综述

黏蛋白与肠道黏膜屏障的研究进展

  • 夏佳佳 ,
  • 徐程宇 ,
  • 秦贵信 ,
  • 潘丽 , *
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  • 吉林农业大学动物科学技术学院,长春 130118
*潘 丽,副教授,硕士生导师,E-mail:

夏佳佳(1998—),女,陕西榆林人,硕士研究生,从事比较动物营养学和动物消化道健康研究。E-mail:

Copy editor: 武海龙

收稿日期: 2023-10-10

  网络出版日期: 2024-03-13

基金资助

国家自然科学基金项目(32072763)

中国博士后科学基金(2023M733802)

Advances in Mucin and Intestinal Mucosal Barrier

  • XIA Jiajia ,
  • XU Chengyu ,
  • QIN Guixin ,
  • PAN Li , *
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  • College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
*associate professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2023-10-10

  Online published: 2024-03-13

摘要

肠道黏蛋白是由杯状细胞合成与分泌的一类由黏多糖组成的大分子糖蛋白,主要作用是通过与肠黏膜上皮细胞表面的黏附分子相互结合,维持肠黏膜屏障的完整性和功能性。开展肠道相关黏蛋白及肠道黏膜屏障的研究对调节动物的肠道健康至关重要。本文概述了黏蛋白的结构、种类、生理功能以及黏蛋白与肠道黏膜屏障的关系。此外,本文还介绍了肠道黏蛋白与肠道炎症和其他肠道疾病的密切联系,为深入探究黏蛋白在动物肠道中的生理作用为肠道疾病的预防和治疗措施提供参考。

本文引用格式

夏佳佳 , 徐程宇 , 秦贵信 , 潘丽 . 黏蛋白与肠道黏膜屏障的研究进展[J]. 动物营养学报, 2024 , 36(3) : 1484 -1493 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.131

Abstract

Intestinal mucin is a type of macromolecular glycoprotein composed of mucopolysaccharides, which is synthesized and secreted by goblet cells. The main function of the intestinal mucin is to maintain the integrity and functionality of the intestinal mucosal barrier by binding to the adhesion molecules on the surface of intestinal mucosal epithelial cells. The research of gut related mucin and gut mucosal barrier is crucial for regulating animal intestinal health. This review provides an overview of the structure, types and physiological functions of the mucin, as well as their relationship with the intestinal mucosal barrier. In addition, this review also introduces the close relationship between intestinal mucin and intestinal inflammation as well as other intestinal diseases. This review will play an important theoretical foundation for in-depth exploration of the role and related mechanisms of mucin in animal intestines, and provide important reference for the prevention and treatment strategies of human intestinal diseases.

肠道黏膜屏障主要包括肠道内正常菌群、黏液层、肠上皮细胞以及免疫屏障[1],作用于肠道与外部环境之间,阻止有害细菌、毒素和其他外部刺激物质进入肠道。上皮细胞表面的高度糖基化的聚合黏蛋白是肠道抵抗物理和化学损伤的第1道防线,这种黏蛋白富含丝氨酸和苏氨酸的蛋白质骨架结构,并与多个O-连接的寡糖侧链相连[2-3]。肠道杯状细胞不仅分泌黏蛋白为肠道内环境稳态提供机械保护屏障,而且还参与肠道免疫系统屏障[4],有助于保持肠道健康。此外,一些研究还发现,改变黏蛋白的结构和功能与肠道炎症以及其他肠道疾病的发生和发展存在密切的关系[5]

1 黏蛋白的概述

1.1 主要组成成分及结构特征

黏蛋白的主要组成部分包括蛋白质分子、糖基化物、氨基酸残基修饰物和铁离子等;其中,蛋白质分子主要为黏蛋白,具有高分子质量。多数肠道黏蛋白家族成员,如黏蛋白1(MUC1)、黏蛋白2(MUC2)、黏蛋白5B(MUC5B)和黏蛋白13(MUC13),在肠道中表达,发挥不同的功能[6]。不同种类的黏蛋白中氨基酸的数量和类型存在差别,如MUC1有480个氨基酸[7],而MUC2则有5 100个氨基酸[8]。在糖基转移酶和糖苷酶的作用下,糖基化物与氨基酸结合形成糖蛋白[9]。肠道黏蛋白糖基化的改变与肠道通透性增加以及对炎症和感染的敏感性有关[10]。氨基酸修饰包括蛋白质的磷酸化、甲基化和乙酰化等一系列化学修饰,这些修饰可以改变黏蛋白的电荷和结构,从而影响肠道疾病的改变。在体外试验中,MUC2启动子区域的甲基化抑制了结直肠癌细胞系中癌症基因的表达[11]
黏蛋白的结构主要由蛋白骨架和多糖链组成。蛋白骨架一般由10~15个氨基酸残基经肽键连接形成二级结构,例如α-螺旋和β-折叠[12],而多糖链则与蛋白骨架共同形成复合结构,通过糖苷键相连。黏蛋白的结构特点之一是它由大量富含丝氨酸、苏氨酸和脯氨酸的串联重复序列(STP重复序列)组成,这些重复序列占氨基酸的60%以上,使黏蛋白具有独特的延展性和弹性,以适应各种生物内外环境的变化[13]。此外,MUC2在氨基和羧基末端,有时在STP重复序列区域之间,会存在一些由氨基酸组成的球状蛋白区域,此区域有相对较少的O-糖基化和几个N-糖基化位点,但有高比例的半胱氨酸(超过总氨基酸比例的10%)[14]。黏蛋白5AC(MUC5AC)富含半胱氨酸的区域已被证明参与通过二硫键形成二聚体,随后通过聚合二聚体形成多聚物[15]

1.2 分类

黏蛋白是一类分布和功能各异的蛋白质,主要分为跨膜型黏蛋白和分泌型黏蛋白。跨膜型黏蛋白通过其跨膜区域与细胞膜结合,在细胞内外呈现出不同的结构和功能,能够直接与细胞外环境黏附分子结合并传递信号[16]。跨膜型黏蛋白的种类如表1所示,其在防止病原体穿透肠道黏液层引起肠道细菌感染方面发挥重要作用[16]。分泌型黏蛋白的种类如表2所示,是一类高度O-糖基化的糖蛋白,其富含半胱氨酸的区域在构建和维护黏液层、保护黏膜免受损伤和对抗病原微生物侵袭方面起关键作用[17]
表1 跨膜型黏蛋白的种类

Table 1 Types of transmembrane mucins

项目
Items
分布
Distribution
生理功能
Physiological function
黏蛋白1
MUC1
胃、乳腺、胆囊、子宫颈、胰腺、呼吸道、
空肠、结肠、十二指肠、食道、肾脏、
眼睛、B细胞、T细胞、中耳上皮[18-20]
细胞保护、黏附;参与信号传导
调控以及免疫调节;促进
肿瘤发展[21]
黏蛋白3A
MUC3A
空肠、结肠、直肠、十二指肠、
胆囊、中耳上皮[22]
对黏膜表面的颗粒和感染因子提供保护性
润滑屏障;潜在的致癌基因,可能与不良
临床结局有关[23]
黏蛋白3B
MUC3B
气道上皮、十二指肠、结肠、
胆囊、中耳上皮[24]
对黏膜表面的颗粒和感染因子提供保护性
润滑屏障;可能是疾病的标志物[25]
黏蛋白4
MUC4
小肠、结肠、直肠、呼吸道、胃、
宫颈、眼、中耳上皮[26]
参与形成黏液屏障;参与调节细胞生长、
分化和凋亡等信号传递通路;参与
免疫调节;促进肿瘤生长[27]
黏蛋白12
MUC12
小肠、结肠、直肠、胃、胰腺、
肺脏、肾脏、前列腺、子宫[28]
参与上皮细胞保护、黏附调节和
信号传导;可能参与上皮细胞生长调节[29]
黏蛋白13
MUC13
结肠、直肠、小肠、气管、肾脏、
阑尾、胃、中耳上皮[30]
可能在细胞信号传导中发挥作用;
抑制上皮细胞凋亡[31]
黏蛋白14
MUC14
心脏、肾脏、肺脏[32] 参与形成黏液层;可能参与炎症和免疫细胞的
调控;乳腺癌最具潜力调节因子[33]
黏蛋白15
MUC15
脾脏、胸腺、前列腺、睾丸、卵巢、小肠、
结肠、外周血白细胞、骨髓、淋巴结、
扁桃体、乳腺、胎肝、肺脏、中耳上皮[34]
在上皮建立选择性分子屏障并介导
信号转导;影响细胞生长、黏附、
侵袭、转移[35]
黏蛋白16
MUC16
腹膜间皮、生殖道、呼吸道、
眼、中耳上皮[36]
参与形成黏液屏障;发挥免疫调节作用;促进
癌细胞增殖并抑制抗癌免疫应答;作为
某些癌症治疗标志物[37]
黏蛋白17
MUC17
小肠、结肠、盲肠、
胃、中耳上皮[38]
形成黏附层;与肠道健康和功能调控
相关;与肿瘤相关[39]
黏蛋白20
MUC20
肾脏、胃、十二指肠、胎盘、结肠、
肺脏、前列腺、肝脏、中耳上皮[40]
形成黏液屏障和黏附层;与
肿瘤发展和转移相关[41]
黏蛋白21
MUC21
肺脏、大肠、胸腺和
睾丸[42]
细胞黏附;使细胞凋亡具有抗性;
被视为肺癌标志物[43]
黏蛋白22
MUC22
肺脏、胎盘、睾丸[44] 鉴定某种肺癌亚型[45]
表2 分泌型黏蛋白的种类

Table 2 Types of secretory mucins

项目
Items
分布
Distribution
生理功能
Physiological function
黏蛋白2
MUC2
小肠、细胞、眼、中耳上皮、
呼吸道、结肠[46]
在上皮表面和肠腔之间提供
保护屏障;参与信号传导[47]
黏蛋白5AC
MUC5AC
呼吸道、胃、宫颈、眼、
中耳上皮[46]
形成呼吸道黏液层;增加黏液的黏稠度和
润滑性;清除异物;调控黏液的物理性质[48]
黏蛋白5B
MUC5B
呼吸道、唾液腺、子宫颈、胆囊、
胰腺、精液、中耳上皮[49]
形成呼吸道黏液层;抵御病原体[50]
黏蛋白6
MUC6
胃、十二指肠、胆囊、胰腺、
精液、子宫颈、中耳上皮[51]
形成胃黏液层;中和胃酸;
抵御胃腔中刺激物[52]
黏蛋白7
MUC7
唾液腺、呼吸道、
中耳上皮[53]
具有抗菌和抗真菌活性;提供口腔黏膜的润滑和
保护作用;调节口腔微生物群落;促进免疫反应[54]
黏蛋白8
MUC8
气管、子宫颈、睾丸、
子宫内膜、胎盘[55]
参与炎症反应调节[56]
黏蛋白9
MUC9
输卵管[57] 维持黏膜屏障的完整性;维持局部免疫
平衡;上皮样间皮瘤的阴性标志物[58]
黏蛋白19
MUC19
舌下腺、下颌骨腺、呼吸道、
眼、中耳上皮[59]
形成呼吸道和眼部黏液层;抵御病原体[60]

1.3 生理功能

肠道黏蛋白在形成屏障保护黏膜、附着微生物、参与信号传递等方面发挥关键作用,有利于维持肠道健康和正常功能。这些功能的协同作用在保护身体免受有害物质侵害、维持菌群平衡、促进免疫调节等方面具有重要意义。
黏蛋白具有保护黏膜屏障功能的作用。黏蛋白具有高度可延展的特性,能够形成网络结构,参与细胞外基质的构建和维护[61]。这种网络结构不仅为细胞提供支撑和保护作用,对维持细胞的形态和机械稳定性也具有重要作用。在结肠和小肠中,由分泌型MUC2构成网状结构,并形成内环境稳定的肠黏液层[16]。黏蛋白的多聚结构具有很强的黏性和不溶解于水的特点,且具有流动性和可变性,并在不断更新的过程中保持分泌和分解之间的平衡状态[62]。黏蛋白的表达量或其糖基化结构的改变与肠道屏障功能障碍有关。如在小鼠肠道中缺乏MUC2会导致肠道通透性增加、肠道出血,自发发展成肠道炎症,并且严重影响小鼠的生长发育[63]
黏蛋白可参与细胞信号传导、黏附和迁移。跨膜黏蛋白具有受体样结构,细胞内结构域可通过磷酸化并激活信号转导途径。过度表达的MUC1参与了肿瘤发展过程中的信号转导,促进了肿瘤细胞的增殖、侵袭和转移[64]。黏蛋白上具有多个黏附位点,可以与其他细胞或基质分子相互作用,用于维持细胞的分布和功能。此外,黏蛋白3(MUC3)富含半胱氨酸的结构域在上皮恢复中发挥积极作用,在体外可促进细胞迁移,并加速体内肠道创面愈合[65]
黏蛋白参与免疫应答并具备免疫调节功能。黏蛋白作为一种递呈抗原的载体,能够与免疫细胞表面的受体结合,从而激活免疫细胞并促进其与其他免疫细胞的相互作用。T细胞免疫球蛋白黏蛋白-3(Tim-3)作为负调节因子,可通过抑制小鼠腹膜巨噬细胞中的核因子-κB(NF-κB)反应,调节核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体蛋白3(NLRP3)炎症小体的活性[66]。此外,牛颌下腺黏蛋白亦可抑制炎症反应、减轻组织损伤,并通过清除自由基保护细胞免受氧化应激的危害[67]

2 黏蛋白与肠道黏膜屏障的关系

肠道黏膜屏障是抵御潜在有害物质和传染因子的主要防线。其中,黏蛋白是屏障中不可或缺的组成部分,其黏性和黏附能力可以协助肠道保护机体免受外界有害物质侵害,同时促进有害物质的排除。

2.1 黏蛋白与机械屏障

肠道机械屏障即物理屏障,由覆盖肠黏膜的黏液层、吸收性肠上皮细胞微绒毛上的糖萼以及与肠上皮细胞之间的紧密连接组成,机械屏障在肠道中为其他屏障提供物理支持,以实现不同功能。小肠是单层黏液层,而结肠有2层黏液层[68]。结肠内黏液层紧紧附着在上皮细胞上,不能被细菌浸润,MUC2的浓度较高;外层黏液层相对疏松,共生细菌和分泌型免疫球蛋白A(sIgA)定植在外黏液层中[69]。黏液层不断更新,从肠腔中去除致病物质。
研究表明,在没有MUC2的小鼠中,根本没有黏液层,细菌直接与上皮细胞接触。这些动物的隐窝深处和上皮细胞内部也发现了细菌,这在健康动物中是从未见过的[70]。因此,消化道缺乏黏液层的动物更容易引起肠道炎症,这证明黏液层在防止病原微生物进入和传播方面发挥了保护作用。研究发现,MUC13通过抑制肠上皮细胞凋亡来预防肠道炎症[31]。黏蛋白能够调节紧密连接蛋白的拓扑结构,增强细胞间连接的紧密性,从而减少物质通过细胞间隙的可能性。缺乏MUC2基因的小鼠,紧密连接和黏附连接结构缺陷,肠道通透性增加[71]。因此,黏蛋白与肠上皮细胞生物学功能的调节、肠道稳态的维持和生理屏障完整性的保护等密切相关。

2.2 黏蛋白与免疫屏障

肠道免疫屏障主要由免疫细胞及其分泌物质以及肠道相关淋巴组织(GALT)组成。在肠道黏膜内发挥主要作用的免疫细胞有T淋巴细胞、B淋巴细胞和巨噬细胞,通过呈递抗原、制造抗体和分泌细胞因子来协调免疫反应[72]。B淋巴细胞位于肠黏膜表面,能够释放出含量最丰富的sIgA[73],从而形成保护性屏障,有效地防止病原微生物侵入黏膜,同时还负责调节炎症反应,维持黏膜屏障的完整性和稳态[74]
相关研究表明,黏蛋白能够调节免疫细胞的黏附和活化,与免疫细胞相互作用并启动、调节免疫应答[69],以增强免疫屏障的防御功能。通过黏蛋白给药能够诱导调节性T细胞和免疫球蛋白A(IgA)浆细胞群的扩增,表明黏蛋白可促进调节性T细胞的分化、迁移或增殖,增强免疫系统的发育[75]。研究证实,通过增加糖基化的MUC1可能导致先天免疫系统中各种细胞的持续活化和积累,从而导致慢性炎症的发生[76]

2.3 黏蛋白与化学屏障

肠道化学屏障是由多种消化酶、溶菌酶和抗菌肽(AMPs)组成的复杂网络,这个屏障可以防止肠道腔内的细菌与肠黏膜上皮直接接触[16]。消化酶和溶菌酶对微生物具有毒性作用,破坏微生物的细胞壁,发挥杀菌和溶菌作用。AMPs由肠上皮细胞产生,包括α-防御素、β-防御素、再生胰岛衍生蛋白3γ(Reg3γ),对细菌具有广谱和高效的杀菌活性,并阻止抗原进入宿主细胞,从而保护化学屏障的功能[77]。肠道化学屏障是维护肠道微生态平衡的重要辅助功能。
研究证明,在黏蛋白层被破坏的状态下,活化的胰蛋白酶能穿过肠上皮层进入肠壁,可能激活其他酶,并通过蛋白酶降解上皮连接蛋白,打开另一条通道,使其他消化酶进入肠壁和全身循环,导致自身消化[78]。此外,牦牛β-防御素可缓解金黄色葡萄球菌感染所导致的炎症,促进黏蛋白的合成和分泌,以确保肠道黏膜屏障的完整性[79]

2.4 黏蛋白与生物屏障

肠道生态由丰富多样的微生物群落构成,其中包括大肠杆菌、气生菌、肠球菌、变形杆菌、阿克曼氏菌、梭状芽孢杆菌和双歧杆菌等。共生微生物与上皮层进行信号交流,控制肠上皮细胞的更新速率,并强化上皮再生和屏障功能[80-81]。此外,微生物代谢产物也将作为信号,激活肠道黏膜的先天免疫反应,有助于维持免疫平衡,减少过度炎症和免疫相关疾病[82]
肠道微生物与黏蛋白之间存在密切的关系。荷兰微生物学家于2004年从肠道微生物中发现了阿克曼氏菌属,其唯一的碳源为黏蛋白[83]。微生物与黏蛋白的黏附性能有助于维护肠道健康和微生态平衡。乳酸杆菌通过与黏液层相互作用,成功定植于肠道,保证其在肠道中的生存和繁殖[84]。此外,黏液层参与肠道微生物的定植和生长调节,为微生物提供生态位点,协助益生菌定植并抑制有害菌,促进肠道生物屏障的形成[85]

3 黏蛋白与肠道健康的关系

肠道黏蛋白能够通过多种机制引起肠道炎症。首先,肠道黏蛋白的异常表达会导致肠道屏障破坏,使得有害物质通过肠道黏膜进入血液循环,引起免疫细胞的异常活化,激发炎症信号通路,最终引发炎症反应并释放炎症介质。如MUC1异常表达,其串联重复区域与启动子区域结合,通过NF-κB信号通路上调炎症细胞因子白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的表达,导致细胞内炎症相关基因的表达增加,进而加剧炎症反应的程度[86]。当肠道黏蛋白的表达和功能修复后,可以抑制炎症反应的发生。其次,肠道黏蛋白与肠道微生态之间相互作用。有试验表明,肠道黏液杆菌在某些病理情况下产生负面影响,表现为MUC2的分泌与降解之间的动态平衡被破坏,肠道黏液层厚度降低,肠道屏障被破坏,最终加重结肠炎和结直肠癌的发展[87]。黏蛋白变性将导致肠道菌群的易位和肠道菌群与宿主免疫系统之间的相互作用紊乱,进一步加重肠道炎症。除此之外,肠道黏蛋白还与多种肠道疾病的发展密切相关。在溃疡性结肠炎患者中,MUC2的表达显著下调,导致黏膜屏障受损[88],炎症反应加重。
黏蛋白已经成为癌症标志物和癌症免疫治疗的广泛研究对象,其在全球范围内得到了广泛应用。研究发现,黏蛋白的上调或下调可以影响肠道肿瘤细胞的增殖、侵袭与转移能力。与正常组织相比,在结直肠肿瘤中黏蛋白15(MUC15)的表达异常,增强了结直肠肿瘤细胞的侵袭潜能[89]。且相较于正常的结肠组织,在结直肠癌细胞系中观察到了黏蛋白12(MUC12)表达下调或未表达[90]。相反,在结直肠癌中,恶性程度较高的肿瘤表现出MUC13表达量的升高。MUC1的一个主要功能是充当抗黏附蛋白的作用,以维持肿瘤细胞在壁层上皮中的腔内的完整性,并促进其转移[91]。近年来,为了更早地发现癌症,黏蛋白被视为分析疾病进展和诊断的潜在标志物。比较不同肠道肿瘤中黏蛋白表达的差异,能够为早期诊断、预后评估和治疗监测提供新途径。通过对比研究MUC2和MUC13在结直肠癌中的表达情况,发现MUC13在结直肠癌中的表达量与肿瘤恶性程度呈正相关[92],而MUC2则相反,其在肿瘤患者肠道中表现为低表达量,而在术后恢复良好的患者中表达量升高[93]

4 小结

肠道黏蛋白形成的黏性保护层能够阻止病原菌与肠道细胞黏附,减少炎症反应,从而抑制疾病的发生。在动物饲养方面,可通过调节黏蛋白的分泌量和糖基化结构,进而有效调节动物肠道健康。因此,深入研究黏蛋白的结构、生理功能以及合成与分泌机制,在畜禽饲粮中添加有益成分(如益生菌等),可提高相关黏蛋白的表达量,改善肠道屏障功能,促进动物肠道健康和提高生产性能,为不同动物群体的差异化精准饲养提供理论依据。此外,进一步研究黏蛋白对肠道黏膜屏障结构和功能的影响机制,有助于揭示肠道健康与疾病之间的关系,为人类肠道疾病的预防和治疗策略提供生物医学方面的重要参考。
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