[1] VÉZINA C,KUDELSKI A,SEHGAL S.Rapamycin (AY-22,989),a new antifungal antibiotic:Ⅰ.taxonomy of the producing streptomycete and isolation of the active principle[J].The Journal of Antibiotics,1975,28(10):721-726.

[2] HEITMAN J,MOVVA N R,HALL M N.Targets for cell cycle arrest by the immunosuppressant rapamycin in yeast[J].Science,1991,253(5022):905-909.

[3] HEITMAN J.On the discovery of TOR as the target of rapamycin[J].PLoS Pathogens,2015,11(11):e1005245.
[4] SABATINI D M,ERJIUMENT-BROMAGE H,LUI M,et al.RAFT1:a mammalian protein that binds to FKBP12 in a rapamycin-dependent fashion and is homologous to yeast TORs[J].Cell,1994,78(1):35-43.

[5] MENAND B,DESNOS T,NUSSAUME L,et al.Expression and disruption of the Arabidopsis TOR (target of rapamycin) gene[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2002,99(9):6422-6427.

[6] OLDHAM S,MONTAGNE J,RADIMERSKI T et al.Genetic and biochemical characterization of dTOR,the
Drosophila homolog of the target of rapamycin[J].Genes & development,2000,14(21):2689-2694.

[7] JIANG J,FENG L,LIU Y,et al.Mechanistic target of rapamycin in common carp:cDNA cloning,characterization,and tissue expression[J].Gene,2013,512(2):566-572.

[8] ANFRADE M A,BORK P.Heat repeats in the Huntington's disease protein[J].Nature Genetics,1995,11(2):115-116.

[9] YANG H J,RUDGE D G,Koos J D,et al.mTOR kinase structure,mechanism and regulation[J].Nature,2013,497(7448):217-223.

[10] ACOSTA-JAQUEZ H A,KELLER J A,FOSTER K G,et al.Site-specific mTOR phosphorylation promotes mTORC1-mediated signaling and cell growth[J].Molecular and Cellular Biology,2009,29(15):4308-4324.

[11] WATANABE R,WEI L,HUANG J.mTOR signaling,function,novel inhibitors,and therapeutic targets[J].Journal of Nuclear Medicine,2011,52(4):497-500.
[12] COTA D,PROULX K,SMITH K A B,et al.Hypothalamic mTOR signaling regulates food intake[J].Science,2006,312(5775):927-930.

[13] LIANG Y,BAO W L,CHEBRI,et al.Molecular characterization and functional analysis of cashmere goat mammalian target of rapamycin[J].DNA and Cell Biology,2012,31(5):839-844.

[14] MAKKY K,TEKIELA J,MAYER A N.Target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling controls epithelial morphogenesis in the vertebrate intestine[J].Developmental Biology,2007,303(2):501-513.

[15] NEWMYER B A,NANDAR W,WEBSTER R I,et al.Neuropeptide Y is associated with changes in appetite-associated hypothalamic nuclei but not food intake in a hypophagic avian model[J].Behavioural Brain Research,2013,236:327-331.
[16] KRASHES M J,SHAH B P,KODA S,et al.Rapid versus delayed stimulation of feeding by the endogenously released AgRP neuron mediators GABA,NPY,and AgRP[J].Cell Metabolism,2013,18(4):588-595.

[17] OH T S,ChO H,CHO J H,et al.Hypothalamic AMPK-induced autophagy increases food intake by regulating NPY and POMC expression[J].Autophagy,2016,12(11):2009-2025.

[18] SINGH O,KUMAR S,SINGH U,et al.Cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide (CART) in the brain of zebra finch,
Taeniopygia guttata:organization,interaction with neuropeptide Y,and response to changes in energy status[J].The Journal of Comparative Neurology,2016,524(15):3014-3041.

[19] ZHAO S,KANOSKI S E,YAN J,et al.Hindbrain leptin and glucagon-like-peptide-1 receptor signaling interact to suppress food intake in an additive fashion[J].International Journal of Obesity,2012,36(12):1522-1528.

[20] SENIN L L,AL-MASSADI O,FOLGUEIRA C,et al.The gastric CB1 receptor modulates ghrelin production through the mTOR pathway to regulate food intake[J].PLoS One,2013,8(11):e80339.
[21] WERNECKE K,LAMPRECHT I,JOHREN O,et al.Nesfatin-1 increases energy expenditure and reduces food intake in rats[J].Obesity,2014,22(7):1662-1668.

[22] LIU Y,LI F,KONG X,et al.Signaling pathways related to protein synthesis and amino acid concentration in pig skeletal muscles depend on the dietary protein level,genotype and developmental stages[J].PLoS One,2015,10(9):e0138277.
[23] MARTINS L,FERNÁNDEZ-MALLO D,NOVELLE M G,et al.Hypothalamic mTOR signaling mediates the orexigenic action of ghrelin[J].PLoS One,2012,7(10):e46923..
[24] VARELA L,MARTÍNEZ-SÁNCHEZ N,GALLEGO R,et al.Hypothalamic mTOR pathway mediates thyroid hormone-induced hyperphagia in hyperthyroidism[J].The Journal of Pathology,2012,227(2):209-222.

[25] SENIN L L,AL-MASSADI O,FOLGUEIRA C,et al.The gastric CB1 receptor modulates ghrelin production through the mTOR pathway to regulate food intake[J].PLoS One,2013,8(11):e80339.
[26] TOWNSEND K L,SUZUKI R,HUANG T L,et al.Bone morphogenetic protein 7(BMP7) reverses obesity and regulates appetite through a central mTOR pathway[J].The FASEB Journal,2012,26(5):2187-2196.

[27] YANG M L,ZHANG Z H,WANG C,et al.Nesfatin-1 action in the brain increases insulin sensitivity through Akt/AMPK/TORC2 pathway in diet-induced insulin resistance[J].Diabetes,2012,61(8):1959-1968.

[28] EBERLÉ D,HEGARTY B,BOSSARD P,et al.SREBP transcription factors:master regulators of lipid homeostasis[J].Biochimie,2004,86(11):839-848.

[29] PORSTMANN T,SANTOS C R,GRIFFITHS B,et al.SREBP activity is regulated by mTORC1 and contributes to Akt-dependent cell growth[J].Cell Metabolism,2008,8(3):224-236.

[30] TIAN J,GOLDSTEIN J L,BROWN M S.Insulin induction of SREBP-1c in rodent liver requires LXRα-C/EBPβ complex[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2016,113(29):8182-8187.

[31] HAAS J T,MIAO J,CHANDA D,et al.Hepatic insulin signaling is required for obesity-dependent expression of SREBP-1c mRNA but not for feeding-dependent expression[J].Cell Metabolism,2012,15(6):873-884.

[32] OWEN J L,ZHANG Y,BAE S H,et al.Insulin stimulation of SREBP-1c processing in transgenic rat hepatocytes requires p70 S6-kinase[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2012,109(40):16184-16189.

[33] HAN J B,LI E W,CHEN L Q,et al.The CREB coactivator CRTC2 controls hepatic lipid metabolism by regulating SREBP1[J].Nature,2015,524(7564):243-246.

[34] LAPLANTE M,SABATINI D M.mTOR signaling at a glance[J].Journal of Cell Science,2009,122(20):3589-3594.

[35] YANAGIYA A,SUYAMA E,ADACHI H,et al.Translational homeostasis via the mRNA cap-binding protein,eIF4E[J].Molecular Cell,2012,46(6):847-858.

[36] JEWELL J L,RUSSELL R C,GUAN K L.Amino acid signalling upstream of mTOR[J].Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology,2013,14(3):133-139.

[37] ZHANG X,ZHAO F,SI Y et al.GSK3β regulates milk synthesis in and proliferation of dairy cow mammary epithelial cells via the mTOR/S6K1 signaling pathway[J].Molecules.2014,19(7):9435-9452.
[38] TORRAZZA R M,SURYAWAN A,GAZZANEO M C,et al.Leucine supplementation of a low-protein meal increases skeletal muscle and visceral tissue protein synthesis in neonatal pigs by stimulating mTOR-dependent translation initiation[J].The Journal of Nutrition,2010,140(12):2145-2152.

[39] COLUMBUS D A,STEINHOFF-WAGNER J,SURYAWAN A,et al.Impact of prolonged leucine supplementation on protein synthesis and lean growth in neonatal pigs[J].American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism,2015,309(6):E601-E610.
[40] YAO K,YIN Y L,CHU W Y,et al.Dietary arginine supplementation increases mTOR signaling activity in skeletal muscle of neonatal pigs[J].The Journal of Nutrition,2008,138(5):867-872.

[41] YUAN C,DING Y,HE Q,et al.
L-arginine upregulates the gene expression of target of rapamycin signaling pathway and stimulates protein synthesis in chicken intestinal epithelial cells[J].Poultry Science,2015,94(5):1043-1051.

[42] HOSOKAWA N,HARA T,KAIZUKA T,et al.Nutrient-dependent mTORC1 association with the ULK1-Atg13-FIP200 complex required for autophagy[J].Molecular Biology of the Cell,2009,20(7):1981-1991.

[43] JUNG C H,JUN C B,RO S H,et al.ULK-Atg13-FIP200 complexes mediate mTOR signaling to the autophagy machinery[J].Molecular Biology of the Cell,2009,20(7):1992-2003.

[44] MANZONI C,MAMAIS A,ROOSEN D A,et al.mTOR independent regulation of macroautophagy by leucine rich repeat kinase 2 via Beclin-1[J].Scientific Reports,2016,6:35106.
[45] RUSSELL R C,TIAN Y,YUAN H X,et al.ULK1 induces autophagy by phosphorylating Beclin-1 and activating VPS34 lipid kinase[J].Nature Cell Biology,2013,15(7):741-750.

[46] HARRISON D E,STRONG R,SHARP Z D,et al.Rapamycin fed late in life extends lifespan in genetically heterogeneous mice[J].Nature,2009,460(7253):392-395.
[47] SELMAN C,TULLET J M,WIESER D,et al.Ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 signaling regulates mammalian life span[J].Science,2009,326(5949):140-144.