综述

光周期对反刍动物激素分泌、生产性能和繁殖性能影响的研究进展

  • 吕仁龙 , 1 ,
  • 蒋睿珂 2 ,
  • 张雨书 3 ,
  • 张祎 , 4, *
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  • 1 中国热带农业科学院热带作物品种资源研究所,海口 571101
  • 2 东北农业大学动物科学技术学院,哈尔滨 150030
  • 3 日本信州大学农学研究科,上田 3994511
  • 4 河南科技大学动物科技学院,洛阳 471023
* 张 祎,讲师,硕士生导师,E-mail:

吕仁龙(1988—),男,吉林长春人,副研究员,博士,主要从事反刍动物营养与生理代谢研究。E-mail:

Office editor: 菅景颖

收稿日期: 2023-11-19

  网络出版日期: 2024-05-15

基金资助

海口市科技计划项目(2023-050)

海南省重点研发计划项目(GHYF2022004)

Research Advances of Effects of Photoperiod on Hormone Secretion, Production Performance and Reproductive Performance of Ruminants

  • LYU Renlong , 1 ,
  • JIANG Ruike 2 ,
  • ZHANG Yushu 3 ,
  • ZHANG Yi , 4, *
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  • 1 Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
  • 2 College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
  • 3 Department of Agronomy, Shinshu University, Ueda 3994511, Japan
  • 4 College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
* lecturer, E-mail:

Received date: 2023-11-19

  Online published: 2024-05-15

摘要

光周期是指昼夜周期中光照期和暗期长短的交替变化,它与不同类型和颜色的光线共同作用后,对动植物和人类生命活动规律产生重要影响。我国幅员辽阔,南北方光照时长差异明显,将这些光周期差异与现代养殖技术和气候变化等相结合应用于生产,对促进家畜养殖节本增效和高品质畜产品生产具有重要意义。本文聚焦光周期对反刍动物的影响,主要针对光周期变化对反刍动物体内激素分泌、生产性能(生长性能、肉品质和泌乳性能)、繁殖性能和行为等的影响进行综述,并通过对比相关研究成果进一步解析光周期对反刍动物的综合影响,以期为光周期在反刍动物实际生产中的应用提供指导。

本文引用格式

吕仁龙 , 蒋睿珂 , 张雨书 , 张祎 . 光周期对反刍动物激素分泌、生产性能和繁殖性能影响的研究进展[J]. 动物营养学报, 2024 , 36(5) : 2721 -2727 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.234

Abstract

Photoperiod refers to the alternating length of light period and dark period in the daily cycle, which has an important effect on the law of life activities for animals, plants and humans after interacting with different types and colors of light. China is a country with a vast territory and there are obvious differences in light duration between the north and the south. Combining these photoperiod differences are applied to production in combination with modern farming technology and climate changes, it is of great significance to promote the cost saving and efficiency of livestock breeding and the production of high-quality livestock products. This paper focused on the effects of photoperiod on ruminants, mainly reviewed the effects of photoperiod on hormone secretion, production performance (growth performance, meat quality and lactation performance), reproductive performance and behavior of ruminants, and further analyzed the comprehensive effects of photoperiod on ruminants through comparing the relevant research results, in order to provide guidance for the application of photoperiod in the actual production of ruminants.

光周期由美国学者加奈和阿拉德于1920年提出,是指昼夜周期中光照期和暗期长短的交替变化。光周期不仅影响着植物对环境的适应和生长发育,也对人类和动物的生命活动规律产生影响。人体的生理节律也受光照调控,如生物钟和心理健康[1],还有研究证实光周期影响人体分泌调节并间接影响人类情绪和行为变化[2]
动物繁殖活动受到下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴(HPGA)的调控,并产生昼夜光暗循环格局反应[3],当光照时长达到或超过临界值时,HPGA会被激活,导致性腺发生变化。根据发情期白昼的长短,动物分为长日照动物和短日照动物。反刍动物一般在秋季日照变短时发情,是典型的短日照动物[4]。研究表明,短光周期条件下,小鼠代谢速率会减缓,导致体重和体脂肪存储量显著增加[5]。光周期的变化会调控小鼠体内褪黑素的分泌并改变分泌生长激素模式,影响小鼠的神经行为和生长[6-7]
光照对畜禽繁育影响的研究已逐渐被关注,研究者们对不同光类型和颜色进行了深入研究,发现不同颜色的光有不同的作用,如红光可促进视网膜细胞生长,绿光可增强动物视觉敏锐度[8]。崔家杰[9]研究表明,红光会显著提高肉鸭的生长性能和十二指肠褪黑素含量,而蓝光会使肉鸭的生长性能显著降低。在家兔上的研究显示,绿光可显著提高母兔的受胎率[10]。周坤[11]证实,蓝光和绿光可促进白羽王鸽早期生长发育。此外,Er等[12]研究发现,绿光可以提升母鸡的产蛋品质。不同光的颜色也影响着反刍动物的营养代谢,蓝光和绿光有利于蛋白质代谢,从而提高动物的生长速度,而红橙光和黄光延迟蛋白质代谢,白光在蛋白质代谢方面的作用介于蓝光和红光[13]。在不同光类型对动物影响的研究方面,有研究证实,适量紫外线照射可以促进动物体对维生素D3的吸收,影响动物的骨骼、皮肤和毛囊发育,同时调节动物机体免疫应答[14];适量的红外线照射有助于动物身体的新陈代谢和血液循环,促进组织恢复和治疗一些表浅伤口等[15]。由此可见,控制光的类型、颜色和周期可能会对动物产生一些影响。
我国幅员辽阔,南北方跨度大,不同地区光照时长、光种类和强度差异显著。如何利用自然资源促进反刍动物的机体健康和提升畜产品附加值,对产业发展具有重要意义。本文主要聚焦光周期,对比相关研究,综述其对反刍动物生长和代谢的影响,为下一步研究和产业应用提供指引。

1 光周期对反刍动物激素分泌的影响

光周期可以改变反刍动物体内的激素水平,如黑暗可以促进反刍动物体内褪黑素分泌[16],长光周期可以促进生长素分泌而加快反刍动物的生长发育。研究表明,锦江牛日常活动量受激素分泌的调控,血清中褪黑素含量与活动量间呈负线性相关[17]。在16 h光照8 h黑暗的条件下,与8 h光照16 h黑暗的条件相比,无论是限制饲喂还是自由采食,都可以提升小母牛的体重增加率、饲料利用效率、发育速率,并能增加血清中泌乳素(PRL)含量[18]。Kendall等[19]研究验证了长光周期不能促使犊牛肝脏中生长激素受体(GHR)1A的mRNA表达,但与短光周期相比,长光周期的犊牛血清类胰岛素生长因子-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)含量较高且PRL含量增加,同时还证实了长光周期增加了IGF-I的循环浓度。短光周期刺激褪黑素的分泌与合成,而高水平的褪黑素有利于和田羊免受氧化应激,从而保证其安全过冬[20]。包燕慧[21]研究发现,在内蒙古绒山羊饲养过程中,缩短光照时间可以显著提高血清和精清中褪黑素及睾酮含量,而延长光照时间则相反。Jin等[22]研究发现,长光周期(16 h光照8 h黑暗)使血浆中生长激素脉冲幅度较大且平均生长激素含量更高。长光周期增加了雌性山羊生长激素的分泌,而褪黑素则相反。Molik等[23]研究了褪黑素在长光周期条件下对母羊生长激素分泌的影响,发现在整个试验期间长光周期组的平均血浆生长激素含量均显著高于褪黑素组。通过对比上述研究可知,长光周期有益于生长激素分泌,促进反刍动物生长发育,但减少了褪黑素的分泌。

2 光周期对反刍动物生产性能的影响

2.1 光周期对反刍动物生长性能及肉品质的影响

当反刍动物自由采食时,增加每日光照会增加采食量[24],但是增加饲粮的饲喂量并不是反刍动物体重增长的先决条件。研究发现,即使在饲粮摄入量受到限制的情况下,如果满足每日光照16 h和黑暗8 h,动物也会出现体重增加的现象[24]。在断奶[(187±14)日龄]时,长光周期组母牛[平均体重(225±23) kg]的体重增加幅度大于自然光周期组,而且背部脂肪量显著减少[25]。Zinn等[26]研究发现,处于短光周期的荷斯坦小母牛在第9、10、11肋骨段的软组织中的脂肪百分比更高,蛋白质百分比降低且胴体中的脂肪积累比处于长光周期的小母牛更大,因此短日照条件会改变母牛的体重并增加脂肪堆积。Dahl等[27]进一步证实了采用光周期管理可以促进小母牛的生长发育,最大限度地增加包括乳腺实质在内的瘦肉组织。此外,有研究发现长光周期饲养的锦江牛的干物质采食量和背膘厚度均显著增加,推测长光周期可能介导相关基因的表达,调控脂肪酸组成[28]

2.2 光周期对反刍动物泌乳性能的影响

IGF-Ⅰ是乳腺分裂原和存活因子,可提高细胞存活率。在长光照条件下,泌乳牛体内IGF-Ⅰ含量会进一步升高。研究显示,调节光周期(16 h明期8 h暗期)具有显著的催乳作用,可使泌乳牛产奶量进一步提升[29]。张英来[30]的研究进一步证实长光照对奶牛产奶量的影响可以持续整个泌乳期,并且,长光照与牛生长激素(BST)结合应用可以使产奶量增加幅度更大。Peters等[31]的试验结果显示,接受16 h荧光照射的奶牛每天产奶量比处于自然光周期(9~12 h自然光)的奶牛多6.7%。而Lacasse等[32]研究发现,在妊娠后期,处于短光周期的奶牛经历了更广泛的乳腺重塑和细胞更新,妊娠后期的短光周期与PRL受体的高表达和细胞因子信号抑制因子的低表达有关,因此对PRL的敏感性增加,这些变化可以提高初产牛在哺乳期的产奶量,且在光周期调节结束后的几个月内仍然受到其持续影响。在泌乳羊上,Karami[33]研究证实,妊娠后期短光周期和产后长光周期的施用可提高母山羊的产奶量。处于长光周期之下,奶山羊的产奶量更高且泌乳期更长[34]。有研究证实,在冬季通过人工增加光照使产奶期奶山羊每天的光照时间达到13 h,可以使奶山羊产奶量提高16.6%左右[35]。经过热应激的奶山羊,循环泌乳素含量的变化会导致短光周期奶山羊产奶量较高[36]。Erduran[37]在山地-牧场放牧系统中证实羊日产奶量与光照时间呈正相关。而使用外源褪黑素作为植入物,与短光周期条件下自然产生的内源褪黑素一起使用,对奶羊的早期泌乳性能没有影响,无论其品种和生产水平如何[38]。上述研究表明,长光周期有益于反刍动物泌乳性能提升,但在妊娠后期这种特定条件下,短光周期也会产生正面效果。

3 光周期对反刍动物繁殖性能的影响

光周期可影响反刍动物的繁殖性能,其通常被认为是雌性绵羊和山羊所有生殖活动期的主要调节因素[39]。在光周期调控繁殖性能的过程中,松果体分泌的褪黑素是整个神经内分泌调控系统的中枢,褪黑素通过调控下HPGA上相关激素的内分泌变化,从而影响反刍动物的生产性能与繁殖性能。而褪黑素又受褪黑素受体的限制,只有在两者相互匹配时才能发挥其重要功能。光周期驱动的季节性繁殖对辅助生殖技术的成功具有重要影响,母牛在繁殖(排卵)季节采取同期发情、诱导排卵、人工授精以及体外受精等会产生更优异的效果[40]
研究发现,光周期对青春期、妊娠和分娩的开始起着间接作用,可提高小母牛的生长速度,增强繁殖能力[41]。小母牛的卵巢功能受光周期的影响,长光周期可使卵泡数量显著减少,同时卵母细胞品质也随之下降,但不影响营养和代谢状态[42]。Kalyesubula等[43]研究表明,长光周期(16 h光照8 h黑暗)山羊在孕前3周、产后3周和产后5周的血浆催乳素含量分别是短光周期(8 h光照16 h黑暗)山羊的20、10和17倍。Zerbe等[44]持续监测了一个温带动物园圈养的110种野生反刍动物的数据集来定量描述它们的繁殖模式,发现光周期是遗传上固定的繁殖发生条件,在一定程度上也可能受身体状况的影响。Andreu-Vázquez等[45]对2 015只妊娠母牛观察发现,当在温暖季节或长光周期对牛进行人工授精时,双胎妊娠的风险降低了0.65或0.71倍。在反刍公畜方面,研究人员对19头雄鹿开展了光周期对精液品质影响的研究,发现短光周期增加了精液体积、精子浓度、运动精子数量和正常顶体数量,同时还降低了精子畸形率[46]。此外,还有研究人员发现,西班牙野山羊在光照时长缩短期间的冷冻解冻对精子去除精浆的有益效果尤其明显[47]。Santiago-Moreno等[48]确定了野生反刍动物冷冻解冻精子中水通道蛋白(AQP)的存在,并发现长光周期和褪黑素处理降低了精子活力和抗冷性,但是提高了血浆中睾酮含量,增加了顶体中AQP7、AQP3和AQP10的精子比例。综上可知,光周期可调控松果体对褪黑素的分泌,褪黑素可以影响多种激素的释放,从而影响反刍动物的繁殖性能;通过调控光周期,在青春期能促进公、母畜的生长发育,提高其繁殖能力[41],因此,光周期可作为一种有效的、无创的繁殖管理工具,在提高反刍公畜和母畜的繁殖性能方面具有重要意义。

4 光周期对反刍动物其他方面的影响

Marie等[49]研究发现,绵羊血浆中瘦素含量与光周期有关,长光周期组血浆中瘦素含量显著高于短光周期组。在固定食物摄入量水平下,长光周期会增加未妊娠羊胸最长肌中的脂蛋白脂肪酶(LPL)活性以及皮下脂肪组织中LPL和苹果酸酶的活性,并且长光周期还显著增加了心肌和肾周脂肪组织中LPL mRNA的表达水平[50]。Harrison等[51]研究发现,向绵羊集中注射胃饥饿素会急性促进长光周期的食物摄入,抑制短光周期的生殖神经内分泌输出,并刺激生长激素分泌。光周期还会对反刍行为产生影响,Oshiro等[52]的研究证实,在短光周期条件下,光照1 h时,每小时反刍次数和反刍时间显著减少,光照前2 h时反刍次数增加,而在长光周期条件下没有变化。由此可见,反刍昼夜节律受光周期的影响。研究发现,与长光周期刺激的雄鹿接触的雌鹿表现出更高的发情百分比和生育率,使雄鹿的“雄性效应”更高;与接触未经处理的雄鹿相比,这些长光周期刺激的雄鹿可使每100只雌鹿多生48只小鹿[53]。因此,需要考虑光周期和社会性别关系在反刍动物季节性活动的诱导和控制作用,并在养殖过程中更好地利用“雄性效应”[54]。当绵羊被饲养在养殖场时,皮质醇和褪黑素的分泌在冬季和夏季会遵循典型的昼夜节律模式;在放牧条件下,绵羊的昼夜节律表现更完善,但很容易受到环境干扰。因此,研究者们认为,反刍动物需要处在复杂的自然环境中才能表现出真正的昼夜节律表型[55]。Zhang等[56]研究发现,短光周期可提高内蒙古白绒山羊的产绒量,且对绒纤维无明显的有害影响。光周期对不同品种山羊的影响存在差异,并且光周期在调节羊对季节变化的适应现象的生理过程中起着重要作用[57]。有研究证实,光周期和气候条件的变化对雄性萨能山羊的影响大于阿尔卑斯山羊,特别是在冬季,萨能山羊甲状腺激素含量显著偏高[58]

5 小结

反刍动物高效健康养殖一直被行业所关注,充分利用自然资源来提升养殖效率是重要攻关方向。光周期受不同纬度和地球自转影响,且人工调节成本相对较低,研究已经证实调节光周期对提升反刍动物体内部分激素水平、泌乳量和繁殖效率等有积极影响,因此,科学有效且精确地调节光周期,并应用于反刍动物养殖是有必要的。进一步探明光周期对动物机体生命活动规律,对精准营养供给和高品质畜产品生产具有重要意义。在未来研究中,将光周期与现代养殖技术与气候变化等相结合,如光周期与气温、湿度等养殖环境的共同作用关系,以及光周期对反刍动物瘤胃微生物、肠道微生物、器官发育形成的影响等值得深入探讨。
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