综述

酵母培养物调控瘤胃功能的研究进展

  • 谭健 ,
  • 赵慧颖 ,
  • 蒋林树 ,
  • 赵玉超 , *
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  • 北京农学院动物科学技术学院,奶牛营养学北京市重点实验室,北京 102206
*赵玉超,讲师,硕士生导师,E-mail:

谭 健(2000—),男,湖南湘潭人,硕士研究生,研究方向为奶牛营养与免疫。E-mail:

Copy editor: 菅景颖

收稿日期: 2023-09-12

  网络出版日期: 2024-03-13

基金资助

家畜产业技术体系北京市创新团队(BAIC05-2022)

北京首农食品集团有限公司“乳业全产业链”绿色数智“技术集成创新与产业化应用”(SNSPKJ-2022)

Research Progress on Regulation of Rumen Function by Yeast Culture

  • TAN Jian ,
  • ZHAO Huiying ,
  • JIANG Linshu ,
  • ZHAO Yuchao , *
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  • Beijing Key Laboratory of Dairy Cow Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
*lecturer:E-mail:

Received date: 2023-09-12

  Online published: 2024-03-13

摘要

酵母培养物是一种独特的微生态制品,在特定工艺条件控制下由酵母在特定的培养基上经过充分的发酵后形成。酵母培养物富含蛋白质、小肽、低聚糖、维生素、矿物质、酶和许多未知生长因子,对反刍动物生长性能、免疫功能和瘤胃发酵有着显著的改善作用。本文综述了酵母培养物对反刍动物瘤胃发酵和瘤胃微生物的影响和作用机制,以期为酵母培养物调控反刍动物瘤胃功能的研究提供理论依据,为酵母培养物在反刍动物生产中的应用提供参考。

本文引用格式

谭健 , 赵慧颖 , 蒋林树 , 赵玉超 . 酵母培养物调控瘤胃功能的研究进展[J]. 动物营养学报, 2024 , 36(3) : 1463 -1472 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.129

Abstract

Yeast culture is a kind of unique microecological product, which is formed by yeast after full fermentation on a specific medium under the control of specific technological conditions. Yeast culture is rich in protein, small peptides, oligosaccharides, vitamins, minerals, enzymes and many unknown growth factors, and has significant positive effects on ruminant growth performance, immune function and rumen fermentation. In this paper, the effects and action mechanisms of yeast culture on rumen fermentation and rumen microorganisms in ruminants were reviewed in order to provide theoretical basis for further research on the effects of yeast culture on rumen fermentation in ruminants.

瘤胃作为反刍动物独特的消化器官,是营养物质消化吸收的主要部位。瘤胃内栖息着大量复杂且多样的微生物群体,是一个高效、有序的天然“发酵罐”,对于维持反刍动物的正常生理功能和生产性能至关重要[1]。近年来,反刍动物的集约化饲养方式和高谷物饲喂模式被广泛采用,虽然这些方式提高了反刍动物的生长性能,但对瘤胃健康与功能造成了极大的负面影响[2]
当前,植物提取物和益生菌等饲料添加剂的开发应用已成为反刍动物营养领域的研究热点[3]。添加益生菌可以通过改善瘤胃健康、增强营养物质的吸收、促进瘤胃内饲料纤维的降解利用,从而提高反刍动物的生产性能[4]。同时,也有大量研究报道在反刍动物饲粮中添加酵母培养物,可以通过增加采食量[5]、稳定瘤胃pH[6-7]、提高饲料消化率[8]以及增强动物机体免疫力[9-10]来提高反刍动物的生产性能[11]。酵母作为反刍动物饲料添加剂中常用的益生菌,在维持或恢复胃肠道微生物平衡方面发挥着重要作用,尤其是当高精料饲喂可能导致消化道微生态紊乱状态下,功效更为显著[12]。酵母和酵母产品被广泛应用于反刍动物生产中,通过与瘤胃内其他微生物竞争发酵和提高饲料效率,防止瘤胃酸中毒[13]
然而,在反刍动物饲粮中添加酵母的试验结果并不完全一致[14],有研究认为这是由于试验中使用的酵母形式或菌株的可变性而产生的差异[15],也有报道认为酵母在瘤胃内的存活时间有限,使得试验效果不稳定[16]。酵母培养物作为酵母的发酵产物,具备酵母的生物学功能,同时保存更加方便,效果更加稳定。因此,本文针对酵母培养物调控反刍动物瘤胃发酵和瘤胃微生物的作用机制和研究进展进行综述,为酵母培养物在改善反刍动物瘤胃健康上的研究提供理论依据。

1 酵母培养物概述

1.1 酵母培养物的组成

酵母是真菌界的单细胞真核生物,主要由细胞壁和细胞内成分2个部分组成,一般大小在5~10 μm。酵母的细胞内成分营养丰富,包括多肽、氨基酸、碳水化合物、脂质、维生素(尤其是B族维生素)和矿物质[17]。酵母的细胞壁是一个层状结构(图1),由多糖和糖蛋白组成,包括甘露寡糖、甘露糖蛋白、β-1,3葡聚糖、β-1,6葡聚糖和几丁质等物质。酵母细胞壁中的这些物质具有显著的抗菌能力,对维持动物免疫功能具有潜在益处[18]
图1 酵母细胞壁层状结构

Fig.1 Layered structure of yeast cell walls

目前,酵母主要以酿酒酵母制剂的形式添加到反刍动物饲粮中。酵母制剂根据产品中活酵母细胞数量分为2种类型,即活性干酵母(活酵母细胞数量>109 CFU/g)和酵母培养物[19]。酵母培养物是通过将活酵母细胞(主要为酿酒酵母)接种到特定的培养基中,经过液态-固态两相发酵工艺,随后将整个发酵培养基进行浓缩和干燥而制成。酵母培养物是一种独特的微生态产物,由酵母生物量(包括一些残留的活细胞、死细胞和酵母细胞壁碎片)、发酵代谢物和残留的生长培养基组成,其中含有丰富的生物活性物质,包括蛋白质、小肽、低聚糖、维生素、矿物质、酶和许多未知生长因子,这些都可以对动物产生有益的营养和健康作用[20]。此外,发酵培养基的组成和发酵条件会影响所产生的代谢物的组成[21],当酵母细胞发酵培养基中存在糖时,它们产生各种代谢产物,包括肽、醇、酯和有机酸[22]。酵母培养物中存在的化合物和发酵代谢产物使其成为了促营养的饲料添加剂,在饲粮中添加酵母培养物对反刍动物的生产性能、免疫功能和抗氧化能力等方面产生了积极作用[23-25]

1.2 酵母培养物改善反刍动物生产性能的作用机制

在前人研究的基础上,本文归纳总结了酵母培养物提高反刍动物生产性能的作用机制模式(图2),酵母培养物的摄入可提高反刍动物瘤胃细菌活力,改变部分瘤胃发酵参数,提高菌体蛋白合成和纤维分解率,促进采食量与小肠端营养物质供给增加,最终提高反刍动物的生产性能[26-27]。Desnoyers等[14]进行的酿酒酵母(包括不同酵母产品)对瘤胃发酵参数和产奶量影响的荟萃分析发现,添加酿酒酵母可显著提高奶牛的干物质采食量(DMI)、总产奶量、总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)浓度和有机物消化率。Poppy等[16]针对补充酿酒酵母培养物对泌乳奶牛生产性能影响的荟萃分析发现,泌乳奶牛饲粮中添加酵母培养物可提高DMI、总产奶量和乳蛋白产量。
图2 酵母培养物提高反刍动物生产性能的作用机制模型图

VFA:挥发性脂肪酸 volatile fatty acids;↑:上升 increased;↓:下降 decreased。

Fig.2 Model diagram of action mechanism of yeast culture to improve ruminants’ performance

酵母培养物在动物机体中发挥作用的物质基础:一是酵母培养物通过其初级代谢物(蛋白质、氨基酸和肽类等)及次级代谢物中的营养活性成分和未知生长因子发挥营养调控作用[28];二是酵母培养物中残留的酵母细胞壁具有提高免疫能力的作用,进而能够提高反刍动物的生产性能[29]。例如,Du等[30]研究表明,给热应激奶牛饲喂酵母培养物可降低奶牛的直肠温度和呼吸频率,减少乳体细胞数,调节血清激素水平,提高奶牛的抗氧化能力与免疫力。

2 酵母培养物对瘤胃微生物的影响

瘤胃环境在一定程度上具有可塑性,微生物与宿主互作直接或间接影响动物的生理生长与健康。饲粮营养调控可影响瘤胃菌群结构,进而影响它们的发酵产物,从而提高反刍动物的养分利用率[31];同时,瘤胃中各种细菌的丰度与饲料效率和动物生产性能密切相关,细菌群落在调节宿主生理功能方面也发挥着重要作用[32-33]。本文总结了酵母培养物对不同生理或生长阶段的反刍动物瘤胃微生物的影响,详见表1
表1 酵母培养物对不同生理或生长阶段反刍动物瘤胃微生物的影响

Table 1 Effects of yeast culture on rumen microbiota of ruminants at different physiological or growth stages

添加量
Additive
amounts
试验动物
Experimental
animals
生长或生理阶段
Growth or
physiological stages
瘤胃微生物相对丰度
Relative abundance of
rumen microorganisms
参考文献
References
200 g/d 西门塔尔阉牛 600 kg 细菌总数、黄化瘤胃球菌↑ [34]
0.2% DM 高原型藏羊 3月龄 拟杆菌门、普雷沃氏菌科↑,变形菌门↓ [35]
2.3 g/kg DM 公绵羊 1岁龄 Candidatus_Saccharimonas、高氏瘤胃
球菌↑,丁酸弧菌属2↓
[36]
50 g/d 育肥公牛 (505±29) kg 疣微菌属↑,巨球菌属、乳酸菌属↓ [37]
14 g/d 荷斯坦奶牛 产前30 d 埃氏巨球菌、溶淀粉琥珀酸单胞菌↑,
普雷沃氏短菌↓
[38]
14 g/d 荷斯坦奶牛 泌乳中期 反刍真杆菌、黄化瘤胃球菌↑,嗜淀粉反刍
杆菌、溶淀粉琥珀单胞菌↓
[39]

DM:干物质 dry matter;↑:上升 increased;↓:下降 decreased。

反刍动物摄入高淀粉饲粮时,非结构性碳水化合物被瘤胃微生物快速分解产生葡萄糖,乳酸生成菌利用葡萄糖产生大量乳酸,导致瘤胃内乳酸堆积,降低了瘤胃pH;同时结构性碳水化合物被纤维分解菌利用,可发酵产生挥发性脂肪酸(VFA),进一步降低瘤胃pH,改变了瘤胃微环境,降低了乳酸利用菌和纤维分解菌的活性和数量[40-41]。酵母培养物通过自身富含的有机酸、B族维生素和氨基酸等生长因子对反刍动物瘤胃微生物产生积极的调控作用,这些生长因子能够刺激纤维素分解菌(纤维杆菌和瘤胃球菌)和乳酸利用菌(巨藻属和硒单胞菌)的增殖来改善瘤胃的发酵功能[42-44]。毋昊[45]研究发现,在1岁龄山羊饲粮中添加酵母培养物可以显著提高其瘤胃中普雷沃氏菌属、瘤胃球菌属和琥珀酸菌属的相对丰度。在公羔羊饲粮中添加15 g/d的灭活酵母培养物显著增加了瘤胃拟杆菌门、纤维杆菌门、瘤胃菌属的相对丰度,降低了理研菌属的相对丰度[46]。朴光赫[47]研究发现,在绵羊饲粮中添加酵母培养物和米曲霉培养物,在门水平上可以增加瘤胃中拟杆菌门和纤维杆菌门的相对丰度,并减少变形菌门的相对丰度;在属水平上提高了产乙酸菌(普雷沃氏菌属、琥珀酸单胞菌属、毛螺菌科未培养菌属、卟啉单胞菌属等)、产丙酸菌(月形单胞菌属等)和产丁酸菌的相对丰度。
此外,在奶牛上的研究还证明了酵母培养物可改善纤维分解菌的生长。例如,在泌乳中期的荷斯坦奶牛饲粮中添加酵母培养物可以显著增加瘤胃中反刍真杆属和黄色瘤胃球菌等纤维消化菌的相对丰度,显著降低淀粉瘤胃杆菌和溶淀粉琥珀单胞菌等淀粉消化菌的相对丰度[39]。郭婷[48]研究发现,在围产期奶牛饲粮中添加120 g/d的酵母培养物,在门水平上显著提高了奶牛瘤胃内蓝细菌门、拟杆菌门和疣微菌门的相对丰度,并降低了浮霉菌门、螺旋菌门的相对丰度,在属水平上显著提高了瘤胃内丁酸弧菌属、毛螺菌属、梭菌属、乳杆菌属、纤维菌属及杆菌属的相对丰度,并显著降低了厌氧弧菌属、琥珀酸菌属和月形单胞菌属的相对丰度。
酵母培养物对瘤胃细菌丰度的影响可能归因于酵母细胞壁中的甘露寡糖和葡聚糖,它们可以在瘤胃中高度降解,提供可发酵的代谢物、矿物质和酶,这些代谢物可以改变瘤胃细菌的特征和生理,刺激纤维素、淀粉和蛋白质水解细菌的生长[49-50]。但是,不同研究之间的对比可以看出酵母培养物造成的差异菌群仍存在明显差异,这些结果的变异可能是由于动物模型(种类、生长生理阶段)、饲粮组成、酵母培养物产品和剂量的不同。
此外,研究表明酵母可以影响瘤胃原虫的生长。原虫贡献了瘤胃内50%的生物量,可缓解细菌对淀粉和可溶性糖的爆发性发酵,稳定瘤胃pH[51]。具体而言,瘤胃原虫可吞噬淀粉颗粒,并阻止解淀粉细菌合成乳酸,从而在底物方面与细菌竞争,导致瘤胃pH上升,从而促进纤维分解菌的生长,提高对纤维的消化[49]。而关于酵母培养物对反刍动物瘤胃原虫的影响报道不一,刘大程[52]研究发现,在绵羊饲粮中添加酵母培养物显著提高了瘤胃中内毛虫和双毛虫等总纤毛虫数量。而孙满吉等[53]则报道,直接饲喂酵母培养物对荷斯坦奶牛瘤胃原虫数量并无显著影响。目前在反刍动物饲粮中添加酵母培养物对瘤胃原虫影响的研究相对较少,通过探究酵母培养物对反刍动物瘤胃原虫的影响或可进一步揭示酵母培养物在瘤胃发酵中的调控机制。

3 酵母培养物对瘤胃发酵的影响

3.1 瘤胃VFA

饲粮碳水化合物由瘤胃细菌、真菌等微生物发酵生成VFA,占反刍动物能量需求的近50%[54]。补充酵母培养物可以改变瘤胃微生物种群,使瘤胃环境更有利于纤维消化菌生存,从而导致瘤胃产生的单个VFA的类型和比例发生变化。李琛[55]研究了饲喂不同酵母培养物对泌乳早期荷斯坦奶牛瘤胃发酵的影响,其中饲喂30 g/d的国产酵母培养物显著增加了奶牛瘤胃内乙酸、丙酸和TVFA浓度,降低了乙丙比。研究显示,在热应激条件下的生长公牛饲粮中添加酵母培养物,显著提高了瘤胃微生物蛋白、乙酸、丙酸和TVFA浓度[23]。体外研究也表明,以荷斯坦奶牛为瘤胃液供体,在底物中添加酵母培养物可以显著提高丙酸的摩尔比例和TVFA浓度,降低乙酸的摩尔比例[56]。Denev等[57]研究表明,酵母培养物能显著提高反刍动物瘤胃微生物的纤维素分解活性,增加瘤胃微生物总数,促进纤维消化,减少乳酸积累,降低瘤胃液中氧浓度以及提高饲粮中供应的淀粉利用率,并通过这种方式影响VFA的产生速度,从而增加瘤胃环境的稳定性。但Carpinelli等[38]的研究表明,在围产期奶牛饲粮中添加酵母培养物降低了产前瘤胃内异戊酸浓度,提高了产后瘤胃内戊酸浓度,但对TVFA浓度并无显著影响。Shi等[58]研究表明,在围产期荷斯坦奶牛饲粮中酵母培养物对瘤胃单个VFA和TVFA浓度均无显著影响。与围产期奶牛类似,在泌乳中期奶牛饲粮中添加酵母培养物不影响主要VFA(乙酸、丙酸和丁酸盐)产量[59]。综上可知,在反刍动物饲粮中添加酵母培养物对于改变瘤胃单个VFA的比例和提高TVFA浓度有一定作用,但反刍动物在不同的生理状态或采食特定结构的饲粮时,酵母培养物的加入对瘤胃VFA并无显著影响,需要结合体内体外方法进一步研究其作用效果。

3.2 瘤胃pH

高精料饲喂模式导致的瘤胃酸中毒可分为急性或亚急性,急性酸中毒是指瘤胃内乳酸浓度升高,导致瘤胃pH降至5.0以下,亚急性胃酸中毒的特征是pH介于5.0~5.8,持续时间超过每天3 h[60]。大多数研究都支持这样的假设,即乳酸积累的减少和微生物多样性的增加会导致瘤胃pH的改善。已发表的文献对比显示,酵母培养物对瘤胃pH的影响并不一致。Tun等[61]评估了酵母培养物在奶牛体内和体外的补充效果,发现酵母培养物保护了瘤胃微生物多样性,降低了瘤胃酸中毒的风险。Erasmus等[62]研究表明,在荷斯坦奶牛饲粮中添加10 g/d的酵母培养物可以提高奶牛的DMI和产奶量,在维持pH在健康状态的情况下,将瘤胃乳酸峰值浓度从1.93 mmol/L降至1.73 mmol/L。在泌乳早期荷斯坦奶牛的高淀粉饲粮中添加15 g/d酵母培养物可显著提高瘤胃pH(对照组5.72 vs. 试验组6.12),降低瘤胃乳酸浓度(对照组7.72 mmol/L vs. 试验组1.33 mmol/L),并降低奶牛饲喂高淀粉饲粮时引起的亚急性瘤胃酸中毒的风险,同时改善泌乳性能[7]。在绵羊急性瘤胃酸中毒的防治中使用酵母培养物同样是有益的,研究发现绵羊急性乳酸酸中毒48 h后,瘤胃内乳酸浓度显著降低(对照组15.2 mmol/L vs. 试验组0.45 mmol/L),从而提高了瘤胃pH(对照组5.70 vs. 试验组7.08),降低瘤胃渗透压(对照组309 mOsm/L vs. 试验组202 mOsm/L)[63]。而Song等[25]的研究表明,将酵母培养物添加到育肥羔羊的颗粒状全混合日粮中对瘤胃pH并无显著影响。Hristov等[64]研究表明,在荷斯坦奶牛饲粮中添加酵母培养物对瘤胃pH也无显著影响。综上所述,在反刍动物饲粮中添加酵母培养物在稳定瘤胃pH方面效果显著,并且在高精料饲喂模式下,酵母培养物的摄入可以缓解瘤胃pH下降并降低亚急性瘤胃酸中毒的程度。

3.3 营养物质消化率

如前文所述,在反刍动物饲粮中添加酵母培养物对提高纤维消化率具有积极作用。Song等[25]研究表明,在3月龄绵羊的全混合日粮中添加5 g/kg的酵母培养物,平均日增重(ADG)增加31.1 g,NDF和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)消化率显著提高。在绵羊饲粮中添加10 g/(d·只)酵母培养物可以显著提高干物质(DM)、NDF、ADF和粗蛋白质(CP)消化率[65]。付晓然等[66]研究表明,在湖羊公羔饲粮中添加平均体重1%的酵母培养物,NDF消化率增加23.06%,ADF消化率增加31.3%,当添加量达到平均体重的2%时,NDF消化率增加32.14%,ADF消化率增加47.15%。在奶牛上也有类似报道,添加100 g/(d·头)的酵母培养物可显著提高奶牛的DMI以及DM和NDF消化率[67]。酵母培养物对促进幼龄反刍动物的消化效果更加显著,Lesmeister等[68]研究表明,在荷斯坦犊牛开食料中加入2% DM的酵母培养物可以显著增加总DMI、ADG和平均日臀宽变化,并改善犊牛的瘤胃发育。在荷斯坦小母牛的高精料饲粮中加入酵母培养物可以显著降低瘤胃泡沫强度,具有降低腹胀风险的潜在益处[69]。在3月龄绵羊高精料饲粮中添加4 g/(d·只)酵母培养物可以显著提高羔羊的CP消化率、细胞壁消化率和血浆葡萄糖浓度[70]
基于以上报道可以看出,在反刍动物饲粮中添加酵母培养物可以明显提高纤维消化率,但其作用机制可能并不仅仅局限于纤维分解菌的生长与活性的提高。传统研究认为酵母培养物的摄入提高了纤维素分解菌在植物细胞壁的定植效率[44]。目前也有研究认为,酵母培养物可能会刺激瘤胃厌氧真菌定植于饲料纤维,使饲料纤维更容易被纤维分解菌接触分解,从而提高纤维消化率,而不是对纤维分解菌的增殖产生直接影响[71]。总之,虽然酵母培养物可以提高反刍动物的纤维消化率,但仍需要进一步研究影响酵母培养物功效的混杂因素(即酵母类型、剂量和发酵工艺),以确定其在反刍动物中的应用。

4 小结与展望

在饲料端全面“禁抗”时代,酵母培养物作为一种无毒无害的饲料添加剂,在反刍动物营养中起着益生元的作用。酵母培养物可通过自身富含的营养物质和未知生长因子,促进瘤胃有益微生物的生长,缓解高精料饲喂模式导致的瘤胃pH降低,进而提高纤维分解菌的活性,提高纤维的消化率,改变瘤胃VFA的组成,改善瘤胃功能与健康,提升反刍动物生产性能。
酵母菌株及其培养基成分与瘤胃微生物群的复杂相互作用对于理解微生物转移及其随后产生的代谢物至关重要。大多数研究中采用的酵母培养物是商业产品,鲜有关于酵母培养物生产的信息,发酵培养基、发酵条件(如pH、温度、发酵时间)和代谢物组成并未明确报道,这些关键信息的缺失可能限制了酵母培养物调控瘤胃功能机制的深入研究。同时,酵母培养物的使用缺乏一致的结果,需要使用相同的试验方法、酵母培养物产品和剂量进行进一步的研究,以确定其对瘤胃微生物群、发酵和最终生产参数的影响。此外,当反刍动物在不同的生理状态或采食特定结构的饲粮时,有针对性地使用酵母培养物,可能会通过及时的补充所需生物活性物质来最大限度地提高生产性能。因此,未来的研究中需要关注酵母培养物的生产工艺与成分构成,针对不同生理和生长阶段的反刍动物饲喂合适的酵母培养物,并通过传统营养学与现代分析手段进一步明确酵母培养物改善瘤胃功能的分子机制。
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