[1] 宋立江, 狄莹, 石碧.植物多酚研究与利用的意义及发展趋势[J].化学进展, 2000, 12(2):162-170.
[2] BI S, HE X Q, HASLAM E.Gelatin-polyphenol interaction[J].Journal of American Leather Chemists Association, 1994, 89(4):98-104.
[3] YORUK R, MARSHALL M R.Physicochemical properties and function of plant polyphenol oxidase:a review[J].Journal of Food Biochemistry, 2003, 27(5):361-422.

[4] 孙芸.葡萄籽原花青素聚合度与功效关系的研究[D].博士学位论文.无锡:江南大学, 2004.
[5] SANTOS-BUELGA C, SCALBERT A.Proanthocyanidins and tannin-like compounds-nature, occurrence, dietary intake and effects on nutrition and health[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2000, 80(7):1094-1117.

[6] PRIEUR C, RIGAUD J, CHEYNIER V, et al.Oligomeric and polymeric procyanidins from grape seeds[J].Phytochemistry, 1994, 36(3):781-784.

[7] 冯建光, 陈利琼.葡萄籽提取物中OPC的测定[J].中国食品添加剂, 2007(4):156-159.
[8] SHI J, YU J, POHORLY P E, KAKUDA Y.Polyphenolics in grape seeds-Biochemistry and functionality[J].Journal of Medicinal Food, 2003, 6(4):291-299.

[9] GONZÁLEZ-PARAMÁS A M, ESTEBAN-RUANO S, SANTOS-BUELGA C, et al.Flavanol content and antioxidant activity in winery byproducts[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2004, 52(2):234-238.

[10] 王传现, 钟进义.葡多酚对活性氧自由基的清除作用研究[J].营养学报, 2001, 23(2):170-173.
[11] 余莹, 粟武, 魏东芝.原花青素体外清除自由基活性的研究[J].华东理工大学学报:自然科学版, 2002, 28(3):318-320.
[12] PLUMB G W, DE PASCUAL-TERESA S D, SANTOS-BUELGA C, et al.Antioxidant properties of catechins and proanthocyanidins:effect of polymerisation, galloylation and glycosylation[J].Free Radical Research, 1998, 29(4):351-358.

[13] BAGCHI D, GARG A, KROHN R J, et al.Protective effects of grape seed proanthocyanidins and selected antioxidants against TPA-induced hepatic and brain lipid peroxidation and DNA fragmentation, and peritoneal macrophage activation in mice[J].Gen Pharmacology:The Vascular System, 1998, 30(5):771-776.

[14] KONISHI K, ADACHI H, ISHIGAKI N, et al.Inhibitory effects of tannins on NADH dehydrogenases of various organisms[J].Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 1993, l6(7):716-718.
[15] SILVA J M R, DARMON N, FERNANDEZ Y, et al.Oxygen free radical scavenger capacity in aqueous models of different procyanidins from grape seeds[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 1991, 39(9):1549-1552.

[16] MOHAMED A, JAMILAH B, ABBAS K A, et al.A review on lipid oxidation of meat in active and modified atmosphere packaging and usage of some stabilizers[J].Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, 2008, 6(3/4):76-81.
[17] PERUMALLA A V S, HETTIARACHCHY N S.Green tea and grape seed extracts-Potential applications in food safety and quality[J].Food Research International, 2011, 44(4):827-839.

[18] O'GRADY M N, CARPENTER R, LYNCH P B, et al.Addition of grape seed extract and bearberry to porcine diets:influence on quality attributes of raw and cooked pork[J].Meat Science, 2008, 78(4):438-446.

[19] SASSE A, COLINDRES P, REWER M S B.Effect of natural and synthetic antioxidants on the oxidative stability of cooked, frozen Pork Patties[J].Journal of Food Science, 2009, 74(1):30-35.

[20] GARRIDO M D, AUQUI M, MARTI N, et al.Effect of two different red grape pomace extracts obtained under different extraction systems on meat quality of pork burgers[J].Food Science and Technology, 2011, 44(10):2238-2243.
[21] CARPENTER R, O'GRADY M N, O'CALLAGHAN Y C, et al.Evaluation of the antioxidant potential of grape seed and bearberry extracts in raw and cooked pork[J].Meat Science, 2007, 76(4):604-610.

[22] SÁNCHEZ-ALONSO I, JIMÉNEZ-ESCRIG A, SAURA-CALIXTO F, et al.Effect of grape antioxidant dietary fibre on the prevention of lipid oxidation in minced fish:evaluation by different methodologies[J].Food Chemistry, 2007, 101(1):372-378.

[23] ODRIGO M R, MCOLI V, FUNES L, et al.Incorporation and interaction of grape seed extract in membranes and relation with efficacy in muscle foods[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2010, 58(14):8365-8374.

[24] SAMPAIO G R, SALDANHA T, SOARES R A M, et al.Effect of natural antioxidant combinations on lipid oxidation in cooked chicken meat during refrigerated storage[J].Food Chemistry, 2012, 135(3):1383-1390.

[25] 金立志.植物提取物添加剂在动物营养中的应用及其机制的研究进展[J].动物营养学报, 2010, 22(5):1154-1164.
[26] ELIANA J, CRISTINA M M A, SUSANA P A, et al.Effect of dietary grape seed extract and
Cistus ladanifer L.in combination with vegetable oil supplementation on lamb meat quality[J].Meat Science, 2012, 92(4):841-847.

[27] VAITHIYANATHAN S, NAVEENA B M, MUTHUKUMAR M, et al.Effect of dipping in pomegranate (
Punica granatum) fruit juice phenolic solution on the shelf life of chicken meat under refrigerated storage(4 ℃)[J].Meat Science, 2011, 88(3):409-414.

[28] BASAPPA M N, ARUP R S, ROSE P K, et al.Antioxidant activity of pomegranate rind powder extract in cooked chicken patties[J].International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2008, 43(10):1807-1812.

[29] SELANI M M, CONTRERAS-CASTILLO C J, SHIRAHIGUE L D, et al.Wine industry residues extracts as natural antioxidants in raw and cooked chicken meat during frozen storage[J].Meat Science, 2011, 88(3):397-403.

[30] TSENG A, ZHAO Y Y.Wine grape pomace as antioxidant dietary fibre for enhancing nutritional value and improving storability of yogurt and salad dressing[J].Food Chemistry, 2013, 138(1):356-365.

[31] BENJARUK V, VARAPON L.Recovery of antioxidants from grape seeds and its application in fried food[J].Journal of Food Processing and Technology, 2012, 3(4):152.
[32] DEMIRKAYA E D E, AVCI A A A, KESIK V K V, et al.Cardioprotective roles of aged garlic extract, grape seed proanthocyanidin, and hazelnut on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity[J].Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 2009, 87(8):633-640.

[33] ZHANG X Y, LI W G, WU Y J, et al.Amelioration of doxorubicin-induced myocardial oxidative stress and immunesuppression by grape seed proanthocyandins in tumour-bearing mice[J].Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2005, 57(8):1043-1052.

[34] BAGCHI D, SEN C K, RAY S D, et al.Molecular mechanisms of cardioprotection by a novel grape seed proanthocyanidin extract[J].Mutation Research, 2003, 523-524:87-97.
[35] GARLICK P B, DAVIES M J, HEARSE D J, et al.Direct detection of free radicals in the reperfused rat heart using electron spin resonance spectroscopy[J].Circulation Research, 1987, 61(5):757-760.

[36] LIU P, HOCK C E, NAGELE R, et al.Formation of nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats[J].American Journal of Physiology, 1997, 272(5):H2327-H2336.
[37] PATAKI T, BAK I, KOVACS P, et al.Grape seed proanthocyanidins improved cardiac recovery during reperfusion after ischemia in isolated rat hearts[J].The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2002, 75(5):894-902.
[38] FACINO R M, CARINI M, ALDINI G, et al.Free radicals scavenging action and anti-enzyme activities of procyanidines from
Vitis vinifera.A mechanism for their capillary protective action[J].Arzneimittel-Forschung, 1994, 44(5):592-601.
[39] PETIT L, LESNIK P, DACHET C, et al.Tissue factor pathway inhibitor is expressed by human monocyte-derived macrophages:relationship to tissue factor induction by cholesterol and oxidized LDL[J].Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 1999, 19(2):309-315.

[40] 马亚兵, 高海青, 由倍安, 等.葡萄籽原花青素抗兔动脉粥样硬化形成的实验研究[J].山东大学学报:医学版, 2003, 41(6):646-666.
[41] 江璐, 李素君, 刘宗林, 等.红曲与葡萄籽原花青素混合剂对动脉粥样硬化大鼠血脂的影响[J].食品科学, 2008, 29(7):420-423.
[42] MEUNIER M T, VILLIÉ F, JONADET M, et al.Inhibition of angiotensin I converting enzyme by flavanolic compounds:
in vitro and
in vivo studies[J].Planta Madica, 1987, 53(1):12-15.

[43] 常徽, 蒋宝泉.葡萄籽提取物原花青素生物药理活性研究进展[J].国外医学:卫生学分册, 2005, 32(2):72-76.
[44] ZAFIROV D, BREDY-DOBREVA G, LITCHEV V, et al.Antiexudative and capillaritonic effects of procyanidines isolated from grape seeds (
V.vinifera)[J].Acta Physiologica et Pharmacologica Bulgarica, 1990, 16(3):50-54.
[45] YE X, KROHN R L, LIU W, et al.The cytotoxic effects of a novel IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on cultured human cancer cells[J].Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 1999, 196(1/2):99-108.

[46] BAGCHI M, BALMOORI J, BAGCHI D, et al.Smokeless tobacco, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and antioxidants in human oral keratinocytes[J].Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 1999, 26(7/8):992-1000.
[47] RAY S D, KUMAR M A, BAGCHI D, et al.A novel proanthocyanidin IH636 grape seed extract increases
in vivo bcl-XL expression and prevents acetaminophen-induced programmed and unprogrammed cell death in mouse liver[J].Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 1999, 369(1):42-58.

[48] RAY S D, PARIKH H, HICKEY E, et al.Differential effects of IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract and a DNA repair modulator 4-aminobenzamide on liver microsomal cytochrome P4502E1-dependent aniline hydroxylation[J].Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 2001, 218(1/2):27-33.

[49] RAY S D, WONG V, RINKOVSKY A, et al.Unique organoprotective properties of a novel IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on cadmium chloride-induced nephrotoxicity, dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-induced splenotoxicity and MOCAP-induced neurotoxicity in mice[J].Research Communications in Molecular Pathology and Pharmacology, 2000, 107(1/2):105-128.
[50] SHAPIRA N.Nutritional approach to sun protection:a suggested complement to external strategies[J].Nutrition Reviews, 2010, 68(2):75-86.

[51] LIVIERO L, PUGLISI P P, MORAZZONI P, et al.Antimutagenic activity of procyanidins from
Vitis.vinifera[J].Fitoterapia, 1994, 65:203-209.
[52] BOMSER J A, SINGLETARY K W, WALLIG M A, et al.Inhibition of TPA-induced tumor promotion in CD-l mouse epidermis by a polyphenolic fraction from grape seeds[J].Cancer Letters, 1999, 135(2):15l-l57.
[53] SACCANI S, PANTANO S, NATOLI G.Two waves of nuclear factor κB recruitment to target promoters[J].The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 2001, 193(12):1351-1360.

[54] TERRA X, MONTAGUT G, BUSTOS M, et al.Grape-seed procyanidins prevent low-grade inflammation by modulating cytokine expression in rats fed a high-fat diet[J].The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 2009, 20(3):210-218.

[55] MARTINEZ-MICAELO N, GONZLEZ-ABUN N, TERRA X, et al.Omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid and procyanidins inhibit cyclo-oxygenase activity and attenuate NF-κB activation through a p105/p50 regulatory mechanism in macrophage inflammation[J].Biochemical Journal, 2012, 441(2):653-663.

[56] GESSNER D K, FIESEL A, MOST E, et al.Supplementation of a grape seed and grape marc meal extract decreases activities of the oxidative stress-responsive transcription factors NF-κB and Nrf2 in the duodenal mucosa of pigs[J].Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 2013, 55(1):18-28.

[57] DEVRIES M C, HAMADEH M J, GLOVER A W, et al.Endurance training without weight loss lowers systemic, but not muscle, oxidative stress with no effect on inflammation in lean and obese women[J].Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 2008, 45(4):503-511.

[58] BLOCK G, DIETRICH M, NORKUS E, et al.Intraindividual variability of plasma antioxidants, markers of oxidative stress, C-reactive protein, cotinine, and other biomarkers[J].Epidemiology, 2006, 17(4):404-412.

[59] HOGAN S, CANNING C, SUN S, et al.Effects of grape pomace antioxidant extract on oxidative stress and inflammation in diet induced obese mice[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2010, 58(21):11250-11256.

[60] TERRA X, PALLARÉS V, ARDÈVOL A, et al.Modulatory effect of grape-seed procyanidins on local and systemic inflammation in diet-induced obesity rats[J].The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 2011, 22(4):380-387.

[61] KATIYAR S K.UV-induced immune suppression and photocarcinogenesis:chemoprevention by dietary botanical agents[J].Cancer Letters, 2007, 255(1):1-11.

[62] MAGRONE T, CANDORE G, CARUS C, et al.Polyphenols from red wine modulate immune responsiveness:biological and clinical significance[J].Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2008, 14(26):2733-2748.

[63] KAWAGUCHI K, MATSUMOTO T, KUMAZAWA Y.Effects of antioxidant polyphenolson TNF-alpha-related diseases[J].Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, 2011, 11(14):1767-1779.

[64] MUKHERJEE S, DAS S K, VASUDEVAN D M.Dietary grapes (
Vitis vinifera) feeding attenuates ethanol-induced oxidative stress in blood and modulates immune functions in mice[J].Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 2012, 49(5):379-385.
[65] LOWRY J B, MCSWEENEY C S, PALMER B.Changing perceptions of the effect of plant phenolics on nutrient supply in the ruminant[J].Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 1996, 47(6):829-842.

[66] MLAMBO V, SMITH T, OWEN E, et al.Tanniniferous Dichrostachys cinerea fruits do not require detoxification for goat nutrition:in sacco and
in vivo evaluations[J].Livestock Production Science, 2004, 90(2/3):135-144.
[67] KIM H S, MILLER D D.Proline-rich proteins moderate the inhibitory effect of tea on iron absorption in rats[J].The Journal of Nutrition, 2005, 135(3):532-537.
[68] VIVEROS A, CHAMORRO S, PIZARRO M, et al.Effects of dietary polyphenol-rich grape products on intestinal microflora and gut morphology in broiler chicks[J].Poultry Science, 2011, 90(3):566-578.

[69] BRENES A, VIVEROS A, GOI I, et al.Effect of grape seed extract on growth performance, protein and polyphenol digestibilities, and antioxidant activity in chickens[J].Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 2010, 8(2):326-333.

[70] 孔祥浩, 秦建华, 郭金双, 等.搭配葡萄渣饲粮饲喂产蛋鸡的代谢试验研究[J].河北畜牧兽医, 1997, 13(2):60-62.
[71] 于维, 刘海燕, 苏秀侠, 等.产蛋鸡应用葡萄籽粕日粮的饲养试验报告 //动物营养与饲料研究.吉林省畜牧兽医学会2007学术年会论文集.吉林:吉林省畜牧兽医学会, 2007:127-130.
[72] 王敬勉, 廖德胜, 张永洪.发酵葡萄皮渣喂蛋鸡和猪的研究[J].饲料研究, 1998(2):5-6.
[73] PARK I J, CHA S Y, KANG M, et al.Effect of proanthocyanidin-rich extract from
Pinus radiata bark on immune response of specific-pathogen-free
White Leghorn chickens[J].Poultry Science, 2011, 90(5):977-982.

[74] KESHAVARZ K, QUIMBY F W.An investigation of different molting techniques with an emphasis on animal welfare[J].The Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 2002, 11(1):54-67.
[75] BERNDT A, METHNER U.Gamma/delta T cell response of chickens after oral administration of attenuated and non-attenuated Salmonella typhimurium strains[J].Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 2001, 78(2):143-161.

[76] BERNDT A, PIEPER J, METHNER U.Circulating γδ T cells in response to
Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis exposure in chickens[J].Infection and Immunity, 2006, 74(7):3967-3978.

[77] JUTILA M A, HOLDERNESS J, GRAFT J C, et al.Antigen-independent priming:a transitional response of bovine γδ-T cells to infection[J].Animal Health Research Reviews, 2008, 9(1):47-57.

[78] HOLDERNESS J, JACKIW L, KIMMEL E, et al.Select plant tannins induce IL-2Ralpha up-regulation and augment cell division in gammadelta T cells[J].Journal of Immunology, 2007, 179(10):6468-6478.
[79] PERCIVAL S S.Grape consumption supports immunsity in animals and humans[J].Journal Nutrition, 2009, 139(9):1801S-1805S.
[80] 张海军, 徐磊, 岳洪源, 等.葡多酚对肉鸡生产性能和免疫机能的影响[J].中国畜牧兽医, 2012, 39(3):99-103.
[81] TAYER M, NOBAKHT A, PISHJANGH J.Effects of different levels of green grape (
Vitis vinifera) leaves on performance, carcass traits, blood biochemical and immunity parameters of broilers[J].International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences, 2012, 3(1):103-111.
[82] EMANUEL C, SILVINA P, FLORENCIA P, et al.Evaluation of quebracho red wood (
Schinopsis Lorentzii) polyphenolic vegetable extract for the reduction of coccidiosis in broiler chicks[J].International Journal of Poultry Science, 2011, 10(5):344-349.

[83] WANG M L, SUO X, GU J H, et al.Influence of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract in broiler chickens:effect on chicken coccidiosis and antioxidant status[J].Poultry Science, 2008, 87(11):2273-2280.

[84] MC DOUGALD L R, HOFACRE C, MATHIS G, et al.Enhancement of resistance to coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens by dietary muscadine pomace[J].Avian Diseases, 2008, 52(4):646-651.

[85] ALLEN P C, FETTERER R H.Recent advances in biology and immunobiology of
Eimeria species and in diagnosis and control of infection with these coccidian parasites of poultry[J].Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 2002, 15(1):58-65.

[86] LAI Y F, YINRONG L U, AMY B H, et al.The structure of cranberry proanthocyanidins which inhibit adherence of uropathogenic P-fimbriated
Escherichia coli in vitro[J].Phytochemistry, 2000, 54(2):173-181.

[87] 刘胜贵, 张祺麟, 李娟.显齿蛇葡萄提取物体外抑菌试验的研究[J].氨基酸和生物资源, 2006, 28(2):12-14.
[88] ASGHAR A, LIN C F, GRAY J I, et al.Effects of dietary oils and α-tocopherol supplementation on membranal lipid oxidation in broiler meat[J].Journal of Food Science, 1990, 55(1):46-50.

[89] RHEE K S, ANDERSON L M, SAMS A R.Lipid oxidation potential of beef, chicken, and pork[J].Journal of Food Science, 1996, 61(1):8-12.

[90] SMET K, RAES K, HUYGHEBAERT G, et al.Lipid and protein oxidation of broiler meat as influenced by dietary natural antioxidant supplementation[J].Poultry Science, 2008, 87(8):1682-1688.

[91] BRENES A, VIVEROS A, GO?I I, et al.Effect of grape pomace concentrate and vitamin E on digestibility of polyphenols and antioxidant activity in chickens[J].Poultry Science, 2008, 87(2):307-316.

[92] GOI I, BRENES A, CENTENO C, et al.Effect of dietary grape pomace and vitamin E on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and susceptibility to meat lipid oxidation in chickens[J].Poultry Science, 2007, 86(3):508-516.
[93] 卢德勋.饲料科学的新概念——用系统思维诠释饲料科学的一些理论和技术问题[J].饲料工业, 2012, 33(1):1-7.
[94] 卢德勋.饲料科学的新概念——用系统思维诠释饲料科学的一些理论和技术问题[J].饲料工业, 2012, 33(2):1-4.