[1] MOSS A R,JOUANY J P,NEWBOLD J.Methane production by ruminants:its contribution to global warming[J].Annales De Zootechnie,2000,49(3):231-253.

[2] LASSEY K R.Livestock methane emission:from the individual grazing animal through national inventories to the global methane cycle[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2007,142(2/3/4):120-132.
[3] DINI Y,GERE J,BRIANO C,et al.Methane emission and milk production of dairy cows grazing pastures rich in legumes or rich in grasses in uruguay[J].Animals,2012,2(2):288-300.
[4] BAKER S K.Rumen methanogens,and inhibition of methanogenesis[J].Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,1999,50(8):1293-1298.

[5] BOADI D,BENCHAAR C,CHIQUETTE J,et al.Mitigation strategies to reduce enteric methane emissions from dairy cows:update review[J].Canadian Journal of Animal Science,2004,84(3):319-335.

[6] WHITFORD M F,TEATHER R M,FORSTER R J.Phylogenetic analysis of methanogens from the bovine rumen[J].BMC Microbiology,2001,1:5.
[7] MCALLISTER T A,NEWBOLD C J.Redirecting rumen fermentation to reduce methanogenesis[J].Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture,2008,48(2):7-13.

[8] 吴健豪,曲永利,王丹.反刍动物甲烷排放量营养调控技术的研究进展[J].中国牛业科学,2008,34(4):52-55,60.
[9] 胡红莲,卢德勋,高民.反刍动物甲烷的排放及其减排调控技术[J].畜牧与饲料科学,2011,32(9/10):26-29.
[10] KUMAR S,DAGAR S S,PUNIYA A K,et al.Changes in methane emission,rumen fermentation in response to diet and microbial interactions[J].Research in Veterinary Science,2013,94(2):263-268.

[11] BEAUCHEMIN K A,KREUZER M,O'MARA F,et al.Nutritional management for enteric methane abatement:a review[J].Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture,2008,48(2):21-27.

[12] NIDERKORN V,BAUMONT R,LE MORVAN A,et al.Occurrence of associative effects between grasses and legumes in binary mixtures on
in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics[J].Journal of Animal Science,2011,89(4):1138-1145.

[13] MEALE S J,CHAVES A V,BAAH J,et al.Methane production of different forages in
in vitro ruminal fermentation[J].Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences,2012,25(1):86-91.
[14] CLARK H,KELLIHER F,PINARES-PATIÑO C.Reducing CH4 emissions from grazing ruminants in New Zealand:challenges and opportunities[J].Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science,2011,24(2):295-302.

[15] 吴爽,张永根,夏科,等.不同粗饲料组合类型对奶牛瘤胃甲烷产量及氮代谢的影响[J].中国饲料,2014(3):29-33.
[16] 张晓明,王之盛,唐春梅,等.不同蛋白质源饲粮对肉牛能氮代谢和甲烷排放的影响[J].动物营养学报,2014,26(7):1830-1837.
[17] CIESLAK A,SZUMACHER-STRABEL M,STOCHMAL A,et al.Plant components with specific activities against rumen methanogens[J].Animal,2013,7(S2):253-265.

[18] TIEMANN T T,LASCANO C E,KREUZER M,et al.The ruminal degradability of fibre explains part of the low nutritional value and reduced methanogenesis in highly tanniniferous tropical legumes[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,2008,88(10):1794-1803.

[19] TAVENDALE M H,MEAGHER L P,PACHECO D,et al.Methane production from
in vitro rumen incubations with
Lotus pedunculatus and
Medicago sativa,and effects of extractable condensed tannin fractions on methanogenesis[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2005,123/124(Part 1):403-419.
[20] GUGLIELMELLI A,CALABRÕ S,PRIMI R,et al.
In vitro fermentation patterns and methane production of sainfoin (
Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) hay with different condensed tannin contents[J].Grass and Forage Science,2011,66(4):488-500.

[21] HESS H D,TIEMANN T T,NOTO F,et al.Strategic use of tannins as means to limit methane emission from ruminant livestock[C]//The 2nd international conference on greenhouse gases and animal agriculture.Zurich,Switzerland:Elsevier,2006:164-167.
[22] ANIMUT G,PUCHALA R,GOETSCH A L,et al.Methane emission by goats consuming diets with different levels of condensed tannins from lespedeza[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2008,144(3/4):212-227.
[23] BHATTA R,SARAVANAN M,BARUAH L,et al.Effect of graded levels of tropical leaves containing-secondary metabolites on rumen fermentation pattern,protozoa population and methanogenesis
in vitro[J].Advances in Animal Biosciences,2013,4(2):307.
[24] 郑会超,刘建新,吴跃明,等.单宁对反刍动物营养代谢的影响[J].黄牛杂志,2004,30(6):23-25,32.
[25] 崔振亮,孟庆翔,李德勇,等.植物蜕皮甾酮对体外瘤胃发酵及甲烷产量的影响[J].中国畜牧杂志,2014,50(19):66-70.
[26] GRAINGER C,BEAUCHEMIN K A.Can enteric methane emissions from ruminants be lowered without lowering their production?[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2011,166-177:308-320.
[27] PATRA A K,YU Z T.Effects of essential oils on methane production and fermentation by,and abundance and diversity of,rumen microbial populations[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2012,78(12):4271-4280.

[28] JORDAN E,LOVETT D K,MONAHAN F,et al.Effect of refined coconut oil or copra meal on methane output and on intake and performance of beef heifers[J].Journal of Animal Science,2006,84(1):162-170.
[29] DING X Z,LONG R J,ZHANG Q,et al.Reducing methane emissions and the methanogen population in the rumen of Tibetan sheep by dietary supplementation with coconut oil[J].Tropical Animal Health and Production,2012,44(7):1541-1545.

[30] BRASK M,LUND P,WEISBJERG M R,et al.Methane production and digestion of different physical forms of rapeseed as fat supplements in dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2013,96(4):2356-2365.

[31] ODONGO N E,OR-RASHID M M,KEBREAB E,et al.Effect of supplementing myristic acid in dairy cow rations on ruminal methanogenesis and fatty acid profile in milk[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2007,90(4):1851-1858.

[32] KONG Y H,HE M L,MCALISTER T,et al.Quantitative fluorescence
in situ hybridization of microbial communities in the rumens of cattle fed different diets[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2010,76(20):6933-6938.

[33] DOHME F,MACHMVLLER A,WASSERFALLEN A,et al.Comparative efficiency of various fats rich in medium-chain fatty acids to suppress ruminal methanogenesis as measured with rusitec[J].Canadian Journal of Animal Science,2000,80(3):473-484.

[34] DOHME F,MACHMVLLER A,ESTERMANN B L,et al.The role of the rumen ciliate protozoa for methane suppression caused by coconut oil[J].Letters in Applied Microbiology,1999,29(3):187-192.

[35] DOHME F,MACHMVLLER A,WASSERFALLEN A,et al.Ruminal methanogenesis as influenced by individual fatty acids supplemented to complete ruminant diets[J].Letters in Applied Microbiology,2001,32(1):47-51.

[36] ZHOU X,MEILE L,KREUZER M,et al.The effect of lauric acid on methane production and cell viability of methanobrevibacter ruminantium[J].Advances in Animal Biosciences,2013,4(2):458.
[37] PATRA A K.Enteric methane mitigation technologies for ruminant livestock:a synthesis of current research and future directions[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2012,184(4):1929-1952.

[38] MATEOS I,RANILLA J M,TEJIDO M L,et al.The influence of diet on the effectiveness of garlic oil and cinnamaldehyde to manipulate
in vitro ruminal fermentation and methane production[J].Animal Production Science,2013,53(4):299-307.

[39] STAERFL S M,ZEITZ J O,KREUZER M,et al.Methane conversion rate of bulls fattened on grass or maize silage as compared with the ipcc default values,and the long-term methane mitigation efficiency of adding acacia tannin,garlic,maca and lupine[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems & Environment,2012,148:111-120.
[40] VAN ZIJDERVELD S M,FONKEN B,DIJKSTRA J,et al.Effects of a combination of feed additives on methane production,diet digestibility,and animal performance in lactating dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2011,94(3):1445-1454.

[41] 黄江丽,王东升,张志红,等.体外产气法研究植物精油对水牛瘤胃发酵和甲烷生成的影响[J].江西科学,2014,32(3):328-331,337.
[42] UNGERFELD E M,KOHN R A,WALLACE R J,et al.A meta-analysis of fumarate effects on methane production in ruminal batch cultures[J].Journal of Animal Science,2007,85(10):2556-2563.

[43] GIRALDO L A,RANILLA M J,TEJIDO M L,et al.Influence of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes and fumarate on methane production,microbial growth and fermentation in rusitec fermenters[J].British Journal of Nutrition,2007,98(4):753-761.
[44] TEJIDO M L,RANILLA M J,GARCÍA-MARTÍNEZ R,et al.
In vitro microbial growth and rumen fermentation of different substrates as affected by the addition of disodium malate[J].Animal Science,2005,81(1):31-38.
[45] UNGERFELD E M,FORSTER R J.A meta-analysis of malate effects on methanogenesis in ruminal batch cultures[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2011,166-167:282-290.
[46] WOOD T A,WALLACE R J,ROWE A,et al.Encapsulated fumaric acid as a feed ingredient to decrease ruminal methane emissions[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2009,152(1/2):62-71.
[47] FOLEY P A,KENNY D A,CALLAN J J,et al.Effect of
DL-malic acid supplementation on feed intake,methane emission,and rumen fermentation in beef cattle[J].Journal of Animal Science,2009,87(3):1048-1057.
[48] FOLEY P A,KENNY D A,LOVETT D K,et al.Effect of
DL-malic acid supplementation on feed intake,methane emissions,and performance of lactating dairy cows at pasture[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2009,92(7):3258-3264.

[49] BEAUCHEMIN K A,MCGINN S M.Methane emissions from beef cattle:effects of fumaric acid,essential oil,and canola oil[J].Journal of Animal Science,2006,84(6):1489-1496.
[50] 张振威,王聪,刘强,等.异丁酸对西门塔尔牛增重、日粮养分消化和甲烷排放的影响[J].草业学报,2014,23(1):346-352.
[51] 牛文静,赵广永,张婷婷,等.延胡索酸二钠对氨化稻草体外瘤胃发酵甲烷及挥发性脂肪酸产量的影响[J].动物营养学报,2014,26(1):245-251.
[52] GÓMEZ J A,TEJIDO M L,CARRO M D.Influence of disodium malate on microbial growth and fermentation in rumen-simulation technique fermenters receiving medium- and high-concentrate diets[J].British Journal of Nutrition,2005,93(4):479-484.

[53] CALLAWAY T R,MARTIN S A,WAMPLER J L,et al.Malate content of forage varieties commonly fed to cattle[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1997,80(8):1651-1655.

[54] ABECIA L,TORAL P G,MARTÍN-GARCÍA A I,et al.Effect of bromochloromethane on methane emission,rumen fermentation pattern,milk yield,and fatty acid profile in lactating dairy goats[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2012,95(4):2027-2036.

[55] DENMAN S E,TOMKINS N W,MCSWEENEY C S.Quantitation and diversity analysis of ruminal methanogenic populations in response to the antimethanogenic compound bromochloromethane[J].FEMS Microbiology Ecology,2007,62(3):313-322.

[56] MCCRABB G J,BERGER K T,MAGNER T,et al.Inhibiting methane production in brahman cattle by dietary supplementation with a novel compound and the effects on growth[J].Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,1997,48(3):323-329.

[57] TEZEL U,PIERSON J A,PAVLOSTATHIS S G.Fate and effect of quaternary ammonium compounds on a mixed methanogenic culture[J].Water Research,2006,40(19):3660-3668.

[58] HAISAN J,SUN Y,BEAUCHEMIN K,et al.Effects of feeding 3-nitrooxypropanol,at varying levels,on methane emissions and rumen fermentation in lactating dairy cows[J].Advances in Animal Biosciences,2013,4:326.
[59] MARTINEZ-FERNNDEZ G,ARCO A,ABECIA L,et al.The addition of ethyl-3-nitrooxy propionate and 3-nitrooxypropanol in the diet of sheep substantially reduces methane emissions and the effect persists over a month[J].Advances in Animal Biosciences,2013,4(2):368.
[60] SEJRSEN K,HVELPLUND T,NIELSEN M O.Ruminant physiology:digestion,metabolism and impact of nutrition on gene expression,immunology and stress[M].Netherlands:Wageningen Academic Publishers,2006:55-84.
[61] INTHAPANYA S,PRESTON T R,LENG R A.Mitigating methane production from ruminants; effect of calcium nitrate as modifier of the fermentation in an
in vitro incubation using cassava root as the energy source and leaves of cassava or
Mimosa pigra as source of protein[J].Livestock Research for Rural Development,2011,23(2).
[62] GUO W S,SCHAEFER D M,GUO X X,et al.Use of nitrate-nitrogen as a sole dietary nitrogen source to inhibit ruminal methanogenesis and to improve microbial nitrogen synthesis
in vitro[J].Asian-australasian Journal of Animal Sciences,2009,22(4):542-549.

[63] NOLAN J V,HEGARTY R S,HEGARTY J,et al.Effects of dietary nitrate on fermentation,methane production and digesta kinetics in sheep[J].Animal Production Science,2010,50(8):801-806.

[64] HUYEN L T N,DO H Q,PRESTON T R,et al.Nitrate as fermentable nitrogen supplement to reduce rumen methane production[J].Livestock Research for Rural Development,2010,22(8).
[65] 刘开朗,王加启,卜登攀.2008-2009年反刍动物营养研究进展Ⅰ.瘤胃微生物多样性与功能[J].中国畜牧兽医,2010,37(2):5-14.
[66] STUMM C K,GIJZEN H J,VOGELS G D.Association of methanogenic bacteria with ovine rumen ciliates[J].British Journal of Nutrition,1982,47(1):95-99.

[67] NEWBOLD C J,LASSALAS B,JOUANY J P.The importance of methanogens associated with ciliate protozoa in ruminal methane production
in vitro[J].Letters in Applied Microbiology,1995,21(4):230-234.

[68] HEGARTY R S.Reducing rumen methane emissions through elimination of rumen protozoa[J].Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,1999,50(8):1321-1328.

[69] HEGARTY R S.Mechanisms for competitively reducing ruminal methanogenesis[J].Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,1999,50(8):1299-1306.

[70] MORGAVI D P,JOUANY J P,MARTIN C.Changes in methane emission and rumen fermentation parameters induced by refaunation in sheep[J].Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture,2008,48(2):69-72.

[71] HEGARTY R S,BIRD S H,VANSELOW B A,et al.Effects of the absence of protozoa from birth or from weaning on the growth and methane production of lambs[J].British Journal of Nutrition,2008,100(6):1220-1227.

[72] GOODRICH R D,GARRETT J E,GAST D R,et al.Influence of monensin on the performance of cattle[J].Journal of Animal Science,1984,58(6):1484-1498.
[73] CHEN M,WOLIN M J.Effect of monensin and lasalocid-sodium on the growth of methanogenic and rumen saccharolytic bacteria[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1979,38(1):72-77.
[74] WAGHORN G C,CLARK H,TAUFA V,et al.Monensin controlled-release capsules for methane mitigation in pasture-fed dairy cows[J].Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture,2008,48(2):65-68.

[75] 花万里,张振伟,石绘陆.莫能菌素对反刍动物的作用机理及影响[J].养殖与饲料,2012(10):33-34.
[76] 刘薇,文奇男,杨运玲,等.肉牛料中添加莫能菌素的意义及其应用价值[J].饲料工业,2013,34(23):62-64.
[77] 邓磊,李胜利.莫能菌素在牛奶中残留检测方法初探[J].中国奶牛,2005(3):14-16.
[78] CALLAWAY T R,DE MELO A M S,RUSSELL J B.The effect of nisin and monensin on ruminal fermentations
in vitro[J].Current Microbiology,1997,35(2):90-96.

[79] KALMOKOFF M L,BARTLETT F,TEATHER R M.Are ruminal bacteria armed with bacteriocins?[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1996,79(12):2297-2306.

[80] O'CONNOR E M,SHAND R F.Halocins and sulfolobicins:the emerging story of archaeal protein and peptide antibiotics[J].Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology,2002,28(1):23-31.

[81] 朱双,张爱忠,姜宁,等.细菌素及其在动物生产中的应用[J].动物营养学报,2014,26(2):327-333.
[82] 吴美容,张瑞,周俊,等.温度对产甲烷菌代谢途径和优势菌群结构的影响[J].化工学报,2014,65(5):1602-1606.
[83] LE VAN T D,ROBINSON J A,RALPH J,et al.Assessment of reductive acetogenesis with indigenous ruminal bacterium populations and
Acetitomaculum ruminis[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1998,64(9):3429-3436.
[84] JOBLIN K N.Ruminal acetogens and their potential to lower ruminant methane emissions[J].Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,1999,50(8):1307-1314.

[85] MORVAN B,DORE J,RIEU-LESME F,et al.Establishment of hydrogen-utilizing bacteria in the rumen of the newborn lamb[J].FEMS Microbiology Letters,1994,117(3):249-256.

[86] DORÉ J,MORVAN B,RIEU-LESME F,et al.Most probable number enumeration of H
2-utilizing acetogenic bacteria from the digestive tract of animals and man[J].FEMS Microbiology Letters,1995,130(1):7-12.
[87] GAGEN E J,DENMAN S E,PADMANABHA J,et al.Functional gene analysis suggests different acetogen populations in the bovine rumen and tammar wallaby forestomach[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2010,76(23):7785-7795.

[88] CHAUCHEYRAS F,FONTY G,BERTIN G,et al.
In vitro H
2 utilization by a ruminal acetogenic bacterium cultivated alone or in association with an archaea methanogen is stimulated by a probiotic strain of saccharomyces cerevisiae[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1995,61(9):3466-3467.
[89] KAJIKAWA H,VALDES C,HILLMAN K,et al.Methane oxidation and its coupled electron-sink reactions in ruminal fluid[J].Letters in Applied Microbiology,2003,36(6):354-357.

[90] MITSUMORI M,AJISAKA N,TAJIMA K,et al.Detection of proteobacteria from the rumen by PCR using methanotroph-specific primers[J].Letters in Applied Microbiology,2002,35(3):251-255.

[91] JIANG Q Q,BAKKEN L R.Nitrous oxide production and methane oxidation by different ammonia-oxidizing bacteria[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1999,65(6):2679-2684.
[92] LI M J,ZHOU M,ADAMOWICZ E,et al.Characterization of bovine ruminal epithelial bacterial communities using 16S rRNA Sequencing,PCR-DGGE,and qRT-PCR Analysis[J].Veterinary Microbiology,2012,155(1):72-80.

[93] HOU S B,MAKAROVA K S,SAW J H W,et al.Complete genome sequence of the extremely acidophilic methanotroph isolate V
4,
Methylacidiphilum Infernorum,a representative of the bacterial phylum
Verrucomicrobia[J].Biology Direct,2008,3:26.
[94] KNITTEL K,LÖSEKANN T,BOETIUS A,et al.Diversity and distribution of methanotrophic archaea at cold seeps[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2005,71(1):467-479.

[95] DEHORITY B A.Carbon dioxide requirement of various species of rumen bacteria[J].Journal of Bacteriology,1971,105(1):70-76.
[96] KEMPTON T J,MURRAY R M,LENG R.Methane production and digestibility measurements in the grey kangaroo and sheep[J].Australian Journal of Biological Sciences,1976,29(3):209-214.
[97] POPE P B,SMITH W,DENMAN S E,et al.Isolation of succinivibrionaceae implicated in low methane emissions from tammar wallabies[J].Science,2011,333(6042):646-648.

[98] WRIGHT A D G,KENNEDY P,O'NEILL C J,et al.Reducing methane emissions in sheep by immunization against rumen methanogens[J].Vaccine,2004,22(29/30):3976-3985.
[99] WILLIAMS Y J,REA S M,POPOVSKI S,et al.Reponses of sheep to a vaccination of entodinial or mixed rumen protozoal antigens to reduce rumen protozoal numbers[J].British Journal of Nutrition,2008,99(1):100-109.
[100] ZHOU M,HERNANDEZ-SANABRIA E,GUAN L L.Assessment of the microbial ecology of ruminal methanogens in cattle with different feed efficiencies[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2009,75(20):6524-6533.

[101] WEDLOCK D N,PEDERSEN G,DENIS M,et al.Development of a vaccine to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions in agriculture:vaccination of sheep with methanogen fractions induces antibodies that block methane production
in vitro[J].New Zealand Veterinary Journal,2010,58(1):29-36.