研究论文

紫玉米花青素对产蛋后期淘汰赤水乌骨鸡生长性能、血浆生化指标和肉品质的影响

  • 覃继肖 , 1, 2 ,
  • 周迪 3 ,
  • 李辉 1, 2 ,
  • 李佳轩 1, 2 ,
  • 王旭 1, 2 ,
  • 许一清 1, 2 ,
  • 谢双龙 1, 2 ,
  • 陈睿 1, 2 ,
  • 卢琦 1, 2 ,
  • 田兴舟 , 1, 2, *
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  • 1 贵州大学高原山地动物遗传育种与繁殖教育部重点实验室,贵阳 550025
  • 2 贵州大学动物科学学院,贵阳 550025
  • 3 贵州省种畜禽种质测定中心,贵阳 550018
*田兴舟,副教授,硕士生导师,E-mail:

覃继肖(1999—),女,贵州三都人,硕士研究生,从事动物营养与饲料科学研究。E-mail:

Copy editor: 菅景颖

收稿日期: 2023-10-25

  网络出版日期: 2024-03-13

基金资助

贵州省地方家禽产业联合攻关项目(黔财农[2020]175号)

国家自然科学基金项目(32260849)

国家自然科学基金项目(32302779)

贵州大学基础研究项目(贵大基础[2023]16号)

Effects of Purple Corn Anthocyanin on Growth Performance, Plasma Biochemical Indexes and Meat Quality of Eliminated Chishui Black-Bone Chickens during Late Laying Period

  • QIN Jixiao , 1, 2 ,
  • ZHOU Di 3 ,
  • LI Hui 1, 2 ,
  • LI Jiaxuan 1, 2 ,
  • WANG Xu 1, 2 ,
  • XU Yiqing 1, 2 ,
  • XIE Shuanglong 1, 2 ,
  • CHEN Rui 1, 2 ,
  • LU Qi 1, 2 ,
  • TIAN Xingzhou , 1, 2, *
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  • 1 Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
  • 2 College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
  • 3 Guizhou Testing Center for Livestock and Poultry Germplasm, Guiyang 550018, China
*associate professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2023-10-25

  Online published: 2024-03-13

摘要

本试验旨在研究紫玉米花青素对产蛋后期淘汰赤水乌骨鸡生长性能、血浆生化指标及肉品质的影响。采用单因素完全随机试验设计,将360只体况良好、体重相近的88周龄赤水乌骨鸡随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复15只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮中分别添加120、240和360 mg/kg的紫玉米花青素,试验持续74 d,其中预试期14 d,正试期60 d。结果显示:与对照组相比,1)饲粮中添加240 mg/kg紫玉米花青素可显著提高平均净增重和平均日增重(P<0.05),显著降低料重比(P<0.05);2)饲粮中添加120、240 或360 mg/kg紫玉米花青素均可显著降低第60天血浆总胆红素和肌酐含量(P<0.05),显著降低肌肉失水率(P<0.05);3)饲粮中添加240或360 mg/kg紫玉米花青素可显著提高肌肉中各氨基酸、鲜味氨基酸和必需氨基酸的含量(P<0.05);4)饲粮中添加120、240 或360 mg/kg紫玉米花青素均可显著提高肌肉中C16∶1、C18∶1n9t、C20∶2n6、C22∶0、C20∶3n6、C20∶4n6、C22∶5n3和C22∶6n3的含量(P<0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中添加紫玉米花青素可提高产蛋后期淘汰赤水乌骨鸡的生长性能和饲料转化效率,降低肌肉失水率,上调肌肉鲜味氨基酸、必需氨基酸和不饱和脂肪酸的含量,改善鸡肉品质。综合来看,本试验条件下,紫玉米花青素添加量为240 mg/kg时效果最佳。

本文引用格式

覃继肖 , 周迪 , 李辉 , 李佳轩 , 王旭 , 许一清 , 谢双龙 , 陈睿 , 卢琦 , 田兴舟 . 紫玉米花青素对产蛋后期淘汰赤水乌骨鸡生长性能、血浆生化指标和肉品质的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2024 , 36(3) : 1652 -1664 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.145

Abstract

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of purple corn anthocyanin on growth performance, plasma biochemical indexes and meat quality of eliminated Chishui black-bone chickens during the late laying period. Three hundred and sixty 88-week-old Chishui black-bone chickens were randomly allotted into four groups according to completely randomized design, each group had 6 replicates, and each replicate had 15 chickens. Chickens in control group were fed a basal diet, and those in experimental groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 120, 240 and 360 mg/kg of purple corn anthocyanin, respectively. The feeding trial lasted for 74 d, which consisted of the preparation period was 14 d and formal experiment period was 60 d. The results showed as follows: compared with the control group, 1) dietary supplemented with 240 mg/kg purple corn anthocyanin could significantly increase average net gain and average daily gain (P<0.05), whereas it could significantly decrease feed/gain ratio (P<0.05); 2) dietary supplemented with 120, 240 or 360 mg/kg purple corn anthocyanins could significantly reduce plasma total bilirubin and creatinine content at day 60 (P<0.05), and it could significantly decrease muscle water loss rate (P<0.05); 3) dietary supplemented with 240 or 360 mg/kg purple corn anthocyanin could significantly increase the contents of individual amino acid, umami amino acid, and essential amino acid in muscle (P<0.05); 4) dietary supplemented with 120, 240 or 360 mg/kg purple corn anthocyanin could significantly increase the contents of C16∶1, C18∶1n9t, C20∶2n6, C22∶0, C20∶3n6, C20∶4n6, C22∶5n-3 and C22∶6n3 in muscle (P<0.05). The results indicate that dietary supplemented with purple corn anthocyanin has the ability to increase the growth performance and feed conversion efficiency, decrease the muscle water loss rate, and improve the umami amino acid, essential amino acid and unsaturated fatty acid contents, and thus improve the meat quality of eliminated Chishui black-bone chickens during late laying period. Taken together, the best effect is obtained when the additive amount of purple corn anthocyanin is 240 mg/kg under the conditions of this experiment.

蛋鸡的产蛋能力随着年龄的增长会逐渐降低,在产蛋后期低产鸡、停产鸡数量不断增加,经济效益不断下降,蛋鸡会被适时淘汰进入市场提供鸡肉。我国淘汰蛋鸡数量巨大,但价格普遍较低,一方面是因为随着日龄增长,器官逐渐衰老病变,加上外部条件和高强度产蛋等应激,影响了淘汰蛋鸡的健康[1];另一方面是淘汰蛋鸡肌肉系水力降低,可溶性营养成分和风味损失严重,导致肌肉品质下降[2]。但是,淘汰蛋鸡肌肉中粗蛋白质、多不饱和脂肪含量高,脂肪、胆固醇含量低,仍具有广阔的开发利用前景[3]。赤水乌骨鸡是贵州著名的肉蛋兼用型家禽品种,肉质鲜嫩,有较高的营养价值,深受消费者喜爱[4],在产蛋后期改善其生长性能和提高鸡肉品质将有利于提升其淘汰后在鸡肉市场中的竞争力。
为维护和保障动物源食品安全和公共卫生安全,我国在2020年已全面禁止添加抗生素至饲料中。因此,寻找天然、无残留的绿色抗生素替代物变得极为重要。Saleh等[5]研究发现,在饲粮中补饲富含多酚的植物提取物可改善鸡只的生长性能、增强抗氧化性能和提高肌肉中n-3多不饱和脂肪(n-3 PUFA)含量,提升肌肉品质。花青素是一种水溶性色素,在植物中主要以糖苷键和糖类相结合形成花色苷,是富含多个酚羟基的天然的多酚化合物[6]。已有研究表明,花青素具有抗衰老[7]、抗氧化[8]、抗肿瘤[9]等功能。Hu等[10]研究表明,花青素可通过抑制磷脂肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(PI3K/AKT/mTOR)信号通路,提高机体的抗氧化性能,改善动物健康。然而,目前鲜见关于花青素调控产蛋后期淘汰蛋鸡生长性能和肌肉品质方面的研究报道。紫玉米含有丰富的花青素,其在常温下稳定性较高,可将其直接添加到动物饲粮中长时间保存[11]。基于此,本试验拟探究紫玉米花青素对产蛋后期淘汰赤水乌骨鸡生长性能、血浆生化指标以及肌肉物性参数、氨基酸和脂肪酸组成的影响,旨在为天然抗氧化剂在淘汰蛋鸡饲粮中的应用提供参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计

饲养试验在贵州竹乡鸡养殖有限公司进行,整个试验过程严格参照贵州大学实验动物伦理委员会(批准号为EAEGZU-2021-P017)相关制度执行。本课题组前期研究发现饲粮中添加紫玉米花青素对产蛋后期淘汰赤水乌骨鸡的平均蛋重无显著影响,可显著提高产蛋率,但产蛋率仅为38%~47%,影响其作为蛋鸡饲养的养殖效益[12]。因此,本研究重点关注产蛋后期淘汰赤水乌骨鸡的肉用价值。试验采用单因素完全随机试验设计,选取360只体况良好、体重[(1 728±147) g]接近的88周龄的产蛋后期淘汰赤水乌骨鸡,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复15只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮中分别添加120、240和360 mg/kg的紫玉米花青素(总花青素含量为2 619 μg/g)。试验持续74 d,其中预试期14 d,正试期60 d。试验鸡置于尺寸为45 cm×43 cm×43.5 cm的鸡笼中,每笼3只。赤水乌骨鸡基础饲粮参考我国《鸡饲养标准》(NY/T 33—2004)和养殖场饲养要求进行配制,其组成及营养水平见表1
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis) %

项目 Items 含量 Content
原料 Ingredients
玉米 Corn 61.50
豆粕 Soybean meal 26.19
豆油 Soybean oil 1.05
石粉 Limestone 7.86
鱼粉 Fish meal 0.10
食盐 NaCl 0.30
预混料 Premix1) 3.00
合计 Total 100.00
营养水平 Nutrient levels2)
干物质 DM 92.59
代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) 12.22
粗蛋白质 CP 16.26
钙 Ca 3.23
总磷 TP 0.45
有效磷 AP 0.19
赖氨酸 Lys 0.87
蛋氨酸 Met 0.42
蛋氨酸+胱氨酸 Met+Cys 0.71

1)每千克预混料提供Provided the following per kg of premix:Cu 200 mg,Fe 1 200 mg,Mn 1 300 mg,Zn 1 400 mg,VE 450 IU,VA 160 000 IU,VD3 40 000 IU,VK3 30 mg,烟酰胺 niacinamide 600 mg,D-泛酸钙 D-calcium pantothenate 260 mg,D-生物素 D-biotin 1.7 mg,VB2 70 mg,VB6 60 mg,叶酸 folic acid 17 mg,蛋氨酸 Met 25 g。

2)粗蛋白质、钙、总磷及氨基酸为实测值,其余为计算值。CP, Ca, TP and amino acids were measured values, while the others were calculated values.

1.2 饲养管理

鸡舍平均温度保持在23 ℃,相对湿度保持在60%~65%。试验期间定时对圈舍进行清扫与消毒,维持圈舍清洁、干燥和通风,圈舍光照时间与强度、常规防疫制度与鸡舍正常饲养标准一致。以重复为单位,每天05:00和17:00各喂料1次,试验期间鸡只自由采食与饮水。

1.3 测定指标及方法

1.3.1 饲粮营养成分测定

利用四分法采集配制好的基础饲粮500 g,置于65 ℃烘箱中烘干,室温回潮24 h,粉碎后过1 mm筛转入自封袋制备风干样。参照《饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术》[13]中的直接干燥法、凯氏定氮法、高锰酸钾法和分光光度法检测基础饲粮中的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、钙(Ca)和磷(P)含量;参照《饲料中氨基酸的测定》(GB/T 18246—2019)检测基础饲粮中的氨基酸含量。

1.3.2 生长性能相关指标测定

以重复为单位,每天记录饲喂量和剩余量,计算干物质采食量和平均日采食量(ADFI);在试验第1天和最后1天分别称重,记为初始体重(IBW)和终末体重(FBW),计算平均净增重(ANG)和平均日增重(ADG);根据ADFI和ADG计算料重比(F/G)。根据Omar等[14]研究中的公式计算生长性能相关指标:

ADFI(g/d)=累积干物质采食量/(试验鸡只数×饲养天数);

ANG(g)=FBW-IBW;

ADG(g/d)=ANG/(试验鸡只数×饲养天数);

F/G=ADFI/ADG。

1.3.3 血浆生化指标测定

在正试期第20天、第40天和第60天晨饲前,从每个重复中随机选取2只鸡(每组共12只)进行翅下静脉采血,常温静置2 h后,用离心机(KJH80-2,江苏康建华医疗用品有限公司)于4 000×g离心15 min,吸取上层血浆转移至1.5 mL离心管,转入-80 ℃冰箱保存,用于后续血浆生化指标的测定。所测血浆生化指标包括总胆红素(total bilirubin,TBIL,C019-1-1)、肌酐(creatinine,CRE,C011-2-1)、尿酸(uric acid,UA,C012-2-1)、葡萄糖(glucose,GLU,A031-1-1)、谷丙转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT,C009-2-1)、谷草转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST,C010-2-1)、白蛋白(albumin,ALB,A028-1-1)和总蛋白(total protein,TP,A045-2-2)含量或活性,具体操作依据试剂盒(购于南京建成生物工程研究所)说明书进行,最后使用PowerWaveXS型全波长酶标仪(Bio-Tek Instruments,Inc.)进行吸光度检测。

1.3.4 肌肉营养成分与物性参数测定

饲养试验结束后,从每个重复中随机选取1只试验鸡(每组共6只),断料、不断水12 h后进行屠宰试验,分离胸肌,去除肌肉筋膜。将一部分处理好的胸肌肉样先放入-80 ℃冰箱冷冻2 h,然后转入真空冷冻干燥器(LYOQUEST-85 PLUS,百乐科技有限公司),安装好后打开冷凝器和真空泵电源,冷凝器设置为-80 ℃、真空泵设置为0.000 Pa。冷冻干燥72 h后将样品用高速粉碎机(QE-200,浙江屹立工贸有限公司)粉碎,再过1 mm筛制备风干样,用于检测肌肉营养成分。同时,将一部分去除筋膜的胸肌肉样置于4 ℃冰箱保存,用于测定pH45 min、pH24 h、45 min肉色、24 h肉色、滴水损失率、失水率等肌肉物性参数。
营养成分测定:肌肉中水分、CP、粗脂肪(EE)、粗灰分(Ash)分别参照《食品安全国家标准 食品中水分的测定》(GB 5009.3—2016)、《食品安全国家标准 食品中蛋白质的测定》(GB 5009.5—2016)、《食品安全国家标准 食品中脂肪的测定》(GB 5009.6—2016)和《食品安全国家标准 食品中灰分的测定》(GB 5009.4—2016)进行测定。
pH测定:采用PH-STAR胴体肌肉pH测定仪测定静置45 min 和24 h后肌肉的pH。测定前先用pH为4.0和7.0的标准缓冲溶液校准pH测定仪的探针,再将pH检测仪插入肌肉,使探针完全包埋在肌肉中,待显示屏上的数值稳定后,记录数值,每个肌肉样品测定3个点,结果取平均值。
肉色测定:采用OPTO-STAR肉色测定仪测定静置45 min和24 h后肌肉的色度。先根据特定的校准模块对肉色测定仪进行校准,测定设备系统定义为L*值,将肌肉平铺在实验台上,使肉色测定仪与待测面充分接触,待显示屏上的数值稳定后,记录L*值,每个肌肉样品测定3个点,结果取平均值。
滴水损失率测定:称取约2 g肉样(m1),用回形针垂直悬挂于塑料杯中,塑料杯外用保鲜袋充气密封,迅速置于4 ℃的冰箱中,放置24 h后擦干肉样表面水分,再称重(m2)。
滴水损失率(%)=[(m1-m2)/m1]×100。
失水率测定:称取约2 g肉样(m3),放在2层医用纱布之间,两面各覆盖18张滤纸,将肉样放置在失水率测定仪的平台上,匀速加压到30 kg保持30 min,取出肉样再进行第2次称重(m4)。
失水率(%)=[(m3-m4)/m3]×100。

1.3.5 肌肉氨基酸和脂肪酸组成测定

将制备的胸肌风干样用于测定肌肉的氨基酸和脂肪酸组成。参考《食品安全国家标准 食品中氨基酸的测定》(GB/T 5009.124—2016)中的酸水解方法,用氨基酸自动分析仪(L-8900,株式会社日立制作所)测定肌肉中各氨基酸含量。参照《食品安全国家标准 食品中脂肪酸的测定》(GB/T 5009.168—2016)中的水解-提取法,用气相色谱仪(Agilent-6890,安捷伦科技有限公司)测定肌肉中各脂肪酸含量。

1.4 数据统计与分析

试验数据运用SAS 9.4软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),并采用Duncan氏多重比较法检验组间差异显著性,差异显著水平为P<0.05。结果数据以平均值和均值标准误(SEM)表示。

2 结果

2.1 紫玉米花青素对赤水乌骨鸡生长性能的影响

表2所示,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加120、240或360 mg/kg紫玉米花青素对赤水乌骨鸡的ADFI均没有显著影响(P>0.05);饲粮中添加240或360 mg/kg紫玉米花青素可显著提高赤水乌骨鸡的FBW(P<0.05);此外,饲粮中添加240 mg/kg紫玉米花青素还可显著提高赤水乌骨鸡的ANG和ADG(P<0.05),显著降低F/G(P<0.05)。
表2 紫玉米花青素对赤水乌骨鸡生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of purple corn anthocyanin on growth performance of Chishui black-bone chickens

项目
Items
紫玉米花青素添加量
Purple corn anthocyanin additive amount/(mg/kg)
均值标准误
SEM
P
P-value
0 120 240 360
平均日采食量 ADFI/(g/d) 98 98 97 98 0.752 9 0.161 7
初始体重 IBW/g 1 681.60 1 695.79 1 766.43 1 765.15 24.869 6 0.153 2
终末体重 FBW/g 1 974.26b 1 985.69b 2 116.88a 2 083.44a 30.119 3 0.006 2
平均净增重 ANG/g 292.67b 289.91b 350.45a 318.29ab 17.576 2 0.042 6
平均日增重 ADG/(g/d) 3.95b 3.92b 4.74a 4.30ab 0.237 5 0.042 6
料重比 F/G 25.23a 25.02a 20.72b 22.59ab 1.028 6 0.025 6

同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below.

2.2 紫玉米花青素对赤水乌骨鸡血浆生化指标的影响

表3所示,与对照组相比,240和360 mg/kg组第20天血浆ALT活性显著提高(P<0.05);360 mg/kg组第40天血浆UA含量和第60天血浆AST活性显著提高(P<0.05);各添加紫玉米花青素组第60天血浆TBIL和CRE含量均显著降低(P<0.05)。整个试验期内,饲粮中添加不同水平紫玉米花青素对血浆GLU和TP含量均无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表3 紫玉米花青素对赤水乌骨鸡血浆生化指标的影响

Table 3 Effects of purple corn anthocyanin on plasma biochemical indexes of Chishui black-bone chickens

项目
Items
紫玉米花青素添加量
Purple corn anthocyanin additive amount/(mg/kg)
均值标准误
SEM
P
P-value
0 120 240 360
第20天 Day 20
总胆红素 TBIL/(μmol/L) 29.78 24.48 22.06 24.26 3.114 8 0.980 0
肌酐 CRE/(μmol/L) 66.90 77.44 69.04 75.00 18.225 9 0.980 9
尿酸 UA/(mg/L) 59.83 60.69 60.85 55.24 3.169 4 0.558 7
葡萄糖 GLU/(mmol/L) 11.03 12.2 12.07 13.52 1.086 8 0.457 8
谷丙转氨酶 ALT/(U/L) 83.35c 86.33bc 88.88ab 91.70a 1.565 2 0.002 4
谷草转氨酶 AST/(U/L) 68.95 71.95 71.18 67.91 3.401 8 0.820 6
总蛋白 TP/(g/L) 52.40 53.79 54.32 50.52 2.904 3 0.835 5
白蛋白 ALB/(g/L) 19.38 19.30 19.53 18.63 1.677 4 0.982 3
第40天 Day 40
总胆红素 TBIL/(μmol/L) 25.37 23.99 21.84 19.85 8.606 9 0.987 6
肌酐 CRE/(μmol/L) 56.66 61.40 59.18 45.43 12.871 8 0.834 5
尿酸 UA/(mg/L) 56.59b 59.38ab 66.22ab 69.98a 3.641 0 0.048 3
葡萄糖 GLU/(mmol/L) 11.52 11.48 11.62 12.28 0.991 2 0.932 2
谷丙转氨酶 ALT/(U/L) 73.85ab 75.73a 73.81ab 72.23b 1.136 2 0.039 5
谷草转氨酶 AST/(U/L) 76.32 83.24 80.53 80.60 2.476 8 0.268 3
总蛋白 TP/(g/L) 55.87 53.32 57.02 57.90 2.481 2 0.669 4
白蛋白 ALB/(g/L) 22.73 18.79 22.93 20.39 1.470 3 0.166 4
第60天 Day 60
总胆红素 TBIL/(μmol/L) 21.18a 17.20b 16.58b 16.54b 0.525 1 0.030 9
肌酐 CRE/(μmol/L) 96.77a 54.56b 61.37b 61.57b 0.491 2 0.032 2
尿酸 UA/(mg/L) 60.57 59.13 53.11 59.05 2.948 8 0.300 1
葡萄糖 GLU/(mmol/L) 18.68 17.71 21.62 17.89 2.120 1 0.540 4
谷丙转氨酶 ALT/(U/L) 75.55ab 74.42ab 74.15b 76.62a 0.771 2 0.048 4
谷草转氨酶 AST/(U/L) 41.16b 40.72b 50.41ab 60.58a 3.977 0 0.001 5
总蛋白 TP/(g/L) 56.97 62.26 55.31 54.45 2.780 9 0.261 7
白蛋白 ALB/(g/L) 19.84ab 21.60a 22.30a 15.94b 1.440 2 0.026 5

2.3 紫玉米花青素对赤水乌骨鸡肌肉营养成分及物性参数的影响

表4所示,肌肉中水分、CP、EE、Ash含量以及pH45 min、pH24 h L 45 m i n * L 24 h *和滴水损失率各组间差异均不显著(P>0.05)。与对照相比,饲粮中添加120、240或360 mg/kg紫玉米花青素可显著降低肌肉的失水率(P<0.05)。
表4 紫玉米花青素对赤水乌骨鸡肌肉营养成分及物性参数的影响

Table 4 Effects of purple corn anthocyanin on muscle nutritional components and physical characteristics parameters of Chishui black-bone chickens

项目
Items
紫玉米花青素添加量
Purple corn anthocyanin additive amount/(mg/kg)
均值标准误
SEM
P
P-value
0 120 240 360
水分 Moisture/% 67.36 68.74 68.60 68.58 0.684 2 0.489 6
粗蛋白质 CP/% 21.47 21.71 21.68 21.49 0.644 5 0.990 0
粗脂肪 EE/% 3.49 3.65 3.42 3.36 0.162 4 0.624 3
粗灰分 Ash/% 4.70 4.44 4.81 4.66 0.208 6 0.671 3
pH45 min 6.02 5.93 6.04 5.57 0.127 9 0.155 1
pH24 h 5.89 5.95 5.90 5.81 0.039 6 0.216 1
L 45 m i n * 89.21 89.38 90.00 86.64 0.901 1 0.212 6
L 24 h * 88.23 89.25 90.00 86.03 1.284 6 0.282 3
失水率 Water loss rate/% 23.76a 11.42b 13.44b 13.23b 1.313 1 0.001 0
滴水损失率 Drip loss rate/% 11.70 13.42 13.33 12.50 1.017 5 0.650 8

2.4 紫玉米花青素对赤水乌骨鸡肌肉氨基酸组成的影响

表5所示,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加240或360 mg/kg紫玉米花青素可显著提高肌肉中各氨基酸、鲜味氨基酸和必需氨基酸的含量(P<0.05)。
表5 紫玉米花青素对赤水乌骨鸡肌肉氨基酸组成的影响

Table 5 Effects of purple corn anthocyanin on muscle amino acid composition of Chishui black-bone chickens %

项目
Items
紫玉米花青素添加量
Purple corn anthocyanin additive amount/(mg/kg)
均值标准误
SEM
P
P-value
0 120 240 360
天冬氨酸 Asp 7.515b 7.527b 8.168a 8.112a 0.044 3 <0.000 1
苏氨酸 Thr 3.549b 3.552b 3.844a 3.887a 0.020 5 <0.000 1
丝氨酸 Ser 2.852c 2.825c 3.025b 3.345a 0.019 2 <0.000 1
谷氨酸 Glu 11.747c 11.885c 12.685b 13.225a 0.072 1 <0.000 1
甘氨酸 Gly 3.298b 3.352b 3.604a 3.644a 0.021 4 <0.000 1
丙氨酸 Ala 4.449b 4.486b 4.874a 4.897a 0.031 2 <0.000 1
缬氨酸 Val 3.990c 3.969c 4.364a 4.253b 0.025 1 <0.000 1
蛋氨酸 Met 2.028c 2.067c 2.457a 2.368b 0.014 0 <0.000 1
异亮氨酸 Ile 3.715b 3.704b 4.046a 4.016a 0.024 6 <0.000 1
亮氨酸 Leu 6.211b 6.258b 6.798a 6.742a 0.039 3 <0.000 1
酪氨酸 Tyr 2.798b 2.797b 3.066a 3.015a 0.017 5 <0.000 1
苯丙氨酸 Phe 3.949c 3.941c 4.359a 4.265b 0.024 4 <0.000 1
组氨酸 His 3.517c 3.475c 4.118a 3.626b 0.023 2 <0.000 1
赖氨酸 Lys 7.058b 7.101b 7.675a 7.646a 0.043 9 <0.000 1
精氨酸 Arg 5.038b 5.041b 5.472a 5.444a 0.030 2 <0.000 1
脯氨酸 Pro 2.652c 2.637c 3.041a 2.909b 0.034 4 <0.000 1
必需氨基酸 EAA 30.500b 30.592b 33.544a 33.177a 0.190 3 <0.000 1
鲜味氨基酸 UAA 33.756c 33.988c 36.756b 37.160a 0.209 3 <0.000 1

必需氨基酸=缬氨酸+苏氨酸+异亮氨酸+亮氨酸+赖氨酸+蛋氨酸+苯丙氨酸,鲜味氨基酸=甘氨酸+丙氨酸+天冬氨酸+谷氨酸+苯丙氨酸+酪氨酸。

EAA=Val+Thr+Ile+Leu+Lys+Met+Phe, and UAA=Gly+Ala+Asp+Glu+Phe+Tyr.

2.5 紫玉米花青素对赤水乌骨鸡肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响

表6所示,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加120、240或360 mg/kg紫玉米花青素皆可显著提高肌肉中C12∶0、C14∶0、C16∶0、C16∶1、C17∶0、C18∶0、C18∶1n9t、C20∶2n6、C22∶0、C20∶3n6、C20∶4n6、C22∶5n3和C22∶6n3的含量(P<0.05),显著降低肌肉中C18∶1n9c和C18∶2n6c的含量(P<0.05);饲粮中添加120或240 mg/kg紫玉米花青素还显著提高了肌肉中C15∶0的含量(P<0.05),添加360 mg/kg还显著提高了肌肉中C20∶0的含量(P<0.05)。此外,与120和360 mg/kg组相比,240 mg/kg组肌肉中C18∶3n3含量显著提高(P<0.05),肌肉中C14∶1含量显著降低(P<0.05)。
表6 紫玉米花青素对赤水乌骨鸡肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响

Table 6 Effects of purple corn anthocyanin on muscle fatty acid composition of Chishui black-bone chickens %

项目
Items
紫玉米花青素添加量
Purple corn anthocyanin additive amount/(mg/kg)
均值标准误
SEM
P
P-value
0 120 240 360
饱和脂肪酸 SFA
C12∶0 0.035d 0.042b 0.056a 0.039c 0.000 9 <0.000 1
C14∶0 0.770d 0.861b 0.980a 0.828c 0.001 3 <0.000 1
C15∶0 0.089c 0.096a 0.092b 0.086d 0.000 4 <0.000 1
C16∶0 25.824d 27.061c 28.438a 27.082b 0.004 4 <0.000 1
C17∶0 0.021b 0.077a 0.069a 0.071a 0.003 1 <0.000 1
C18∶0 6.989d 7.793b 7.641c 8.090a 0.004 0 <0.000 1
C20∶0 0.073b 0.073ab 0.066c 0.076a 0.000 9 0.000 2
C22∶0 0.031d 0.060c 0.063b 0.069a 0.000 6 <0.000 1
单不饱和脂肪酸 MUFA
C14∶1 0.119b 0.125a 0.119b 0.128a 0.0012 0.001 5
C16∶1 3.886d 4.178b 3.915c 4.260a 0.005 0 <0.000 1
C18∶1n9t 0.151c 0.157b 0.159b 0.169a 0.001 1 <0.000 1
C18∶1n9c 40.269a 37.875d 37.957c 39.219b 0.007 5 <0.000 1
C20∶1n9 0.02 0.115 0.038 0.033 0.033 8 0.255 1
多不饱和脂肪酸 PUFA
C18∶2n6t 0.065 0.055 0.054 0.051 0.004 4 0.202 5
C18∶2n6c 20.021a 19.142b 17.930c 17.533d 0.007 1 <0.000 1
C18∶3n6 0.264 0.196 0.258 0.271 0.039 9 0.556 4
C18∶3n3 0.747a 0.676b 0.749a 0.641c 0.001 2 <0.000 1
C20∶2n6 0.010d 0.134a 0.131b 0.128c 0.000 8 <0.000 1
C20∶3n6 0.049c 0.083a 0.086a 0.074b 0.001 5 0.007 4
C20∶4n6 0.450d 1.033a 1.017b 0.966c 0.001 1 <0.000 1
C22∶5n3 0.024c 0.057b 0.074a 0.074a 0.001 5 <0.000 1
C22∶6n3 0.053b 0.108a 0.109a 0.112a 0.001 3 <0.000 1

3 讨论

在现代规模化、集约化生产中,家禽易受外界环境刺激,造成体内活性氧(ROS)自由基积聚,使体内抗氧化与氧化作用失衡,影响机体正常生长发育[15-16]。本课题组前期研究发现,饲粮中添加紫玉米花青素可显著提高产蛋后期淘汰赤水乌骨鸡的产蛋率[12],这可能是因为花青素不仅可通过影响肠道形态、屏障功能、微生物群来提高产蛋性能,而且能与甾体雌激素结合,增加雌激素和孕激素水平,从而刺激垂体释放促卵泡素和促黄体素,促进卵泡成熟和排卵,提高蛋鸡的产蛋率[17-18]。然而,产蛋后期的母鸡抗氧化能力下降,机体易受ROS攻击,从而引起细胞凋亡,进一步降低蛋鸡的生长性能和肉用性状参数[19]。花青素作为一类天然抗氧化剂,其芳香环上的羟基不仅可提供氢还原生物分子的自由基氧化[20],而且还能激活抗氧化酶,抑制氧化酶活性,降低α-生育酚自由基的生成量,提高机体抗氧化能力[21-22],从而提高动物生产性能,改善肌肉品质。因此,在饲粮中添加花青素可能通过调控机体激素水平和抗氧化状态,改善产蛋后期淘汰赤水乌骨鸡的产蛋率。研究发现,饲粮中添加植物源花青素可显著提高家禽血液中超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性,降低丙二醛含量[12]。此外,花青素有利于维持肠道绒毛生长,提高营养物质的吸收速率,改善动物的生长性能[23]。田跃等[24]的研究结果表明,在基础饲粮中添加葡萄籽原花青素可以显著提高肉鸡的FBW、ADG,降低F/G。本试验所得结果与此一致,饲粮中添加紫玉米花青素可提高产蛋后期淘汰赤水乌骨鸡的FBW、ANG和ADG,降低F/G,究其原因可能为:1)花青素可缓解机体氧化应激状态,提高机体抗氧化性能[12],促进生长激素[25]、胰岛素样生长因子-1[26]和甲状腺激素[27]等分泌,通过调节机体新陈代谢与调控内分泌系统,促进生长;2)肠道微生物可将花青素其转化为生物活性代谢产物,从而改善肠道菌群结果,促进有益菌生长,抑制病原体生长,提高机体的生长性能[28]
肝脏是吸收、代谢、排泄TBIL的主要场所,当机体处在氧化应激状态,将提高血液中TBIL的含量[29]。CRE是肌酸和磷酸肌酸的最终代谢产物,当肾功能代谢异常,可导致血液中CRE含量升高[30]。ROS可通过上调促炎信号通路,造成机体肝脏和肾脏的氧化应激[31-32]。花青素具有较强体外抗氧化能力,可有效清除机体过多的ROS[33]。本试验结果表明,饲粮中添加紫玉米花青素能显著降低产蛋后期淘汰赤水乌骨鸡第60天血浆TBIL、CRE含量,可能是因为花青素可以抑制促炎因子,提高肝脏、肾脏的抗氧化能力,从而缓解肝脏和肾脏的氧化应激状态[34-35],进而降低血液中TBIL、CRE含量。
相较于普通肉鸡,淘汰蛋鸡肌肉系水力显著下调,使得其肉品质降低,严重影响养殖效益及蛋鸡可持续发展[36]。失水率是评判肌肉系水力的重要指标之一。系水力高,即失水率低,肌肉中的主要营养成分不易流失,肌肉就更富有弹性和风味物质[37]。钱兆全[38]研究发现,在基础饲粮中补饲多酚类物质姜黄素可显著改善肉鸡肌肉滴水损失率、剪切力、熟肉率和色泽,提高肉品质。此外,肌肉中的脂肪可提升其对水分的吸附能力,降低肌肉失水率[39]。本试验结果显示,在产蛋后期淘汰赤水乌骨鸡饲粮中添加紫玉米花青素可显著降低肌肉失水率,说明紫玉米花青素可提高淘汰蛋鸡肌肉系水力,改善肌肉品质。这可能是因为花青素通过调控脂质代谢[40-41]提升肌肉对水的吸附能力,降低失水率。
氨基酸是组成蛋白质的基本单位,能与还原糖发生化学反应产生香味,影响着鸡肉的营养价值与口感[42-43]。鲜味氨基酸决定鸡肉风味品质的好坏,尤其是提鲜物质谷氨酸(Glu)含量的高低[44]。氨基酸可促进人体免疫球蛋白合成,增强机体免疫力,还能维持身体蛋白质平衡,改善睡眠,对消费者健康有重要意义[45]。然而,机体产生过多氧化产物或ROS易引发蛋白质氧化,从而降低其价值。Rivero-Segura等[46]研究发现,过多ROS易使机体发生氧化应激,从而引起机体损伤和蛋白质氧化,导致氨基酸代谢紊乱。花青素是羟基供体,同时也是自由基清除剂,可与蛋白质结合防止过氧化,进而影响氨基酸和蛋白质相关代谢途径,调节机体氨基酸水平[47]。Zhang等[48]研究发现,多酚类物质可调节机体代谢通路,增强KEGG通路中氨基酸生物合成相关基因的表达。本试验结果显示,饲粮中添加紫玉米花青素可显著提高产蛋后期淘汰赤水乌骨鸡肌肉中各氨基酸、鲜味氨基酸和必需氨基酸含量。推测其可能原因如下:1)紫玉米花青素提高了蛋白质的消化率和氨基酸的吸收率[49];2)花青素可增强主要氨基酸转运蛋白mRNA的表达,下调蛋白质降解相关基因的表达,从而提高肌肉中各氨基酸含量[50];3)花青素可缓解机体氧化应激,与蛋白质结合预防其过氧化,从而改善氨基酸组成和含量[47]。与本试验结果类似,Haščík等[51]研究发现,饲粮中添加富含花青素的益生菌和蜂胶提取物可提高鸡肉的氨基酸含量;陈圆等[52]的试验结果表明,在惠阳胡须鸡饲粮中添加富含多酚的植物添加剂可显著提高肌肉中必需氨基酸含量。
研究发现,肌肉中饱和脂肪酸(SFA)含量过高会增加冠心病发生的概率,人体所需的必需脂肪酸大部分是多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA),其可提高脑细胞活性,所以肌肉含高水平的PUFA更受消费者欢迎[53-54]。然而,PUFA分子中具有双键或多键,分子结构更松散且不稳定,易发生氢化作用,从而对肉的营养价值产生不利影响;同时,PUFA易发生自由基链式反应,在自由基和ROS作用下导致双键断裂,形成SFA[55]。研究发现,花青素作为一种天然抗氧化剂,可降低机体自由基含量,增强抗氧化酶活性,抑制脂肪酸氧化,从而改善机体脂肪酸组成[56]。本研究表明,在产蛋后期淘汰赤水乌骨鸡饲粮中添加紫玉米花青素可显著提高胸肌中C20∶3n6、C20∶4n6、C22∶5n3、C22∶6n3等PUFA的含量。推测可能的原因:其一,花青素为链自由基提供氢原子,抑制自由基对PUFA的过氧化,保持脂肪酸的稳定,并且,花青素可促进肌肉C18∶3n3转化成C22∶6n3和C22∶5n3,通过下调SFA的含量来增加肌肉中PUFA的含量,从而提高肌肉的氧化稳定性[57-58];其二,花青素可增强肌肉抗氧化能力,抑制肌肉脂质氧化;其三,花青素通过调控肌肉脂质代谢途径相关基因表达,如上调脂肪酸去饱和酶、长链脂肪酸延长酶的表达,提高肌肉中PUFA含量[59-60]。Amer等[61]也得到相似的结论,在肉鸡中添加富含花青素的玫瑰茄提取物可显著提高胸肌中n-3 PUFA含量。

4 结论

综上所述,饲粮中添加紫玉米花青素能提高产蛋后期淘汰赤水乌骨鸡的生长性能和饲料转化效率;降低血浆TBIL和CRE含量,延缓肝脏和肾脏的氧化应激;降低肌肉失水率,提高肌肉氨基酸和不饱和脂肪酸含量,改善肌肉品质。综合来看,本试验条件下,紫玉米花青素添加量为240 mg/kg时效果最佳。
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