2 测定指标及方法 1.2.1 生长性能

试验开始时和试验结束后对水貂逐只进行空腹称重,记录每天采食量,计算平均日增重(g/d)、平均日采食量(g/d)、料重比(平均日采食量/平均日增重)。试验结束时每组取6只水貂放于水平地面上,测量鼻尖至尾根的距离,记为活体长。

1.2.2 养分表观消化率

分别在正式试验后第3周和第7周,每组选6个重复进行消化试验。消化试验采用内源指示剂法收集新鲜的貂粪,用10%的盐酸固氮,同时采集每组饲料样本。将3 d收集的粪便、饲料样品分别混合均匀后于65 ℃烘至恒重,制成风干样。样品粉碎过40目筛,参照相应标准测定粪样和饲料样品中的盐酸不溶灰分(GB/T 23742—2009)、粗蛋白质(GB/T 6432—2018)、粗脂肪(GB/T 6433—2006)、水分(GB/T 6435—2014)、钙(GB/T 6436—2018)、磷(GB/T 6437—2018)含量,并计算养分表观消化率:

式中:A1为饲粮中盐酸不溶灰分含量;A2为粪样中盐酸不溶灰分含量;B1为饲粮中该养分的含量;B2为粪样中该养分的含量。

1.2.3 肠道菌群

饲养试验结束后,每组取6个重复进行屠宰,收集水貂直肠内容物于冻存管中,先置于液氮中,后迅速转移至-80 ℃冰箱保存。用Fast DNA Spin Kit for Soil试剂盒(MP公司,美国)对直肠内容物进行DNA抽提,完成基因组DNA抽提后,利用1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测抽提的基因组DNA。采用通用引物338F(5′-ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG-3′)和806R(5′-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3′)对细菌16S rRNA V3~V4可变区进行PCR扩增。在ABI GeneAmp ® 9700型PCR仪器上进行程序设置:95 ℃预变性3 min,27个循环(95 ℃变性30 s,55 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸30 s),最后72 ℃延伸10 min。使用2%琼脂糖凝胶回收PCR产物,用AxyPrep DNA(Axygen公司,美国)试剂盒进行纯化,2%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测。利用QuantiFluorTM-ST蓝色荧光定量系统(Promega公司,美国)进行定量检测。根据Illumina MiSeq平台进行对纯化后的扩增片段构建PE 300文库,利用Illumina MiSeq PE 300平台进行测序。

1.3 数据统计分析

试验数据用Excel 2019整理,采用SPSS 24.0进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),采用Duncan氏法进行多重比较,结果均以平均值±标准差表示,P<0.05表示差异显著。菌群原始测序序列使用Trimmomatic 1.2.11软件质控,FLASH软件进行拼接。对优化后的序列根据97%的相似度进行操作分类单元(OTU)聚类,并且对每个样本在各个水平的菌群组成进行统计,试验结果在Ⅰ-Sanger云平台进行分析。

2 结果 2.1 抗菌肽对育成期母貂生长性能的影响

表 2可知,抗菌肽显著影响育成期母貂末重、平均日增重和体长(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,200 mg/kg抗菌肽添加组末重、平均日增重显著升高(P<0.05),100、200、400、500 mg/kg抗菌肽添加组体长显著升高(P<0.05)。

表 2 抗菌肽对育成期母貂生长性能的影响 Table 2 Effects of antimicrobial peptide on growth performance of growing female minks
2.2 抗菌肽对育成期母貂养分表观消化率的影响

表 3可知,抗菌肽显著影响育成期母貂1~5周粗蛋白质表观消化率和6~8周粗脂肪表观消化率(P<0.05),对干物质、钙、磷表观消化率无显著影响(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,200、300、400 mg/kg抗菌肽添加组1~5周粗蛋白质表观消化率显著升高(P<0.05),100、200、300、400 mg/kg抗菌肽添加组6~8周粗脂肪表观消化率显著升高(P<0.05)。

表 3 抗菌肽对育成期母貂养分表观消化率的影响 Table 3 Effects of antimicrobial peptide on nutrient apparent digestibilities of growing female minks 
2.3 抗菌肽对育成期母貂肠道菌群的影响 2.3.1 肠道内容物有效OTU数量统计

图 1可知,各组直肠内容物中共有的OTU数量为109个,300 mg/kg抗菌肽添加组特有的OTU数量最多,为127个。

a:对照组control group;b:100 mg/kg抗菌肽添加组100 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide addition group;c:200 mg/kg抗菌肽添加组200 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide addition group;d:300 mg/kg抗菌肽添加组300 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide addition group;e:400 mg/kg抗菌肽添加组400 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide addition group;f:500 mg/kg抗菌肽添加组500 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide addition group。下图同the same as below。 图 1 基于OTU水平的肠道菌群Venn图 Fig. 1 Venn diagram of intestinal microbial flora at OTU level

图 2可知,300 mg/kg抗菌肽添加组总物种数最多,400 mg/kg抗菌肽添加组总物种数最少。

图 2 基于OTU水平各组总物种数柱形图 Fig. 2 Column diagram of total species in each group at OTU level
2.3.2 alpha多样性指数

表 4可知,抗菌肽显著影响育成期母貂肠道菌群Ace指数和Chao1指数(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,200 mg/kg抗菌肽添加组Ace指数显著升高(P<0.05),300 mg/kg抗菌肽添加组Ace和Chao1指数显著升高(P<0.05)。

表 4 抗菌肽对育成期母貂alpha多样性指数的影响 Table 4 Effects of antimicrobial peptide on alpha diversity index of growing female minks
2.3.3 抗菌肽对育成期母貂肠道菌群的影响

图 3可知,在门水平上,各组盲肠菌群中相对丰度大于1%的菌门有厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、蓝藻菌门(Cyanobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Patescibacteria)。由表 5可知,与对照组相比,100、200 mg/kg抗菌肽添加组厚壁菌门相对丰度显著升高(P<0.05),100、200、300 mg/kg抗菌肽添加组变形菌门相对丰度显著降低(P<0.05)。

Firmicutes:厚壁菌门;Proteobacteria:变形菌门;Actinobacteria:放线菌门;Cyanobacteria:蓝藻菌门;Patescibacteria:拟杆菌门;Others:其他。 图 3 育成期母貂肠道菌群门水平相对丰度图 Fig. 3 Relative abundance figure of intestinal flora at phylum level of growing female minks
表 5 抗菌肽对育成期母貂肠道菌群在门水平、属水平上相对丰度的影响 Table 5 Effects of antimicrobial peptide on relative abundance of intestinal flora at phylum level and genus level of growing female minks 

图 4可知,在属水平上,各盲肠菌群中相对丰度大于1%的菌属有伯克霍尔德菌属和其他菌属。由表 5可知,与对照组相比,200、300 mg/kg抗菌肽添加组乳酸菌属相对丰度显著升高(P<0.05),400 mg/kg抗菌肽添加组伯克霍尔德菌属相对丰度显著升高(P<0.05),100、200、300、400和500 mg/kg抗菌肽添加组梭菌属相对丰度显著降低(P<0.05)。

Burkholderia:伯克霍尔德菌属;Lactobacillu:乳酸菌属;Staphylococcus:葡萄球菌属;Actinomyces:放线菌属;Mycoplasma:支原体属;Clostridium:梭菌属;Bacillus:芽孢杆菌属;Weissella:魏斯氏菌属;Rhodopseudomonas:红假单胞菌属;Escherichia-Shigella:大肠杆菌-志贺氏菌;Corynebacterium:棒状杆菌属;Streptococcus:链球菌属;Brevibacterium:短杆菌属;Paraclostridium:副梭菌属;Saccharimonadales:糖单胞菌;Enterococcus:肠球菌属;Others:其他。 图 4 育成期母貂肠道菌群属水平相对丰度图 Fig. 4 Relative abundance figure of intestinal flora at genus level of growing female minks
3 讨论 3.1 抗菌肽对育成期母貂生长性能的影响

本试验结果表明,抗菌肽可以提高育成期母貂末重、平均日增重,与徐博成等[17]在仔猪上,王棚等[18]在蛋鸡上,Bao等[19]、刘洹兵[20]和李波等[21]在肉鸡上的应用效果一致。有研究发现,抗菌肽可以通过改善肠道健康、增强机体免疫能力来促进动物生长[22]。肠道健康的改善有利于营养物质的消化吸收,本研究的消化试验已证实,抗菌肽能提高粗蛋白质和粗脂肪表观消化率,而养分表观消化率的提高与改善肠道菌群有关,这说明抗菌肽对于水貂的促生长作用可能是通过改善肠道健康,提高养分消化率来实现的。

3.2 抗菌肽对育成期母貂养分表观消化率的影响

本试验结果表明,抗菌肽可提高水貂粗蛋白质和粗脂肪表观消化率。这与Yoon等[23]和李平等[24]在断奶仔猪上的研究结果一致。都海明[25]和白建勇等[26]研究表明,在肉鸡和仔猪饲粮中添加抗菌肽能够显著提高其肠道内容物中脂肪酶、蛋白酶等活性,从而提高养分表观消化率。水貂养分的消化吸收与免疫力及肠道健康状态有着密切联系[27]。由于抗菌肽具有广泛的抗菌、耐热、耐酸等优点[28],使其更容易到达水貂肠道从而发挥生物学作用,改善肠道菌群和形态,进而提高养分表观消化率。

3.3 抗菌肽对育成期母貂肠道菌群的影响

动物肠道菌群是按一定的比例组合,菌群间互相制约、互相依存,从而构建的一个复杂的微生物生态系统[29]。肠道菌群的多样性可以调节肠道内环境[30],提高动物的消化吸收能力,有利于保持动物机体的健康[31]。本试验在alpha多样性分析中发现,随着在饲粮中抗菌肽添加水平增加,试验组水貂直肠微生物的多样性有先升高后下降的趋势,这与谭凤霞等[32]研究结果一致,这可能是由于抗菌肽具有广谱杀菌效果,对不同菌种抑制浓度不同。在饲粮中适量添加抗菌肽能提高肠道菌群的多样性,改善肠道的微环境。

范忠原[33]研究发现,水貂肠道细菌主要归类为厚壁菌门(59.99%)、拟杆菌门(16.20%)、梭杆菌门(11.54%)、变形菌门(3.55%)、放线菌门(3.51%),其中厚壁菌门在水貂远端肠道中所占的比例最高。本试验结果表明,厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门是水貂肠道内相对丰度较高的菌群,具体相对丰度偏差可能与水貂遗传、生长环境等因素有关。研究发现,厚壁菌门相对丰度与动物肠道中脂肪、蛋白质的消化有关,具有促进饲粮营养消化吸收的作用[34-37]。这与本试验发现抗菌肽可以提高水貂不同时期粗蛋白质和粗脂肪表观消化率的结果一致,可能是与添加适量抗菌肽能提高育成期母貂肠道中厚壁菌门、乳酸菌属相对丰度,降低变形菌门、梭菌属相对丰度,从而改善肠道内环境有关。有研究发现,当抗菌添加水平过高时,肠道条件致病菌的组成比例有所增加,有益菌的组成比例下降,菌群多样性水平下降[32],可能是由于不同菌种对抗菌肽敏感度不同,抗菌肽是否存在剂量限制仍需更多试验进一步验证。

4 结论

在本试验条件下,饲粮中添加100、200 mg/kg抗菌肽可提高育成期母貂末重、平均日增重、体长,改善粗蛋白质和粗脂肪表观消化率,调节肠道菌群多样性,提高厚壁菌门、乳酸菌属相对丰度,降低变形菌门、梭菌属相对丰度。

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