综述 Review

哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白信号通道与自噬的相关研究

  • 蒋明 ,
  • 冉茂良 ,
  • 陈斌 ,
  • 杨岸奇 ,
  • 李智
展开
  • 湖南农业大学动物科学技术学院, 长沙 410128

收稿日期: 2014-01-02

  网络出版日期: 2014-07-01

基金资助

国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项资金资助(CARS-36)

Related Research in Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Signaling Pathway and Autophagy

  • JIANG Ming ,
  • RAN Maoliang ,
  • CHEN Bin ,
  • YANG Anqi ,
  • LI Zhi
Expand
  • College of Animal Science & Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China

Received date: 2014-01-02

  Online published: 2014-07-01

摘要

自噬是生物进化中的一个非常保守的分解代谢过程,是细胞通过双膜空泡包裹胞质内容物形成自噬体,然后与溶酶体融合到一起降解胞质内容物和器官的一种生理机制,维持和更新动物体内细胞器;哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)主要存在2种形式:mTORC1和mTORC2,mTOR可以根据机体营养、能量和生长因子的水平调节细胞生长和增殖。本文主要对mTOR的功能及调控机制、自噬以及mTOR与自噬之间的联系进行综述。

本文引用格式

蒋明 , 冉茂良 , 陈斌 , 杨岸奇 , 李智 . 哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白信号通道与自噬的相关研究[J]. 动物营养学报, 2014 , 26(7) : 1738 -1745 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.07.004

Abstract

Autophagy is a very conservative catabolism process in the biological evolution, in which cells use double membrance vacuole packaging cytoplasmic contents to form autophagy, and then the autophagy fuses together with the lysosomes to degrade cytoplasmic contents and organs, maintaining and updating the animals' organelles. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) have two forms: mTORC1 and mTORC2, and mTOR can regulate cell growth and proliferation according to the levels of nutrition, energy and growth factor. This review summarizes the function and regulatory mechanism of mTOR, autophagy and the contact between mTOR and autophagy.

参考文献

[1] MINTON K.Metabolism:role for mTORC2 in insulin resistance[J].Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology,2013,14(2):67.

[2] FINLAY M R V,GRIFFIN R J.Modulation of DNA repair by pharmacological inhibitors of the PIKK protein kinase family[J].Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters,2012,22(17):5352-5359.  

[3] MOK K W,MRUK D D,LEE W M,et al.Rictor/mTORC2 regulates blood-testis barrier dynamics via its effects on gap junction communications and actin filament network[J].The FASEB Journal,2013,27(3):1137-1152.  

[4] WU D,CHAPMAN J R,WANG L F,et al.Intestinal cell kinase (ICK) promotes activation of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) through phosphorylation of raptor Thr-908[J].The Journal of Biological Chemistry,2012,287(15):12510-12519.  

[5] DENNIS M D,BAUM J I,KIMBALL S R,et al.Mechanisms involved in the coordinate regulation of mTORC1 by insulin and amino acids[J].The Journal of Biological Chemistry,2011,286(10):8287-8296.  

[6] GORDON B S,KAZI A A,COLEMAN C S,et al.RhoA regulates the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1)[J].The FASEB Journal,2013,27:603.

[7] LI L,KIM E,YUAN H X,et al.Regulation of mTORC1 by the rab and Arf GTPases[J].The Journal of Biological Chemistry,2010,285(26):19705-19709.  

[8] YANG H J,RUDGE D G,KOOS J D,et al.mTOR kinase structure,mechanism and regulation[J].Nature,2013,497(7448):217-223.  

[9] VAREA O,ESCOLL M,DIEZ H,et al.Oestradiol signalling through the Akt-mTORC1-S6K1[J].Biochimica at Biophysica Acta,2013,1833(5):1052-1064.  

[10] LIU Y,VERTOMMEN D,RIDER M H,et al.Mammalian target of rapamycin-independent S6K1 and 4E-BP1 phosphorylation during contraction in rat skeletal muscle[J].Cellular Signalling,2013,25(9):1877-1886.  

[11] DESTEFANO M A,JACINTO E.Regulation of insulin receptor substrate-1 by mTORC2 (mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2)[J].Biochemical Society Transactions,2013,41(4):896-901.  

[12] SCIASCIA Q,PACHECO D,MCCOARD S A.Increased milk protein synthesis in response to exogenous growth hormone is associated with changes in mechanistic (mammalian) target of rapamycin (mTOR) C1-dependent and independent cell signaling[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2013,96(4):2327-2338.  

[13] KRYMSKAYA V P,SNOW J,CESARONE G,et al.mTOR is required for pulmonary arterial vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation under chronic hypoxia[J].The FASEB Journal,2011,25(6):1922-1933.  

[14] ESEN E,CHEN J,KARNER C M,et al.WNT-LRP5 signaling induces warburg effect through mTORC2 activation during osteoblast differentiation[J].Cell Metabolism,2013,17(5):745-755.  

[15] LIU P,GAN W,INUZUKA H,et al.Sin1 phosphorylation impairs mTORC2 complex integrity and inhibits downstream Akt signalling to suppress tumorigenesis[J].Nature Cell Biology,2013,15(11):1340-1350.  

[16] ZINZALLA V,STRACKA D,OPPLIGER W,et al.Activation of mTORC2 by association with the ribosome[J].Cell,2011,144(5):757-768.  

[17] KHANNA N,FANG Y M,YOON M S,et al.XPLN is a novel regulator of mTORC2[J].The FASEB Journal,2013,27:831.

[18] SUZUKI K,AKIOKA M,KONDO-KAKUTA C,et al.Fine mapping of autophagy-related proteins during autophagosome formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae[J].Journal of Cell Science,2013,126(11):2534-2544.  

[19] VELIKKAKATH A K G,NISHIMURA T,OITA E,et al.Mammalian Atg2 proteins are essential for autophagosome formation and important for regulation of size and distribution of lipid droplets[J].Molecular Biology of the Cell,2012,23(5):896-909.  

[20] JIN M,KLIONSKY D J.The core molecular machinery of autophagosome formation[M]//WANG H G.Autophagy and cancer.New York:Springer,2013,8:25-45.

[21] KOYAMA-HONDA I,ITAKURA E,FUJIWARA T K,et al.Temporal analysis of recruitment of mammalian ATG proteins to the autophagosome formation site[J].Autophagy,2013,9(10):1491-1499.  

[22] TANIDA I.Autophagosome formation and molecular mechanism of autophagy[J].Antioxidants & Redox Signaling,2011,14(11):2201-2214.  

[23] RAVIKUMAR B,MOREAU K,JAHREISS L,et al.Plasma membrane contributes to the formation of pre-autophagosomal structures[J].Nature Cell Biology,2010,12(8):747-757.  

[24] NAKATOGAWA H,OHBAYASHI S,SAKOH-NAKATOGAWA M,et al.The autophagy-related protein kinase Atg1 interacts with the ubiquitin-like protein Atg8 via the Atg8 family interacting motif to facilitate autophagosome formation[J].The Journal of Biological Chemistry,2012,287(34):28503-28507.  

[25] TANG H W,WANG Y B,WANG S L,et al.Atg1-mediated myosin Ⅱ activation regulates autophagosome formation during starvation-induced autophagy[J].The EMBO Journal,2011,30(4):636-651.  

[26] DESELM C J,MILLER B C,ZOU W,et al.Autophagy proteins regulate the secretory component of osteoclastic bone resorption[J].Developmental Cell,2011,21(5):966-974.  

[27] NAKAHIRA K,HASPEL J A,RATHINAM V A,et al.Autophagy proteins regulate innate immune responses by inhibiting the release of mitochondrial DNA mediated by the NALP3 inflammasome[J].Nature Immunology,2011,12(3):222-230.  

[28] BESTEIRO S,BROOKS C F,STRIEPEN B,et al.Autophagy protein Atg3 is essential for maintaining mitochondrial integrity and for normal intracellular development of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites[J].PLoS Pathogens,2011,7(12):E1002416.

[29] MORTENSEN M,SOILLEUX E J,DJORDJEVIC G,et al.The autophagy protein Atg7 is essential for hematopoietic stem cell maintenance[J].The Journal of Experimental Medicine,2011,208(3):455-467.  

[30] RUBINSTEIN A D,EISENSTEIN M,BER Y,et al.The autophagy protein Atg12 associates with antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members to promote mitochondrial apoptosis[J].Molecular Cell,2011,44(5):698-709.  

[31] LEFEBVRE V,DU Q,BAIRD S,et al.Genome-wide RNAi screen identifies ATPase inhibitory factor 1 (ATPIF1) as essential for PARK2 recruitment and mitophagy[J].Autophagy,2013,9(11):1770-1779.  

[32] YOULE R J,NARENDRA D P.Mechanisms of mitophagy[J].Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology,2011,12(1):9-14.  

[33] GEISLER S,HOLMSTRM K M,SKUJAT D,et al.PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy is dependent on VDAC1 and p62/SQSTM1[J].Nature Cell Biology,2010,12(2):119-131.  

[34] JIN S M,YOULE R J.The accumulation of misfolded proteins in the mitochondrial matrix is sensed by PINK1 to induce PARK2/Parkin-mediated mitophagy of polarized mitochondria[J].Autophagy,2013,9(11):1750-1757.  

[35] EGAN D F,SHACKELFORD D B,MIHAYLOVA M M,et al.Phosphorylation of ULK1 (hATG1) by AMP-activated protein kinase connects energy sensing to mitophagy[J].Science,2011,331(6016):456-461.  

[36] WRIGHTON K H.Metabolism:putting energy into mitophagy[J].Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology,2013,14(6):324-324.

[37] KRAFT C,DEPLAZES A,SOHRMANN M,et al.Mature ribosomes are selectively degraded upon starvation by an autophagy pathway requiring the Ubp3p/Bre5p ubiquitin protease[J].Nature Cell Biology,2008,10(5): 602-610.  

[38] SUZUKI K.Selective autophagy in budding yeast[J].Cell Death & Differentiation,2012,20(1):43-48.

[39] FUJIWARA Y,KIKUCHI H,AIZAWA S,et al.Direct uptake and degradation of DNA by lysosomes[J].Autophagy,2013,9(8):1167-1171.  

[40] OSSAREH-NAZARI B,BONIZEC M,COHEN M,et al.Cdc48 and Ufd3,new partners of the ubiquitin protease Ubp3,are required for ribophagy[J].EMBO Reports,2010,11(7):548-554.  

[41] BAKOWSKA-?Z . YWICKA? K,TYCZEWSKA A.Ribophagy-the novel degradation system of the ribosome[J].Biotechnologia,2009,1(84):99-103.

[42] MOTLEY A M,NUTTALL J M,HETTEMA E H.Atg36:the Saccharomyces cerevisiae receptor for pexophagy[J].Autophagy,2012,8(11):1680-1681.

[43] DENG Y Z,QU Z W,HE Y L,et al.Sorting nexin Snx41 is essential for and mediates glutathione-based antioxidant defense during invasive growth in Magnaporthe oryzae[J].Autophagy,2012,8(7):1058-1070.  

[44] MANJITHAYA R,JAIN S,FARR J C,et al.A yeast MAPK cascade regulates pexophagy but not other autophagy pathways[J].The Journal of Cell Biology,2010,189(2):303-310.  

[45] DENG Y Z,QU Z W,NAQVI N I.The role of Snx41-based pexophagy in magnaporthe development[J].PloS One,2013,8(11):e79128.

[46] GRUNAU S,LAY D,MINDTHOFF S,et al.The phosphoinositide 3-kinase Vps34p is required for pexophagy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae[J].Biochemical Journal,2011,434(1):161-170.  

[47] FU L L,WEN X,BAO J K,et al.MicroRNA-modulated autophagic signaling networks in cancer[J].The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology,2012,44(5):733-736.  

[48] TEKIRDAG K A,KORKMAZ G,OZTURK D G,et al.MIR181A regulates starvation-and rapamycin-induced autophagy through targeting of ATG5[J].Autophagy,2013,9(3):374-385.  

[49] KORKMAZ G,LE SAGE C,TEKIRDAG K A,et al.miR-376b controls starvation and mTOR inhibition-related autophagy by targeting ATG4C and BECN1[J].Autophagy,2012,8(2):165-176.  

[50] KOVALEVA V,MORA R,PARK Y J,et al.miRNA-130a targets ATG2B and DICER1 to inhibit autophagy and trigger killing of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells[J].Cancer Research,2012,72(7):1763-1772.  

[51] KIJANSKA M,PETER M.Atg1 kinase regulates early and late steps during autophagy[J].Autophagy,2013,9(2):249-251.  

[52] JUNG C H,JUN C B,RO S H,et al.ULK-Atg13-FIP200 complexes mediate mTOR signaling to the autophagy machinery[J].Molecular Biology of the Cell,2009,20(7):1992-2003.  

[53] EGAN D,KIM J,SHAW R J,et al.The autophagy initiating kinase ULK1 is regulated via opposing phosphorylation by AMPK and mTOR[J].Autophagy,2011,7(6):643-644.  

[54] WU L L,FENG Z,CUI S Y,et al.Rapamycin upregulates autophagy by inhibiting the mTOR-ULK1 pathway,resulting in reduced podocyte injury[J].PloS One,2013,8(5):e63799 .

[55] KATSIARIMPA A,KALINOWSKA K,ANZENBERGER F,et al.The deubiquitinating enzyme AMSH1 and the ESCRT-Ⅲ subunit VPS2.1 are required for autophagic degradation in Arabidopsis[J].The Plant Cell,2013,25(6):2236-2252.  

[56] NAZIO F,STRAPPAZZON F,ANTONIOLI M,et al.mTOR inhibits autophagy by controlling ULK1 ubiquitylation,self-association and function through AMBRA1 and TRAF6[J].Nature Cell Biology,2013,15(4):406-416.  

[57] HUANG H,KANG R Y,WANG J,et al.Hepatitis C virus inhibits AKT-tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC),the mechanistic target of rapamycin (MTOR) pathway,through endoplasmic reticulum stress to induce autophagy[J].Autophagy,2013,9(2):175-195.  

[58] CHEN Y Q,WEI H J,LIU F,et al.Hyperactivation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) promotes breast cancer progression through enhancing glucose starvation-induced autophagy and Akt signaling[J].The Journal of Biological Chemistry,2014,289(2):1164-1173.  

[59] CHOI J,JO M ,LEE E,et al.AKT is involved in granulosa cell autophagy regulation via mTOR signaling during rat follicular development and atresia[J].Reproduction,2014,147(1):73-80.

[60] LAVALLARD V J,MEIJER A J,CODOGNO P,et al.Autophagy,signaling and obesity[J].Pharmacological Research,2012,66(6):513-525.  

[61] LINARES J F,DURAN A,YAJIMA T,et al.K63 polyubiquitination and activation of mTOR by the p62-TRAF6 complex in nutrient-activated cells[J].Molecular Cell,2013,51(3):283-296.  

[62] KOREN I,REEM E,KIMCHI A.Autophagy gets a brake:DAP1,a novel mTOR substrate,is activated to suppress the autophagic process[J].Autophagy,2010,6(8):1179-1180.  
文章导航

/