动物营养学报    2022, Vol. 34 Issue (2): 888-896    PDF    
饲粮中添加植物精油对黄羽肉种鸡产蛋性能、蛋品质、孵化性能、生殖器官发育以及血浆和肝脏生化指标的影响
林厦菁 , 苟钟勇 , 范秋丽 , 叶金玲 , 王一冰 , 蒋守群     
广东省农业科学院动物科学研究所, 畜禽育种国家重点实验室, 农业农村部华南动物营养与饲料重点实验室, 广东省畜禽育种与营养研究重点实验室, 广州 510640
摘要: 本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加植物精油对黄羽肉种鸡产蛋性能、蛋品质、孵化性能、生殖器官发育以及血浆和肝脏生化指标的影响。选择288只产蛋率和体重接近的45周龄岭南黄羽肉种母鸡,随机分为4个组,每组6个重复,每个重复12只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加10、20、30 mg/kg植物精油。试验期10周。结果显示:1)饲粮中添加植物精油对黄羽肉种鸡的平均日产蛋重、料蛋比、平均蛋重、产蛋率、合格蛋率均无显著影响(P > 0.05)。2)对照组的蛋白高度显著低于其他各组(P < 0.05),对照组的哈氏单位显著低于10和20 mg/kg植物精油组(P < 0.05),对照组的蛋壳厚度显著低于20 mg/kg植物精油组(P < 0.05)。3)对照组的受精蛋孵化率显著低于10 mg/kg植物精油组(P < 0.05)。4)对照组的卵巢系数显著低于10和20 mg/kg植物精油组(P < 0.05),对照组的输卵管重量和输卵管系数显著低于10 mg/kg植物精油组(P < 0.05)。5)对照组的血浆低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量显著高于20 mg/kg植物精油组(P < 0.05),对照组的肝脏甘油三酯含量显著高于10 mg/kg植物精油组(P < 0.05)。由此可知,饲粮中添加植物精油不影响黄羽肉种鸡的产蛋性能,但能够改善蛋品质,提高受精蛋孵化率和生殖器官(输卵管和卵巢)系数,降低血浆低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量和肝脏甘油三酯含量。本试验条件下,产蛋期黄羽肉种鸡饲粮植物精油适宜添加水平为10~20 mg/kg。
关键词: 黄羽肉种鸡    植物精油    百里香酚    香芹酚    生殖器官    
Effects of Dietary Plant Essential Oil on Laying Performance, Egg Quality, Hatching Performance, Reproductive Organ Development and Plasma and Liver Biochemical Indices of Yellow-Feathered Breeder Hens
LIN Xiajing , GOU Zhongyong , FAN Qiuli , YE Jinlin , WANG Yibing , JIANG Shouqun     
Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
Abstract: This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary plant essential oil on laying performance, egg quality, hatching performance, reproductive organ development and plasma and liver biochemical indices of yellow-feathered breeder hens. A total of 288 forty-five-week-old Lingnan yellow-feathered breeder hens with similar laying rate and body weight were randomly divided into 4 groups with 6 replicates per group and 12 birds per replicate. Hens in the control group were fed a basal diet, and others in experimental groups were fed basal diets supplemented with 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg plant essential oil, respectively. The experiment lasted for 10 weeks. The results showed as follows: 1) dietary plant essential oil had no significant effects on average daily egg weight, feed to egg ratio, average egg weight, laying rate and qualified egg rate of yellow-feathered breeder hens (P > 0.05). 2) The albumen height of the control group was significantly lower than that of other groups (P < 0.05), the Haugh unit of the control group was significantly lower than that of 10 and 20 mg/kg plant essential oil groups (P < 0.05), and the eggshell thickness of the control group was significantly lower than that of 20 mg/kg plant essential oil group (P < 0.05). 3) The hatchability of fertilized eggs of the control group was significantly lower than that of 10 mg/kg plant essential oil group (P < 0.05). 4) The ovarian coefficient the control group was significantly lower than that of 10 and 20 mg/kg plant essential oil groups (P < 0.05), and the weight of oviduct and oviduct coefficient of the control group were significantly lower than those of 10 mg/kg plant essential oil group (P < 0.05). 5) The plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol content of the control group was significantly lower than that of 20 mg/kg plant essential oil group (P < 0.05), and the liver triglyceride content of the control group was significantly lower than that of 10 mg/kg plant essential oil group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary plant essential oil do not affect the laying performance of yellow-feathered breeder hens, but can improve the egg quality, improve the hatchability of fertilized eggs and reproductive organ (oviduct and ovary) coefficient, reduce the plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol content and liver triglyceride content. Under this experimental condition, the dietary optimal supplemental level of plant essential oil for yellow-feathered breeder hens during laying period is 10 to 20 mg/kg.
Key words: yellow-feathered breeder hens    plant essential oil    thymol    carvacrol    reproductive organ    

随着养殖业进入无促生长抗生素时代,植物精油添加剂越来越受到关注,常见的植物精油的主要成分是百里香酚、香芹酚、对伞花烃和γ-松油烯,其中植物精油中香芹酚和百里香酚的含量通常超过85%,它们也是最主要的功能性物质[1],具有抗氧化[2]、抗炎症[3]、抑菌[4]、调控血脂[5]等作用。饲粮中添加植物精油可提高肉鸡生长性能[6]和蛋鸡产蛋性能[7],促进机体肠道健康[8]。研究发现,百里香酚和香芹酚具有抑制内脏脂肪堆积、降脂、改善胰岛素和瘦素敏感性等作用[9-10]。肉种鸡因脂肪沉积能力过强导致过肥,易发生脂肪肝综合征和机体氧化应激,导致产蛋和繁殖性能严重下降等问题。前人研究表明,植物精油可以作为饲料添加剂在畜禽饲粮中应用,但目前植物精油对肉种鸡生殖器官发育和脂肪代谢的影响尚未见研究报道。因此,本试验通过研究植物精油对产蛋期黄羽肉种鸡生产性能、蛋品质、孵化性能、生殖器官发育以及血浆和肝脏生化指标的影响,为植物精油在肉种鸡生产中应用提供理论依据与技术支撑。

1 材料与方法 1.1 试验设计

试验采用单因素随机分组设计,选用288只45周龄岭南黄羽肉鸡父母代种母鸡作为试验鸡,根据产蛋率和体重相近的原则分为4个组,每组6个重复,每个重复12只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加10、20、30 mg/kg植物精油。试验期10周。

1.2 基础饲粮

基础饲粮为玉米-豆粕型饲粮(粉料),其营养成分参考《鸡饲养标准》(NY/T 33—2004)[11]和《黄羽肉鸡营养需要量》(NY/T 3645—2020)[12],并参照《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2018年第29版)》[13]设计饲料配方,基础饲粮组成及营养水平见表 1。植物精油产品为固体颗粒,主要成分为百里香酚和香芹酚,其含量均为25%,其他为载体。

表 1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础) Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis)  
1.3 饲养管理

试验在广东省农业科学院动物科学研究所家禽营养研究室种鸡试验舍内进行,采用3层阶梯式笼养,每笼2只鸡。试验鸡每天08:00定量饲喂1次,每天的饲喂量为120 g/只,采用乳头式饮水器来供应试验鸡自由饮水。保持自然通风,饲养员定期对栏舍进行卫生清洁,常规防疫与免疫。

1.4 测定指标 1.4.1 产蛋性能

试验期间每天以重复为单位记录试验鸡的产蛋数、蛋重和鸡只死亡数(整个试验期无死亡)。产蛋性能指标计算公式如下:

1.4.2 蛋品质

试验结束时,分别从每个重复随机选取蛋样2枚,进行蛋品质检测。蛋形指数采用游标卡尺测量蛋样的长径和短径后计算比值;蛋壳强度使用蛋壳强度测定仪(FGV-10XY,以色列)测定;蛋壳厚度采用千分尺(MODEL-1061)测量去壳膜后的蛋壳钝端、中端和尖端3个点厚度,取平均值;倒出鸡蛋内容物,用吸水纸拭去蛋壳上黏附的蛋清,称量蛋壳重;使用多功能蛋品质测定仪(ORKA,北京天翔飞域仪器设备有限公司)测定蛋白高度、蛋黄颜色和哈氏单位;使用蛋黄重采样分离器分离出完整蛋黄,使用精密电子分析天平(AL104)测定蛋黄重。

1.4.3 孵化性能

在试验最后2周,对试验鸡进行人工授精,每个重复收取种蛋30枚(剔除畸形蛋),每组180枚。种蛋根据种鸡分组每个进行编号放入孵化箱孵化。记录每个重复的未受精蛋数、出苗数和雏鸡出壳重量。受精率和受精蛋孵化率计算公式如下:

1.4.4 血浆和肝脏生化指标

试验结束时,每个重复随机选择2只试验鸡(每组12只试验鸡),将采集的抗凝血分离成血浆;采集肝脏,将肝脏制备成肝脏组织匀浆液。血浆和肝脏组织匀浆液均采用Beckman全自动生化分析仪(CX5型,Beckman仪器公司,美国)和相应分析试剂盒测定甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low density lipoprotein-cholesterol,LDL-C)和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high density lipoprotein-cholesterol,HDL-C)含量。试剂盒均采购自于南京建成生物工程研究所,具体方法参照试剂盒说明书进行。

1.4.5 腹脂率、生殖器官和卵泡发育

对1.4.4中选取的试验鸡进行解剖,取出腹脂、卵巢和输卵管,进行称重。用软尺测量输卵管的长度。从卵巢上分离出直径>10 mm的大卵泡,并记录卵泡数量。器官系数计算公式如下:

1.5 数据统计分析

所有的试验数据用SPSS 17.0软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),再采用Duncan氏法进行多重比较分析。试验数据均以平均值±标准差(mean±SD)表示,P < 0.05表示差异显著。

2 结果 2.1 饲粮中添加植物精油对黄羽肉种鸡产蛋性能的影响

表 2可见,饲粮中添加植物精油对黄羽肉种鸡的平均日产蛋重、料蛋比、平均蛋重、产蛋率、合格蛋率均无显著影响(P > 0.05)。

表 2 饲粮中添加植物精油对黄羽肉种鸡产蛋性能的影响 Table 2 Effects of dietary plant essential oil on laying performance of yellow-feathered breeder hens
2.2 饲粮中添加植物精油对黄羽肉种鸡蛋品质的影响

表 3可知,饲粮中添加植物精油对黄羽肉种鸡鸡蛋的蛋形指数、蛋壳强度、蛋黄颜色、蛋黄重、蛋壳重无显著影响(P > 0.05),对蛋白高度、哈氏单位和蛋壳厚度有显著影响(P < 0.05)。其中,对照组的蛋白高度显著低于其他各组(P < 0.05),对照组的哈氏单位显著低于10和20 mg/kg植物精油组(P < 0.05),对照组的蛋壳厚度显著低于20 mg/kg植物精油组(P < 0.05)。

表 3 饲粮中添加植物精油对黄羽肉种鸡蛋品质的影响 Table 3 Effects of dietary plant essential oil on egg quality of yellow-feathered breeder hens
2.3 饲粮中添加植物精油对黄羽肉种孵化性能的影响

表 4可知,饲粮中添加植物精油对黄羽肉种鸡的受精率、雏鸡初生重、入孵蛋孵化率无显著影响(P > 0.05),对受精蛋孵化率有显著影响(P < 0.05)。其中,对照组的受精蛋孵化率显著低于10 mg/kg植物精油组(P < 0.05)。

表 4 饲粮中添加植物精油对黄羽肉种鸡孵化性能的影响 Table 4 Effects of dietary plant essential oil on hatching performance of yellow-feathered breeder hens
2.4 饲粮中添加植物精油对黄羽肉种鸡生殖器官发育和腹脂率的影响

表 5可知,饲粮中添加植物精油对黄羽肉种鸡的输卵管长度和卵泡数量无显著影响(P > 0.05),对卵巢系数、输卵管重量和输卵管系数有显著影响(P < 0.05)。其中,对照组的卵巢系数显著低于10和20 mg/kg植物精油组(P < 0.05),对照组的输卵管重量和输卵管系数显著低于10 mg/kg植物精油组(P < 0.05)。饲粮中添加植物精油对黄羽肉种鸡的腹脂率没有显著影响(P > 0.05)。其中,20 mg/kg植物精油组的腹脂率最低,比对照组低1.05个百分点。

表 5 饲粮中添加植物精油对黄羽肉种鸡生殖器官发育和腹脂率的影响 Table 5 Effects of dietary plant essential oil on development of reproductive organs and percentage of fat percentage of yellow-feathered breeder hens
2.5 饲粮中添加植物精油对黄羽肉种鸡血浆和肝脏生化指标的影响

表 6可知,饲粮中添加植物精油对黄羽肉种鸡血浆甘油三酯、总胆固醇和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量无显著影响(P > 0.05),对血浆低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量有显著影响(P < 0.05)。其中,对照组的血浆低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量显著高于20 mg/kg植物精油组(P < 0.05)。饲粮中添加植物精油对黄羽肉种鸡肝脏总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量无显著影响(P > 0.05),对肝脏甘油三酯含量有显著影响(P < 0.05)。其中,对照组的肝脏甘油三酯含量显著高于10 mg/kg植物精油组(P < 0.05)。

表 6 饲粮中添加植物精油对黄羽肉种鸡血浆和肝脏生化指标的影响 Table 6 Effects of dietary plant essential oil on plasma and liver biochemical indices of yellow-feathered breeder hens
3 讨论 3.1 饲粮中添加植物精油对黄羽肉种鸡产蛋性能的影响

近年来,植物精油对蛋鸡产蛋性能的影响的研究结果并不一致。本试验中,饲粮中添加植物精油对黄羽肉种鸡的产蛋性能(平均日产蛋重、料蛋比、平均蛋重、产蛋率、合格蛋率)无显著影响。宫榕[14]和曹岩峰等[15]研究表明,饲粮中添加百里香酚植物精油对海兰褐蛋鸡的产蛋性能无显著影响,与本试验结果一致。但Cabuk等[16]和Bozkurt等[17]研究均发现,在高温应激条件下,饲粮中添加植物精油(主要成分百里香酚和香芹酚)能够提高蛋鸡产蛋量,减少死亡率。百里香酚和香芹酚具有抗氧化、增强肠道屏障保护等多种作用,说明植物精油在机体发生应激或者亚健康的状态下,更能发挥出提高产蛋性能等作用。

3.2 饲粮中添加植物精油对黄羽肉种鸡蛋品质和孵化性能的影响

种蛋的品质直接决定了孵化率和雏鸡的质量,蛋壳颜色[18]、蛋重[19]、蛋形指数[20]、蛋白高度[21]、哈氏单位[22]和蛋壳厚度[23]这些蛋品质指标均对孵化率有重要影响。本试验结果显示,饲粮中添加植物精油能够提高蛋白高度、哈氏单位,哈氏单位和蛋白高度越高表示鸡蛋越新鲜,蛋品质越好,说明饲粮中添加植物精油可以改善黄羽肉种鸡鸡蛋的新鲜程度,这与弓浩杰等[24]在蛋鸡饲粮中添加植物精油可以提高哈氏单位和蛋白高度的结果一致。本试验研究发现,饲粮中添加植物精油能够提高蛋壳厚度。蛋壳的形成主要是靠子宫腺体分泌形成碳酸钙,但如果种鸡脂肪沉积过多会影响腺体分泌,从而影响蛋壳的质量[25]。本试验结果显示,饲粮中添加植物精油有降低黄羽肉种鸡腹脂率的趋势,并降低了黄羽肉种鸡血浆低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量和肝脏中甘油三酯含量,所以可能是由于百里香酚和香芹酚减少了黄羽肉种鸡的脂肪沉积,从而有助于提高蛋壳厚度。Ghasemi等[26]研究表明,饲粮中添加百里香植物精油能够显著提高鸡蛋的蛋壳厚度和哈氏单位。另有研究发现,添加中添加植物精油(主要成分百里香酚、香芹酚和柠檬烯)能够显著提高蛋壳重量[27],但对其他蛋品质指标无显著影响。以上研究表明,由于植物精油的主要成分不同而对各蛋品质指标的改善程度各异。本试验结果表明,植物精油对黄羽肉种鸡的蛋品质有明显的提高作用。

有研究发现,广西麻鸡饲喂含有枯草芽孢杆菌和植物精油的饲粮能够显著提高孵化率和产蛋率[28],罗氏肉种鸡饲喂含有混合植物精油的饲粮能够显著提高受精率、孵化率和出雏重[29]。本试验结果显示,饲粮中添加植物精油可以提高受精蛋孵化率,与上述结果基本一致。植物精油对不同品种的肉种鸡的孵化性能均有提高作用。蛋白高度和哈氏单位可直接反映鸡蛋的新鲜程度和蛋白品质[30],研究发现种蛋越新鲜则孵化率越高[21-22]。本试验中,试验组的蛋白高度与对照组相比显著提高,这个可能是植物精油提高受精蛋孵化率的原因之一。种蛋的保存时间、破损率以及孵化率均与蛋壳厚度高度相关[31],蛋壳太薄的种蛋在孵化期间水分散失太大,会导致孵化率降低[32]。蛋壳厚度较薄时,蛋在孵化期间易受损,细菌易侵入从而导致死胚增加[33],所以在一定范围内提高蛋壳厚度有助于种蛋的保存和完整性,从而达到提高孵化率的作用。本试验中,试验组的蛋壳厚度与对照组相比显著提高,这可能是植物精油提高孵化率的另一个原因。

3.3 饲粮中添加植物精油对黄羽肉种鸡生殖器官发育的影响

卵巢与繁殖相关的一系列活动有着密切的关系[34],种禽的输卵管不仅是运送卵子和受精的场所,还承担着蛋卵白、壳膜等结构的形成[35]。目前,关于植物精油对生殖器官发育的研究较少。胡喜珍等[36]研究表明,在老年大鼠的饲粮中添加植物提取物具有良好的维持卵巢功能和保护卵泡储备作用。本试验结果发现,饲粮中添加植物精油能够提高黄羽肉种鸡卵巢和输卵管系数。这说明植物精油能够促进黄羽肉种鸡生殖器官的发育,这一结果与本试验提高蛋品质的结果相呼应。

3.4 饲粮中添加植物精油对黄羽肉种鸡血浆和肝脏生化指标的影响

许多研究指出,脂肪代谢和沉积对家禽的繁殖性能有重要的影响[37-38]。曹顶国[39]对高产蛋鸡和低产蛋鸡的卵巢进行全基因组转录本的检测,发现了14个关于脂肪酸合成、运输和降解密切相关的基因有显著表达差异。当鸡只脂肪沉积过多后,会导致种禽生殖系统发育紊乱,进而对产蛋数和受精率等关键繁殖性能指标产生不利影响[40]。百里香酚和香芹酚能够促进脂肪细胞代谢,降低固醇调控元件结合蛋白-1c含量,减少肾脏的脂质积累,对高脂饲粮诱导的糖尿病肾病有显著的保护作用[41-42]。本试验研究发现,饲粮中添加植物精油能够降低黄羽肉种鸡血浆低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量和肝脏甘油三酯含量,说明植物精油对黄羽肉种鸡脂肪代谢有一定促进作用,但具体的调控机制还需要进一步深入研究。

4 结论

① 饲粮中添加植物精油不影响黄羽肉种鸡的产蛋性能,但能够改善蛋品质,提高受精蛋孵化率和生殖器官(输卵管和卵巢)系数,降低血浆低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量和肝脏甘油三酯含量。

② 本试验条件下,产蛋期黄羽肉种鸡饲粮植物精油适宜添加水平为10~20 mg/kg。

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