1 材料与方法
1.1 试验动物与饲粮
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 含量 Content |
|---|---|
| 原料 Ingredients | |
| 玉米 Corn | 52.00 |
| 豆粕 Soybean meal | 22.00 |
| 麸皮 Bran | 10.00 |
| 菜籽粕 Rapeseed meal | 3.00 |
| 磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 | 2.69 |
| 石粉 Limestone | 8.85 |
| 食盐 NaCl | 0.30 |
| 赖氨酸 Lys | 1.02 |
| DL-蛋氨酸 DL-Met | 0.10 |
| 预混料 Premix1) | 0.04 |
| 合计 Total | 100.00 |
| 营养水平 Nutrient levels2) | |
| 代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) | 10.50 |
| 粗蛋白质 CP | 16.32 |
| 钙 Ca | 3.62 |
| 有效磷 AP | 0.34 |
| 赖氨酸 Lys | 0.83 |
| 蛋氨酸 Met | 0.41 |
| 总磷 TP | 0.53 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the diet:VA 2 000 IU,VD3 3 700 IU,VE 12.00 mg,VK 0.55 mg,VB1 0.55 mg,VB2 1.2 mg,VB6 0.85 mg,VB12 0.004 mg,烟酰胺 nicotinamide 8 mg,泛酸钙 calcium pantothenate 2 mg,生物素 biotin 0.025 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.25 mg,胆碱 choline 80 mg,Fe 12 mg,Cu 2.2 mg,Mn 16 mg,Zn 14.5 mg,I 0.27 mg,Se 0.08 mg。 2)代谢能为计算值,其他营养水平为实测值。ME was a calculated value, while the other nutrient levels were measured values. |
1.2 蛋壳质量常规测定及试验分组
1.3 蛋壳有机基质的提取
1.4 蛋壳元素组成和超微结构
1.5 数据统计与分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 不同蛋壳强度组蛋壳质量
表2 蛋壳质量测定结果Table 2 Measured results of eggshell quality |
| 项目 Items | 高强度组 High intensity group | 中强度组 Middling intensity group | 低强度组 Low intensity group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 蛋壳强度 ESS/(kg/cm2) | 4.67±0.09c | 3.78±0.02b | 2.86±0.03a | <0.001 |
| 蛋重 EW/g | 69.50±0.70 | 68.86±1.43 | 69.15±0.84 | 0.636 |
| 蛋形指数 ESI | 1.36±0.01 | 1.36±0.02 | 1.37±0.01 | 0.526 |
| 蛋壳厚度 EST/mm | 0.36±0.00 | 0.36±0.00 | 0.36±0.00 | 0.153 |
| 蛋壳重 ESW/g | 5.99±0.17 | 5.94±0.11 | 5.84±0.13 | 0.278 |
2.2 不同蛋壳强度组钙化壳基质含量
表3 不同蛋壳强度组钙化壳基质含量Table 3 Calcified shell matrix content in different eggshell strength groups |
| 项目 Items | 高强度组 High intensity group | 中强度组 Middling intensity group | 低强度组 Low intensity group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 蛋壳强度 ESS/(kg/cm2) | 4.66±0.37c | 3.76±0.18b | 2.94±0.30a | <0.001 |
| 基质1含量 Matrix 1 content/mg | 106.29±8.85 | 103.70±8.62 | 103.21±11.14 | 0.413 |
| 基质2含量 Matrix 2 content/mg | 20.58±1.69 | 20.73±1.87 | 21.07±1.80 | 0.559 |
| 基质3含量 Matrix 3 content/mg | 5.45±0.72 | 5.81±0.67 | 5.59±0.65 | 0.128 |
| 总基质含量 Total matrix content/mg | 132.33±8.98 | 130.24±8.64 | 129.87±10.81 | 0.562 |
基质含量是指单枚完整钙化壳中有机基质的分布量。 | |
Matrix content is the amount of organic matrix distributed in a single intact calcified shell. |
2.3 不同蛋壳强度组蛋壳元素相对含量
表4 不同蛋壳强度组蛋壳元素相对含量Table 4 Relative contents of eggshell elements in different eggshell strength groups % |
| 项目 Items | 组别 Groups | 碳 C | 氮 N | 氧 O | 钠 Na | 镁 Mg | 磷 P | 硫 S | 钾 K | 钙 Ca |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
晶体层 Crystal layer | 高强度组 High intensity group | 16.69±2.15 | 7.18±1.57 | 30.87±1.79 | 0.16±0.03 | 0.11±0.00 | 1.03±0.23 | 0.43±0.31 | 0.06±0.01 | 43.21±3.76 |
| 中强度组 Middling intensity group | 18.13±1.30 | 8.27±0.78 | 29.93±1.58 | 0.13±0.04 | 0.11±0.02 | 1.21±0.16 | 0.43±0.09 | 0.06±0.01 | 42.15±0.64 | |
| 低强度组 Low intensity group | 16.17±1.45 | 7.78±0.51 | 30.40±1.96 | 0.11±0.01 | 0.12±0.01 | 1.44±0.20 | 0.48±0.11 | 0.06±0.02 | 43.73±0.49 | |
| P值 P-value | 0.389 | 0.490 | 0.820 | 0.166 | 0.468 | 0.118 | 0.923 | 0.874 | 0.691 | |
栅栏层 Palisade layer | 高强度组 High intensity group | 16.74±1.88 | 7.65±0.94 | 31.03±2.33 | 0.16±0.06 | 0.12±0.00 | 0.95±0.55 | 0.39±0.22 | 0.07±0.00 | 42.57±1.07 |
| 中强度组 Middling intensity group | 17.97±2.11 | 8.95±1.66 | 30.13±1.79 | 0.15±0.00 | 0.13±0.01 | 1.17±0.11 | 0.45±0.04 | 0.05±0.00 | 41.75±0.83 | |
| 低强度组 Low intensity group | 15.87±1.73 | 8.21±1.03 | 30.55±1.14 | 0.10±0.03 | 0.12±0.00 | 1.47±0.53 | 0.47±0.24 | 0.07±0.01 | 42.68±1.57 | |
| P值 P-value | 0.452 | 0.485 | 0.836 | 0.199 | 0.576 | 0.407 | 0.875 | 0.181 | 0.609 | |
乳突层 Mastoid layer | 高强度组 High intensity group | 16.79±0.93 | 8.12±1.61 | 30.98±1.06 | 0.14±0.02 | 0.11±0.01 | 1.07±0.11 | 0.41±0.18 | 0.05±0.00 | 41.96±1.55 |
| 中强度组 Middling intensity group | 18.06±0.67 | 9.16±1.05 | 29.77±2.55 | 0.14±0.05 | 0.12±0.00 | 1.15±0.24 | 0.46±0.06 | 0.05±0.00 | 41.11±1.45 | |
| 低强度组 Low intensity group | 15.98±2.14 | 8.96±0.62 | 30.75±2.78 | 0.10±0.02 | 0.13±0.01 | 1.43±0.76 | 0.49±0.27 | 0.06±0.02 | 42.09±0.83 | |
| P值 P-value | 0.261 | 0.548 | 0.791 | 0.432 | 0.115 | 0.629 | 0.864 | 0.827 | 0.633 |
同列数据肩标无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。 | |
In the same column, values with no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). |
2.4 不同蛋壳强度组超微结构
图1 蛋壳横断面超微结构A1~A3:横断面;B1~B3:乳突层顶部;C1~C3:乳突层有效厚度。从左至右为高强度、中强度、低强度组。 Fig.1 Ultrastructure of eggshells in cross section A1 to A3: cross section; B1 to B3: top of mastoid layer; C1 to C3: effective thickness of mastoid layer. From left to right was high intensity, middling intensity, low intensity groups. |
表5 不同蛋壳强度组超微结构测定结果Table 5 Ultrastructure determination results in different eggshell strength groupsμm |
| 项目 Items | 高强度组 High intensity group | 中强度组 Middling intensity group | 低强度组 Low intensity group | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 乳突层有效厚度 ETML | 40.02±7.18c | 57.26±7.63b | 146.72±9.47a | <0.001 |
| 乳突间隙 MG | 51.77±6.25bc | 64.34±7.91b | 75.62±8.83ab | 0.026 |

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