动物营养学报 >

2024 , Vol. 36 >Issue 3: 1857 - 1866

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2024.162

研究论文

饲粮中复合添加马齿苋、柠檬酸和葡萄糖氧化酶对肉兔生长性能、屠宰性能以及免疫和抗氧化功能的影响

  • 党文庆 ,
  • 何敏 ,
  • 上官明军 ,
  • 詹海杰 ,
  • 曹亮 ,
  • 李俊 ,
  • 任克良 ,
  • 张元庆 , *
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  • 山西农业大学动物科学学院,太谷 030801
*张元庆,研究员,博士生导师,E-mail:

党文庆(1983—),女,山西运城人,助理研究员,博士,主要从事家兔饲料资源开发与遗传育种研究。E-mail:

Copy editor: 田艳明

收稿日期: 2023-09-12

  网络出版日期: 2024-03-13

基金资助

国家现代农业产业技术体系项目(CARS-43-B-3)

山西农业大学科技创新项目(2022L082)

山西农业大学动物科学学院科研专项(202206)

收起

Effects of Compound Supplementation of Purslane, Citric Acid and Glucose Oxidase on Growth Performance, Slaughter Performance, Immune and Antioxidant Functions of Meat Rabbits

  • DANG Wenqing ,
  • HE Min ,
  • SHANGGUAN Mingjun ,
  • ZHAN Haijie ,
  • CAO Liang ,
  • LI Jun ,
  • REN Keliang ,
  • ZHANG Yuanqing , *
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  • College of Animal Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2023-09-12

  Online published: 2024-03-13

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摘要

本试验旨在研究饲粮中复合添加马齿苋、柠檬酸和葡萄糖氧化酶对肉兔生长性能、屠宰性能以及免疫和抗氧化功能的影响。试验选取200只健康的35日龄断奶伊拉商品肉兔(公母各占1/2),按照体重和性别随机分为4组,每组50个重复,每个重复1只兔。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验1组饲喂在基础饲粮中添加3%马齿苋替换等量麸皮的饲粮,试验2组和试验3组分别饲喂在试验1组饲粮基础上添加1%柠檬酸和1%柠檬酸+200 mg/kg葡萄糖氧化酶的饲粮。预试期7 d,正试期35 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,试验2组和试验3组肉兔终末体重显著提高(P<0.05),死亡率显著降低(P<0.05),腹泻频率有降低趋势(0.05<P<0.10);试验2组肉兔平均日增重和平均日采食量显著提高(P<0.05);试验3组肉兔料重比和平均日采食量显著低于试验1组和试验2组(P<0.05)。2)与对照组相比,3个试验组肉兔半净膛屠宰率显著提高(P<0.05),试验1组和试验2组肉兔全净膛屠宰率显著提高(P<0.05)。3)与对照组相比,3个试验组肉兔血清免疫球蛋白G含量显著提高(P<0.05),试验1组和试验2组肉兔血清白细胞介素-1β含量显著降低(P<0.05),试验2组和试验3组肉兔血清白细胞介素-6(IL-6)含量显著降低(P<0.05);试验3组肉兔胸腺指数显著高于试验1组(P<0.05),血清IL-6含量显著低于试验1组(P<0.05)。4)各组间肉兔肝脏抗氧化指标均无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上所述,饲粮中复合添加马齿苋、柠檬酸和葡萄糖氧化酶能够提高肉兔生长性能和屠宰性能,提高机体免疫力,降低死亡率和腹泻频率。

关键词： 马齿苋; 柠檬酸; 葡萄糖氧化酶; 肉兔; 生长性能; 屠宰性能; 免疫功能; 抗氧化功能

本文引用格式

党文庆 , 何敏 , 上官明军 , 詹海杰 , 曹亮 , 李俊 , 任克良 , 张元庆 . 饲粮中复合添加马齿苋、柠檬酸和葡萄糖氧化酶对肉兔生长性能、屠宰性能以及免疫和抗氧化功能的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2024 , 36(3) : 1857 -1866 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.162

Abstract

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of compound supplementation of purslane, citric acid and glucose oxidase on growth performance, slaughter performance and immune and antioxidant functions of meat rabbits. A total of 200 healthy 35-day-old weaned Ila commercial meat rabbits (half male and half female) were randomly divided into 4 groups according to body weight and sex with 50 replicates per group and 1 rabbit per replicate. The rabbits in the control group were fed a basal diet, those in experimental group 1 were fed the basal diet supplemented with 3% purslane instead of the same amount of bran, and the others in experimental groups 2 and 3 were fed the diets supplemented with 1% citric acid and 1% citric acid+200 mg/kg glucose oxidase on the basis of the diet in experimental group 1, respectively. The pre-trial period lasted for 7 days and the experimental period lasted for 35 days. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, the final body weight of meat rabbits in experimental groups 2 and 3 was significantly increased (P<0.05), the mortality rate was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the diarrhea frequency had a decreasing trend (0.05<P<0.10); the average daily gain and average daily feed intake of meat rabbits in experimental group 2 were significantly increased (P<0.05); the ratio of feed to gain and average daily feed intake of meat rabbits in experimental group 3 were significantly lower than those in experimental groups 1 and 2 (P<0.05). 2) Compared with the control group, the semi-eviscerated slaughtering percentage of meat rabbits in three experimental groups was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the eviscerated slaughtering percentage of meat rabbits in experimental groups 1 and 2 was significantly increased (P<0.05). 3) Compared with the control group, the serum immunoglobulin G content of meat rabbits in three experimental groups was significantly increased (P<0.05), the serum interleukin-1β content of meat rabbits in experimental groups 1 and 2 was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content of meat rabbits in experimental groups 2 and 3 was significantly decreased (P<0.05); the thymus index of meat rabbits in experimental group 3 was significantly higher than that in experimental group 1 (P<0.05), while the serum IL-6 content in experimental group 3 was significantly lower than that in experimental group 1 (P<0.05). 4) There were no significant differences in liver antioxidant indices among all groups (P>0.05). In conclusion, the compound supplementation of purslane, citric acid and glucose oxidase can improve growth performance and slaughter performance of meat rabbits, improve body immunity, and reduce mortality and diarrhea frequency.

Key words： purslane; citric acid; glucose oxidase; meat rabbits; growth performance; slaughter performance; immune function; antioxidant function

在肉兔生产中,开发新型、健康和绿色的添加剂能改善其生长发育和机体健康,从而起到替代抗生素的作用。植物性添加剂、酸化剂以及酶制剂作为促生长剂的潜在替代品,在促进动物生长和改善动物健康方面发挥着重要作用。中草药作为天然性植物添加剂,具有无害、制备简单、价格低廉以及低副作用等优点[1]。马齿苋是一种重要的药食同源植物,具有清热利湿、解毒消肿、消炎、止渴和利尿的作用,临床上广泛应用于胃肠道疾病(肠炎、腹泻及痢疾等)的防治;此外,其嫩茎叶可作蔬菜,味酸,也是很好的饲料。同时,马齿苋含有多种次生代谢产物,包括多糖、生物碱、黄酮类、萜类和有机酸等[2-3],具有抗炎抑菌[4]、抗氧化[5]、抗肿瘤[6]及调节血糖和血脂[7]等生物学功能。研究表明,饲粮中添加3%马齿苋干粉可显著提高肉鸡生长性能并改善肠道菌群[8-9];马齿苋发酵物可降低雏鸡白痢发病率与死亡率[10];马齿苋多糖能提高仔猪的生长性能并降低腹泻率[11]。柠檬酸能通过降低胃肠道pH,参与机体三羧酸循环,抑制有害菌繁殖,提高机体免疫力和抗氧化能力等方式促进畜禽生长发育[12]。葡萄糖氧化酶具有降低胃肠道pH、促进机体对营养物质的消化、抑制肠道有害菌繁殖和降低应激损伤等生物学功能,能够促进畜禽生长性能的提高,减少腹泻,提高成活率和抗氧化能力[13]。本课题组前期研究表明,饲粮中添加1%柠檬酸可提高伊拉断奶肉兔生长性能,降低死亡率和腹泻率,提高粗蛋白质的表观消化率[14],并提高盲肠微生物群落多样性[15];饲粮中添加1%柠檬酸+200 mg/kg葡萄糖氧化酶+114 mg/kg过氧化氢酶可提高肉兔生长性能,降低腹泻率[16]。本研究在前期试验结果的基础上,通过探讨饲粮中添加马齿苋以及马齿苋与柠檬酸、葡萄糖氧化酶复合物对肉兔生长性能、屠宰性能以及免疫和抗氧化功能的影响,旨在为家兔替抗添加剂的研发和应用提供参考。

1 材料和方法

1.1 试验材料

马齿苋的营养成分为:干物质96.90%,粗蛋白质17.20%,粗脂肪2.00%,粗灰分18.48%,中性洗涤纤维50.25%,酸性洗涤纤维32.20%,木质素6.10%,钙1.83%,磷0.56%,淀粉6.50%,单糖0.20%,赖氨酸0.69%,蛋氨酸0.26%,亚油酸0.37%,亚麻油酸0.08%,不饱和脂肪酸0.73%,总脂肪酸1.57%。柠檬酸为食品级一水柠檬酸。葡萄糖氧化酶活性≥2 000 IU/g,水分≤12%。试验兔为35日龄断奶伊拉肉兔。

1.2 试验设计和肉兔饲养管理

试验选取健康的35日龄断奶伊拉商品肉兔200只(公母各占1/2),按照体重和性别随机分为4组,每组50个重复,每个重复1只兔。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验1组饲喂在基础饲粮中添加3%马齿苋替换等量麸皮的饲粮,试验2组和试验3组分别饲喂在试验1组饲粮基础上添加1%柠檬酸和1%柠檬酸+200 mg/kg葡萄糖氧化酶的饲粮。预试期7 d,正试期35 d。饲养试验在山西省农业科学院畜牧兽医研究所肉兔试验场开展,兔舍为半开放式,采用机械通风;试验兔每天早晚各饲喂1次,自由饮水。

1.3 试验饲粮

对饲粮中的原料进行常规营养成分测定后,参考《肉兔营养需要量》(NY/T 4049—2021)[17]配制饲粮,饲粮为直径为5 mm的颗粒饲料。各营养成分含量采用FOSS 2500近红外光谱扫描仪测定,饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。
表1 饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of diets (air-dry basis) %

项目
Items		 基础饲粮
Basal diet		 试验饲粮
Experimental
diet
原料 Ingredients
玉米 Corn 18.00 18.00
麸皮 Wheat bran 15.80 12.80
豆粕 Soybean meal 12.00 12.00
棉籽粕 Cottonseed meal 2.00 2.00
菜籽粕 Rapeseed meal 3.00 3.00
酵母培养物 Yeast culture 2.00 2.00
玉米胚芽粕 Corn germ meal 7.00 7.00
苜蓿颗粒 Alfalfa pellets 5.00 5.00
葵花壳 Sunflower shell 31.00 31.00
马齿苋 Purslane 3.00
次粉 Wheat middling 2.00 2.00
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 0.60 0.60
氯化钠 NaCl 0.50 0.50
石粉 Limestone 0.30 0.30
预混料 Premix1) 0.80 0.80
合计 Total 100.00 100.00
营养水平 Nutrient levels2)
消化能 DE/(MJ/kg) 10.59 10.46
干物质 DM 90.60 90.80
粗蛋白质 CP 15.50 15.50
粗灰分 Ash 6.36 7.65
粗脂肪 EE 2.80 2.90
中性洗涤纤维 NDF 35.68 36.56
酸性洗涤纤维 ADF 24.30 24.50
木质素 Lignin 5.30 5.40
钙 Ca 1.10 1.11
总磷 TP 0.48 0.49
赖氨酸 Lys 0.87 0.89
蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸 Met+Cys 0.59 0.60

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 6 000 IU,VD3 950 IU,VE 40 mg,VK3 2.5 mg,赖氨酸 Lys 2.0 g,蛋氨酸 Met 1.0 g,Cu (as copper sulfate) 10 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 50 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 8.0 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 50 mg。

2)消化能为计算值,其余为实测值;消化能为家兔对各原料的消化能估值之和,各原料的消化能参考已有数据和公式计算得出,计算公式为消化能=0.013×粗蛋白质+0.036×粗脂肪+0.017×非纤维碳水化合物+0.006×中性洗涤纤维[18]。DE was a calculated value, while the others were measured values; DE was the sum of the estimated digestible energy of all raw materials for rabbits, and DE of all raw materials was calculated by referring to existing data and formulas, and the calculation formula was DE=0.013×CP+0.036×EE+0.017×NFC+0.006×NDF[18].

1.4 测定指标及方法

1.4.1 生长性能

正试期第1天和第36天清晨对试验兔进行空腹称重记为初始体重(IBW)和终末体重(FBW),试验期间记录每只肉兔的采食量,用于计算平均日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI)和料重比(F/G)。此外,每日对兔群的腹泻和死亡情况进行记录,计算腹泻频率和死亡率,计算公式为:

腹泻频率(%)=100×∑(腹泻兔只数×腹泻天数)/(试验兔只数×试验天数);

死亡率(%)=100×死亡兔只数/试验兔只数。

1.4.2 屠宰性能

试验结束后,每组选取8只与该组平均体重相近的肉兔进行屠宰并记录宰前活体重。肉兔的屠宰和半净膛胴体重、全净膛胴体重和内脏器官相对重量的计算参照刘公言等[19]的方法进行,计算公式为:

半净膛屠宰率(%)=100×半净膛胴体重(kg)/宰前活体重(kg);

全净膛屠宰率(%)=100×全净膛胴体重(kg)/宰前活体重(kg);

内脏器官相对重量(g/kg)=内脏器官重量(g)/宰前活体重(kg)。

1.4.3 免疫功能

采集每只屠宰试验兔血液各5 mL,静置30 min后,3 000 r/min离心15 min,收集血清于EP管中于-20 ℃保存,用于测定血清免疫指标,包括血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、白细胞介素-4(IL-4)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)含量。血清免疫指标均采用微孔板法,按照上海酶联生物科技有限公司的试剂盒使用说明进行测定,其标准品线性回归与预期含量决定系数(R2)≥0.99。
此外,对每只屠宰试验兔的胸腺、脾脏及圆小囊进行称重以计算胸腺指数、脾脏指数及圆小囊指数,计算公式为:

免疫器官指数(g/kg)=免疫器官重量(g)/宰前活体重(kg)。

1.4.4 肝脏抗氧化指标

采集每只屠宰试验兔肝脏组织各2 g左右放入冻存管后,立即放入液氮冷冻30 min,然后放入-80 ℃超低温冰箱保存。准确称取肝脏组织重量,按照重量(g)∶体积(mL)=1∶9的比例加入9倍体积的生理盐水或者磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS),剪碎组织,冰水浴制备匀浆,3 000 r/min离心10 min,取上清液进行肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量的测定。另准确称取肝脏组织重量,按照重量(g)∶体积(mL)=1∶4的比例加入4倍体积的生理盐水或者PBS,冰水浴条件下机械匀浆,然后4 ℃、12 000 r/min离心5 min,取上清液进行肝脏总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)的测定。肝脏抗氧化指标均采用微孔板法,使用南京建成生物工程研究所的试剂盒进行测定,T-AOC标准品线性回归与预期值的R2≥0.99。

1.5 数据统计分析

试验数据采用SPSS 24.0软件进行单因素方差分析,并采用Duncan氏法进行多重比较,死亡率和腹泻频率采用卡方检验。除死亡率和腹泻频率外,试验结果数据采用“平均值±标准差”表示,以P<0.05表示差异显著,P<0.01表示差异极显著,0.05<P<0.10表示差异有显著趋势。

2 结果与分析

2.1 饲粮中复合添加马齿苋、柠檬酸和葡萄糖氧化酶对肉兔生长性能的影响

由表2可知,饲粮中复合添加马齿苋、柠檬酸和葡萄糖氧化酶对肉兔终末体重、平均日增重、平均日采食量、料重比和死亡率有显著或极显著影响(P<0.05或P<0.01),有降低腹泻频率的趋势(P=0.092)。其中,与对照组相比,试验2组肉兔终末体重极显著提高(P<0.01),平均日增重和平均日采食量显著提高(P<0.05),死亡率显著降低(P<0.05);试验3组肉兔终末体重显著提高(P<0.05),料重比极显著降低(P<0.01),死亡率显著降低(P<0.05)。试验3组肉兔料重比极显著低于试验1组(P<0.01),显著低于试验2组(P<0.05);试验3组平均日采食量极显著低于试验1组和试验2组(P<0.01)。
表2 饲粮中复合添加马齿苋、柠檬酸和葡萄糖氧化酶对肉兔生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of compound supplementation of purslane, citric acid and glucose oxidase on growth performance of meat rabbits

项目
Items		 对照组
Control
group		 试验1组
Experimental
group 1		 试验2组
Experimental
group 2		 试验3组
Experimental
group 3		 P值
P-value
初始体重 IBW/g 1 150.28±14.66 1 155.42±14.76 1 154.17±17.39 1 150.69±14.85 1.000
终末体重 FBW/g 2 319.40±30.15BCc 2 370.93±21.38BCbc 2 484.55±29.50Aa 2 422.33±35.65ABab 0.001
平均日增重
ADG/(g/d)		 33.41±2.54b 34.73±2.88b 38.01±3.02a 36.33±2.33ab 0.025
平均日采食量
ADFI/(g/d)		 139.34±12.74ABbc 147.38±9.65Aab 149.62±9.92Aa 132.19±13.54Bc <0.001
料重比 F/G 4.17±0.38Aab 4.24±0.28Aa 3.94±0.52ABb 3.64±0.65Bc <0.001
死亡率
Mortality rate/%		 25.00a 13.64ab 8.33b 8.33b 0.045
腹泻频率
Diarrhea
frequency/%		 5.15 4.08 2.40 3.74 0.092

同行数据肩标无字母或相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。下表同。

In the same row, values with no letter or the same small letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.01). The same as below.

2.2 饲粮中复合添加马齿苋、柠檬酸和葡萄糖氧化酶对肉兔屠宰性能的影响

由表3可知,饲粮中复合添加马齿苋、柠檬酸和葡萄糖氧化酶对肉兔半净膛屠宰率和全净膛屠宰率有极显著影响(P<0.01)。其中,3个试验组肉兔半净膛屠宰率显著或极显著高于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01),试验1组和试验2组全净膛屠宰率极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);各试验组间各屠宰性能指标差异均不显著(P>0.05)。
表3 饲粮中复合添加马齿苋、柠檬酸和葡萄糖氧化酶对肉兔屠宰性能的影响

Table 3 Effects of compound supplementation of purslane, citric acid and glucose oxidase on slaughter performance of meat rabbits

项目
Items		 对照组
Control
group		 试验1组
Experimental
group 1		 试验2组
Experimental
group 2		 试验3组
Experimental
group 3		 P值
P-value
半净膛屠宰率
Semi-eviscerated slaughtering
percentage/%		 52.56±0.58Bb 54.52±0.64ABa 55.35±0.33Aa 54.08±0.43ABa 0.005
全净膛屠宰率
Eviscerated slaughtering
percentage/%		 48.70±0.56Bb 50.98±0.64Aa 51.59±0.42Aa 50.19±0.50ABab 0.005
心脏相对重量
Heart relative weight/(g/kg)		 2.94±0.13 2.90±0.13 2.77±0.11 2.83±0.14 0.805
肝脏相对重量
Live relative weight/(g/kg)		 28.95±1.78 26.23±0.69 28.59±1.21 29.55±1.83 0.404
肾脏相对重量
Kidney relative weight/(g/kg)		 6.68±0.18 6.25±0.33 6.24±0.16 6.50±0.31 0.564

2.3 饲粮中复合添加马齿苋、柠檬酸和葡萄糖氧化酶对肉兔免疫功能的影响

由表4可知,饲粮中复合添加马齿苋、柠檬酸和葡萄糖氧化酶对肉兔胸腺指数以及血清促炎因子和免疫球蛋白含量有显著或极显著影响(P<0.05或P<0.01)。其中,与对照组相比,试验1组和试验2组肉兔血清IL-1β含量显著降低(P<0.05),试验2组和试验3组血清IL-6含量显著降低(P<0.05),3个试验组血清IgG含量显著或极显著提高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。试验3组肉兔胸腺指数显著高于试验1组(P<0.05)。各组间肉兔脾脏指数和圆小囊指数以及血清TNF-α和IL-4含量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表4 饲粮中复合添加马齿苋、柠檬酸和葡萄糖氧化酶对肉兔免疫功能的影响

Table 4 Effects of compound supplementation of purslane, citric acid and glucose oxidase on immune function of meat rabbits

项目
Items		 对照组
Control
group		 试验1组
Experimental
group 1		 试验2组
Experimental
group 2		 试验3组
Experimental
group 3		 P值
P-value
免疫器官指数 Immune organ indices/(g/kg)
脾脏指数 Spleen index 0.71±0.08 0.72±0.09 0.69±0.09 0.62±0.10 0.856
胸腺指数 Thymus index 2.27±0.28ab 1.78±0.11b 2.36±0.23ab 2.50±0.21a 0.025
圆小囊指数 Sacculus index 0.74±0.04 0.79±0.06 0.87±0.05 0.91±0.07 0.140
血清免疫指标 Serum immune indices
肿瘤坏死因子-α
TNF-α/(pg/mL)		 148.09±2.67 146.23±3.17 144.95±2.52 145.34±2.75 0.883
白细胞介素-1β
IL-1β/(pg/mL)		 785.27±18.48a 730.06±20.90b 735.61±14.85b 757.45±15.16ab 0.034
白细胞介素-6
IL-6/(pg/mL)		 55.81±1.15a 55.02±0.85a 52.29±0.97b 51.96±0.87b 0.013
免疫球蛋白G
IgG/(mg/mL)		 9.34±0.19Bb 9.90±0.17ABa 10.23±0.16Aa 10.38±0.12Aa <0.001
白细胞介素-4
IL-4/(pg/mL)		 27.66±0.66 26.57±0.50 26.08±0.60 26.97±0.64 0.320

2.4 饲粮中复合添加马齿苋、柠檬酸和葡萄糖氧化酶对肉兔肝脏抗氧化指标的影响

由表5可知,饲粮中复合添加马齿苋、柠檬酸和葡萄糖氧化酶对肉兔肝脏抗氧化指标均无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表5 饲粮中复合添加马齿苋、柠檬酸和葡萄糖氧化酶对肉兔肝脏抗氧化指标的影响

Table 5 Effects of compound supplementation of purslane, citric acid and glucose oxidase on liver antioxidant indices of meat rabbits

项目
Items		 对照组
Control
group		 试验1组
Experimental
group 1		 试验2组
Experimental
group 2		 试验3组
Experimental
group 3		 P值
P-value
超氧化物歧化酶
SOD/(U/mg prot)		 149.77±6.57 154.82±3.57 153.20±4.31 159.03±5.23 0.651
丙二醛
MDA/(nmol/mg prot)		 0.48±0.05 0.48±0.05 0.46±0.04 0.54±0.06 0.687
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶
GSH-Px/(U/mg prot)		 173.09±10.19 144.78±8.04 157.09±8.71 159.60±8.54 0.217
总抗氧化能力
T-AOC/(nmol/g prot)		 0.159±0.005 0.154±0.007 0.159±0.007 0.169±0.006 0.465

3 讨论

目前,马齿苋在家禽生产应用中的研究较多,其能提高肉鸡的生长性能[8],当饲粮中添加2%或3%时可显著提高肉鸡平均日增重进而降低料重比[9]。马齿苋还可提高蛋鸡的产蛋性能[20],当饲粮中添加2%时能显著降低蛋鸡末重,显著提高蛋重,饲料效率也有所提高[21]。在改善畜禽机体健康方面,饲粮中添加3%马齿苋干粉可替代抗生素土霉素,显著提高断奶仔猪平均日增重和降低腹泻率[22-23];发酵马齿苋还可降低肉鸡白痢发病率与死亡率[10]。本研究中,饲粮中单独添加3%马齿苋干粉(试验1组)使肉兔的生长性能和健康状况有所改善但未达到显著水平,而复合添加3%马齿苋+1%柠檬酸(试验2组)或3%马齿苋+1%柠檬酸+200 mg/kg葡萄糖氧化酶(试验3组)可显著提高肉兔生长性能,降低死亡率和腹泻频率。这说明当马齿苋与柠檬酸或与柠檬酸和葡萄糖氧化酶复合添加时,改善肉兔生长性能和健康状况的效果要显著大于单独添加马齿苋时的效果。研究表明,马齿苋提取物能改变肉鸡盲肠细菌群落而不改变其pH[24]。因此,试验2组和试验3组肉兔饲粮中添加柠檬酸和葡萄糖氧化酶均能通过降低肉兔肠道内pH、抑制有害菌的增殖以及促进有益菌的繁殖[13,25],从而显著改善肉兔生长性能和健康状况,其具体机制还有待进一步验证。此外,试验3组肉兔通过极显著降低其平均日采食量而使其料重比显著低于试验2组,这与葡萄糖氧化酶能显著提高畜禽饲料转化效率[26]相符。肉兔的屠宰性能与生长性能密切相关,试验2组和试验3组肉兔终末体重显著高于对照组,使得屠宰后肉兔的半净膛屠宰率和全净膛屠宰率高于对照组;不过,3个试验组间肉兔屠宰性能无显著差异,这与饲粮中添加1%柠檬酸[14]和1%柠檬酸+200 mg/kg葡萄糖氧化酶+114 mg/kg过氧化氢酶[16]不影响肉兔屠宰性能的结论相一致。
马齿苋含有α-生育酚、维生素C、β-胡萝卜素和黄酮等抗氧化物质,其叶子中含有的维生素C、β-胡萝卜素含量最高,其次是花和茎[27],且自然干燥的马齿苋抗氧化活性成分含量可能较低[28]。这些抗氧化物质能中和机体内自由基、抑制氧化应激和保护羟自由基[29],防止活性氧(ROS)过多造成机体损伤并诱发各种疾病[30]。本研究中,马齿苋及其复合添加物虽未显著影响肉兔肝脏的抗氧化指标,但使肉兔肝脏中SOD活性高于对照组,3%马齿苋+1%柠檬酸+200 mg/kg葡萄糖氧化酶还使肝脏T-AOC高于对照组。这与饲粮中添加1%柠檬酸不影响肉兔血清SOD活性和T-AOC[14],以及与饲粮中添加1%马齿苋干粉未能影响43日龄肉仔鸡肝脏SOD和GSH-Px活性[31]的结果相一致。此外,马齿苋药理活性和营养功能的发挥受其产地、采收时间及活性物质提取方式的影响,如:苗期抗氧化活性最高,随着生长期增加而降低,成熟期最低,且多酚和总黄酮含量与抗氧化活性相关性最高[32]。本研究中,马齿苋及其复合添加物未显著影响肉兔肝脏抗氧化指标的原因可能与试验使用的马齿苋样品中抗氧化物质含量低以及复合添加物的剂量等有关,这还需要进一步验证。
马齿苋能提高动物机体免疫力,在饲粮中添加量为3%时能显著提高乌鸡血清中IgG含量[33],降低肝细胞癌小鼠肝脏和血清中IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α分泌量[34]。相似地,与对照组相比,本研究在饲粮中添加马齿苋可使肉兔血清IL-1β含量显著降低,血清IgG含量显著升高。白细胞介素家族的免疫细胞因子在免疫调节,介导T细胞与B细胞活化、增殖与分化及炎症过程中发挥着重要作用。IgG是体液免疫中的主要球蛋白,其分泌过程需要T细胞的辅助,且白细胞介素-1(IL-1)可促进IgG的分泌[35-36],这与试验组肉兔血清中IgG和IL-1β含量的变化规律相符。同时,与对照组相比,试验2组和试验3组肉兔血清IL-6含量显著降低,这说明饲粮中添加柠檬酸和葡萄糖氧化酶均能降低肉兔血清IL-6含量,这与Krauze等[37]和Liu等[38]的研究结果一致。此外,与试验1组相比,试验3组肉兔胸腺指数显著提高。免疫器官指数高低与免疫力高低密切相关,而胸腺作为肉兔的中枢免疫器官,其发育情况可在一定程度上反映机体免疫功能的强弱。因此,笔者推测试验3组饲粮中添加柠檬酸和葡萄糖氧化酶后可能通过促进胸腺发育显著降低肉兔机体的炎症反应,以及通过提高血清免疫球蛋白的分泌量来提高肉兔机体的免疫力。

4 结论

饲粮中复合添加3%马齿苋、1%柠檬酸和200 mg/kg葡萄糖氧化酶能够在不影响肉兔抗氧化功能的情况下,通过提高机体的免疫力,降低死亡率,减少腹泻频率,从而提高其生长性能、屠宰性能和改善健康状况。

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