动物营养学报    2022, Vol. 34 Issue (1): 321-328    PDF    
饲粮添加枯草芽孢杆菌和植物精油复合制剂对雪峰乌骨鸡产蛋性能、蛋品质、血清生化指标和粪便菌群的影响
邓雨英1 , 刘伟1 , 姚亚玲2 , 肖冰3 , 柳序1 , 贺长青1 , 郭松长1 , 曲湘勇1     
1. 湖南农业大学动物科学技术学院, 长沙 410128;
2. 湖南省怀化市畜牧水产事务中心, 怀化 418200;
3. 湖南云飞凤农业有限公司, 怀化 418200
摘要: 试验旨在研究饲粮添加不同水平枯草芽孢杆菌和植物精油复合制剂(BS-EO)对雪峰乌骨鸡产蛋性能、蛋品质、血清生化指标和粪便菌群的影响。试验选取健康的雪峰乌骨鸡768只,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复32只鸡。对照组(A组)饲喂基础饲粮,试验组(B组、C组和D组)分别在基础饲粮中添加300、600、900 mg/kg BS-EO。预试期7 d,正试期56 d。结果表明:1)在5~8周,与对照组相比,D组产蛋率显著增加(P < 0.05),料蛋比显著降低(P < 0.05)。2)与对照组相比,B组和D组蛋黄指数显著增加(P < 0.05)。3)与对照组相比,B组和D组血清碱性磷酸酶活性显著增加(P < 0.05),D组血清甘油三酯含量显著降低(P < 0.05),C组血清磷含量显著降低(P < 0.05)。4)与对照组相比,第4周末C组和D组粪便乳酸杆菌数量显著降低(P < 0.05),第4周末和第8周末C组和D组枯草芽孢杆菌数量均显著增加(P < 0.05)。由此可见,饲粮添加900 mg/kg BS-EO可提高血清碱性磷酸酶活性,降低血清甘油三酯含量,增加肠道枯草芽孢杆菌数量,从而改善雪峰乌骨鸡产蛋性能,提高蛋黄指数。
关键词: 枯草芽孢杆菌    植物精油    产蛋性能    蛋品质    血清生化    粪便菌群    
Effects of Bacillus subtilis and Essential Oil Compounds on Laying Performance, Egg Quality, Serum Biochemical Indexes and Fecal Flora of Xuefeng Black-Bone Chickens
DENG Yuying1 , LIU Wei1 , YAO Yaling2 , XIAO Bing3 , LIU Xu1 , HE Changqing1 , GUO Songchang1 , QU Xiangyong1     
1. College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;
2. Animal Husbandry and Aquatic Products Bureau of Huaihua City, Huaihua 418200, China;
3. Hunan Hongjiang Yunfeifeng Agriculture Co., Ltd., Huaihua 418200, China
Abstract: This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary different levels of Bacillus Subtilis and plant essential oil compounds (BS-EO) supplementation on laying performance, egg quality, serum biochemical indexes and fecal flora of Xuefeng black-bone chickens. A total of 768 Xuefeng black-bone chickens were randomly assigned into 4 groups with 6 replicates per group and 32 hens per replicate. The control group (group A) was fed a basal diet, and the experimental groups (group B, group C and group D) were fed basal diets supplemented with 300, 600 and 900 mg/kg BS-EO, respectively. The preparation period was 7 days and the formal experiment period was 56 days. The results showed as follows: 1) during 5 to 8 weeks, compared with the control group, the laying rate of group D was significantly increased (P < 0.05), and the ratio of feed to egg was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). 2) Compared with the control group, the egg yolk index of group B and group D was significantly increased (P < 0.05). 3) Compared with the control group, the serum alkaline phosphatase activity of group B and group D was significantly increased (P < 0.05), the serum triglyceride content of group D was significantly decreased (P < 0.05), and the serum phosphorus content of group C was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). 4) Compared with the control group, the fecal Lactobacillus number of group C and group D at the 4th weekend was significantly decreased (P < 0.05), and the fecal Bacillus subtilis number of group C and group D at the 4th weekend and the 8th weekend was significantly increased (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplemented with 900 mg/kg BS-EO can increase the serum alkaline phosphatase activity, reduce the serum triglyceride content, and increase intestinal Bacillus subtilis number, thus improved the laying performance and egg yolk index of Xuefeng black bone chickens.
Key words: Bacillus Subtilis    plant essential oil    laying performance    egg quality    serum biochemical    fecal flora    

自2020年7月我国农业农村部全面禁止饲料中添加抗生素以来,各种添加剂研发加快了脚步,但是单一添加剂很难满足生产需要,因此多种添加剂联合使用很有必要。枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)和植物精油(essential oil)做为目前使用最广泛的抗生素替代品,已有大量研究证明两者均具有促进畜禽生长、抑菌、抗炎和改善肠道内坏境的作用,可做为绿色添加剂应用于畜禽生产[1-4]。此外,本课题组前期研究已证明枯草芽孢杆菌应用于蛋鸡和肥育猪中的安全性[5-6],以及枯草芽孢杆菌和蒙脱石联用、凹凸棒石负载植物精油均可改善蛋鸡产蛋性能[7-8],而关于枯草芽孢杆菌和植物精油联合使用的应用研究较少。雪峰乌骨鸡原产于湖南西南雪峰山脉地区,是经长期自然选育而形成的地方乌鸡品种,该品种于2010年被列入国家畜禽遗传资源名录。因此,本试验旨在研究饲粮添加不同水平枯草芽孢杆菌和植物精油复合制剂(BS-EO)对雪峰乌骨鸡产蛋性能、蛋品质、血清生化指标和粪便菌群的影响,以期为其在家禽生产中的应用提供参考。

1 材料与方法 1.1 试验材料

试验所用BS-EO主要成分为枯草芽孢杆菌10%(1×1010 CFU/kg)、植物精油18%(肉桂醛10%、橙花叔醇5%、百里香酚5%和胡椒碱4.4%)和载体72%,由上海某企业发展有限公司提供。

1.2 试验设计与饲养管理

饲养试验在湖南怀化云飞凤有限公司进行,选取768只24周龄体重相近、健康的黄羽雪峰乌骨鸡,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复32只鸡。对照组(A组)饲喂基础饲粮,试验组(B组、C组和D组)分别在基础饲粮中添加300、600、900 mg/kg BS-EO。预试期各组统一饲喂基础饲粮,基础饲粮组成及营养水平见表 1,每天观察鸡群并进行记录,及时调整鸡群,使各组采食量、产蛋率和蛋重差异不显著(P>0.05)。预试期7 d,正试期56 d。

表 1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础) Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis) 

试验鸡采用上、中、下3层阶梯式笼养,每笼2只,每日饲喂1次(06:30),收蛋2次(09:30、15:30)。各组饲养管理条件相同,自由采食和饮水,每日光照时间为16 h(05:00开灯,21:00关灯),自然光照和人工光照相结合,按常规饲养管理进行消毒、防疫等工作。

1.3 测定指标与方法 1.3.1 产蛋性能和蛋品质

产蛋性能和蛋品质指标测定与计算方法均按照农业部推荐标准《家禽生产性能名词术语和度量统计方法》(NY/T 823—2004)进行。

1.3.2 血清生化指标

试验第56天,分别从每个重复随机选取2只鸡,静脉采血5 mL,倾斜采血管,静置30 min后于3 000 r/min离心10 min,吸取上清液注入1.5 mL离心管中,标记组别和日期,置于-20 ℃冰箱保存,用于测定血清生化指标。

采用迈瑞BS-200全自动生化分析仪及迈瑞生物公司生产的配套试剂盒测定血清生化指标,血清生化指标包括:总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、球蛋白(GLB)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、尿素(UREA)、葡萄糖(GLU)、尿酸(UA)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、钙(Ca)和磷(P)。

1.3.3 粪便菌群

试验期间分别采集第4、8周末新鲜粪样进行菌群检测。喂料后随即布置接粪板采集新鲜直肠粪样进行菌群检测,采样时选择黄绿色成形粪便,排粪后用一次性勺子采集,确保每个样品与空气接触不超过15 min,每个重复采取4处不同位置的粪样(4~6 g)放入冻存管液氮速冻后-80 ℃保存供后续分析。大肠杆菌采用胆盐硫乳琼脂培养基(DHL)有氧培养,枯草芽孢杆菌选用胰蛋白水解物-大豆琼脂培养基(TS)在37 ℃的条件下进行有氧培养,厌氧性总菌群使用胆盐乳糖增菌培养基(BL)在厌氧条件下培养,乳酸杆菌使用乳酸杆菌选择性琼脂培养基(LBS)在厌氧条件下培养。

1.4 数据统计与分析

试验数据经WPS Office整理后,使用SPSS 22.0软件进行单因素方差分析,差异显著的数据再通过Duncan氏法进行多重比较。试验结果采用“平均值±标准差(mean±SD)”表示,P < 0.05表示差异显著。

2 结果 2.1 饲粮添加BS-EO对雪峰乌骨鸡产蛋性能的影响

表 2可知,在5~8周,D组产蛋率显著高于其他各组(P < 0.05),与对照组相比增加了6.03%;D组料蛋比显著低于其他各组(P < 0.05),与对照组相比降低了7.60%;各组之间的平均蛋重和平均日采食量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。在1~4周和1~8周,各组之间的平均蛋重、产蛋率、平均日采食量和料蛋比均无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表 2 饲粮添加BS-EO对雪峰乌骨鸡产蛋性能影响 Table 2 Effects of dietary BS-EO on laying performance of Xuefeng black-bone chickens
2.2 饲粮添加BS-EO对雪峰乌骨鸡蛋品质的影响

表 3可知,B组和D组蛋黄指数显著高于对照组(P < 0.05),各组之间的蛋壳厚度、蛋壳强度、哈氏单位和蛋壳颜色无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表 3 饲粮添加BS-EO对雪峰乌骨鸡蛋品质影响 Table 3 Effects of dietary BS-EO on egg quality of Xuefeng black-bone chickens
2.3 饲粮添加BS-EO对雪峰乌骨鸡血清生化指标的影响

表 4可知,与对照组相比,B组和D组血清ALP活性显著增加(P < 0.05),D组血清TG含量显著降低(P < 0.05),C组血清磷含量显著降低(P < 0.05)。各组之间的血清TP、ALB、GLB、UREA、GLU、UA、TC、钙含量及ALT、AST活性均无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表 4 饲粮添加BS-EO对雪峰乌骨鸡血清生化指标的影响 Table 4 Effects of dietary BS-EO on serum biochemical indexes of Xuefeng black-bone chickens
2.4 饲粮添加BS-EO对雪峰乌骨鸡粪便菌群的影响

表 5可知,在第4周末,与对照组相比,C组和D组粪便乳酸杆菌数量显著降低(P < 0.05),B组、C组和D组粪便枯草芽孢杆菌数量显著增加(P < 0.05);各组之间粪便大肠杆菌和厌氧性总菌群数量无显著差异(P>0.05)。在第8周末,与对照组相比,C组和D组粪便枯草芽孢杆菌数量显著增加(P < 0.05);各组之间粪便大肠杆菌、乳酸杆菌和厌氧性总菌群数量无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表 5 饲粮添加BS-EO对雪峰乌骨鸡粪便菌群的影响 Table 5 Effects of dietary BS-EO on fecal flora of Xuefeng black-bone chickens 
3 讨论 3.1 饲粮添加BS-EO对雪峰乌骨鸡产蛋性能的影响

大量研究表明枯草芽孢杆菌和植物精油在畜禽生长发育方面均起促进作用。本研究结果显示,在5~8周,饲粮添加900 mg/kg BS-EO可显著提高雪峰乌骨鸡产蛋率,显著降低料蛋比。Guo等[9]研究长期添加枯草芽孢杆菌对蛋鸡产蛋性能的影响发现,试验后期蛋鸡产蛋量、平均日采食量、平均蛋重没有显著变化,料蛋比显著下降。Mousavi等[10]发现饲粮添加200 mg/kg植物精油混合物可显著增加蛋鸡产蛋量,并有降低料蛋比的趋势,但对平均日采食量和平均蛋重无显著差异。杨福剑等[11]在地方肉种鸡饲粮中添加800 g/t枯草芽孢杆菌与200 g/t植物精油组合后发现,产蛋率和孵化率显著提高,死淘率降低。以上研究结果与本研究结果基本一致,说明枯草芽孢杆菌和植物精油联合使用可有效改善蛋鸡产蛋性能,降低生产成本。

3.2 饲粮添加BS-EO对雪峰乌骨鸡蛋品质的影响

蛋黄指数是评价蛋新鲜度的重要指标,主要受蛋清和蛋黄中水分含量影响,蛋清中水分通过卵黄膜渗入蛋黄从而导致蛋黄指数逐渐下降[12-13]。而卵黄膜的弹性和渗透性主要取决于卵黄膜中脂肪酸组成,饲粮脂肪组成及肠道中脂肪的消化代谢均可影响卵黄膜脂肪酸组成[14]。研究表明,枯草芽孢杆菌和植物精油均能通过促进肠道蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶等消化酶分泌从而提高营养物质消化吸收效率[15-16]。在本研究中,饲粮添加300和900 mg/kg BS-EO可显著提高蛋黄指数,但各组之间的蛋壳厚度、蛋壳强度、哈氏单位和蛋壳颜色无显著差异。这说明枯草芽孢杆菌和植物精油联用提高了蛋黄指数,有利于鸡蛋的保存。关于枯草芽孢杆菌和植物精油联合使用的研究较少,Yang等[17]在蛋鸡饲粮中添加混合益生菌可显著增加蛋壳强度,但对蛋壳厚度、蛋白高度、哈氏单位和蛋黄颜色无显著影响。Marume等[18]研究表明,蛋鸡饲粮中添加植物精油可显著提高蛋白高度和哈氏单位,而对其他蛋品质指标无显著影响。上述研究结果与本研究结果不完全一致,造成这种差异的原因可能是复合制剂中两者添加量和比例不同。

3.3 饲粮添加BS-EO对雪峰乌骨鸡血清生化指标的影响

血清ALP是肝功能和骨骼病变标志物,同时也是反映体内钙、磷含量变化的酶[19-20]。此外,研究表明血清ALP活性可以反映畜禽的生长速度,在一定范围内与家禽产蛋率呈正相关[21-22]。在本试验中,与对照组相比,饲粮添加300和900 mg/kg BS-EO可显著增加血清ALP活性,同时对产蛋性能表现出正面影响,说明此范围内血清ALP活性变化对机体是有利的,与前人试验结果[16, 23]一致。ALP活性增加象征骨组织中成骨细胞的增殖活性和功能增强,会使焦磷酸降解,破坏骨组织附近钙离子(Ca2+)和磷酸根(PO43-)的过饱和状态,促进血清中的钙、磷沉积于骨,从而降低了血清中的磷含量[24-25]。而本试验中,饲粮添加600 mg/kg BS-EO时血清磷含量显著下降,钙含量无显著变化,说明使用BS-EO时也需要注意饲粮中磷的补充。此外,饲粮添加900 mg/kg BS-EO可显著降低血清TG含量。TG做为合成脂肪的原料,其含量变化反映脂肪代谢水平,血清TG含量异常升高表明脂蛋白代谢异常,血清TG含量降低有利于脂类正常代谢[26]。本研究结果与Yang等[17]和Feng等[27]研究结果一致。

3.4 饲粮添加BS-EO对雪峰乌骨鸡粪便菌群的影响

家禽肠道中定植着大量与机体健康密切相关的微生物,粪便微生物可在一定程度上反映肠道健康状况,且采样操作方便经济,可最大限度降低对试验动物的影响。已有大量研究表明枯草芽孢杆菌一方面可产生大量抑菌物质,如细菌素、抗菌肽等;另一方面可通过消耗肠道中的氧气抑制有害菌的生长[2, 28]。植物精油中的酚、醛和酮类等具有良好的抗菌活性,能够抑制大部分病原菌生长[1]。两者均具有调节畜禽肠道微生态平衡、改善肠道健康的作用。郭志有等[29]研究表明,817小型肉鸡饲粮中添加250 mg/kg菌酶复合物或250 mg/kg复合植物精油均可显著提高空肠、盲肠和直肠中乳酸杆菌数量,但对大肠杆菌数量无显著影响。Tang等[30]研究发现,在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加500 mg/kg枯草芽孢杆菌可显著提高空肠和结肠中的枯草芽孢杆菌和双歧杆菌数量,并有提高乳酸杆菌数量的趋势,对大肠杆菌数量无显著影响。Adaszyńska-Skwirzyńska等[31]在肉鸡饮用水中添加0.4 mL/L精油可显著降低回肠中大肠杆菌数量,显著增加了益生菌数量。然而本试验结果显示,与对照组相比,第4周末C组和D组粪便乳酸杆菌数量显著降低,第4周末和第8周末C组和D组粪便枯草芽孢杆菌数量均显著增加,各组之间粪便大肠杆菌和厌氧性总菌群数量无显著差异。这与前人结果不完全一致,造成这种差异的原因可能是成年鸡肠道微生物区系均已稳定,短期的外源补充调控尚未发挥作用,可以通过延长试验期进一步验证;或者是受试验环境、材料及用量影响导致试验结果不一致。

4 结论

饲粮添加900 mg/kg BS-EO可通过降低血清TG含量、提高血清ALP活性和肠道有益菌数量改善雪峰乌骨鸡产蛋性能及蛋品质。

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